1
|
Yang TS, Hsiao YC, Chiang YF, Chang CJ. Imaging and Histopathological Analysis of Microvascular Angiogenesis in Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041110. [PMID: 36831454 PMCID: PMC9954751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to use imaging and histopathological analysis to characterize and monitor microvascular responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT). In vivo chicken chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) and a stimulated malignant oral lesions animal model were used to determine the blood flow and the biological activities of Photofrin® (2.5 mg/kg) exposed to different laser power densities at 630 nm. The vascular changes, the velocity of the blood flow, the speckle flow index (SFI) of fluorescence changes, and ultrastructure damage in the microvasculature before and after PDT were recorded. The subcellular localization of Photofrin® revealed satisfactory uptake throughout the cytoplasm of human red blood cells at 10 s and 20 s before PDT. The mean blood-flow velocities of the veins and arteries were 500 ± 40 and 1500 ± 100 μm/s, respectively. A significant decrease in the velocities of the blood flow in the veins and arteries was detected in the CAM model after PDT. The veins and arteries of CAMs, exposed to the power densities of 80, 100, and 120 mW/cm2, had average blood-flow velocities of 100 ± 20, 60 ± 10, and 0 μm/s and 300 ± 50, 150 ± 30, and 0 μm/s, respectively. In the stimulated malignant oral lesions animal model, the treated tumors exhibited hemorrhage and red blood cell extravasation after PDT. The oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin levels decreased, which resulted in a decrease in tissue oxygen saturation, while the deoxyhemoglobin levels increased. PDT using Photofrin® has the ability to cause the destruction of the targeted microvasculature under nonthermal mechanisms selectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Hsiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Chiang
- Medical School, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cheng-Jen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alpalhão M, Botequim D, Ferreira J, Santus R, Filipe P. Photosensitization of human skin fibroblasts by vemurafenib promotes pleiotropic effects on membrane-enclosed organelles and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 238:112600. [PMID: 36434899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vemurafenib (VB), a BRAF inhibitor and a first-line treatment for unresectable or metastatic melanoma, is strongly phototoxic towards normal skin cells. Herein, we show that in cultured HS 68 human diploid dermal fibroblasts, low concentrations of VB suffice to promote photosensitization to low doses of UVA (∼ 5 J/cm2), as evidenced by a significant decrease in cell viability. In contrast to data obtained in chemico our results support a role for ROS (reactive oxygen species). Indeed, peroxidation of cellular lipids was observed which could be alleviated by the lipophilic antioxidant BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol). Using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy and vital fluorescent probes it was shown at the single cell level that the plasma membrane and lipid-rich organelles, namely mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, as well as actin filaments, were severely damaged by the UVA-induced VB-photosensitization. Finally, we showed that mitochondrial impairment was concurrent with caspase 3/7 activation and cell death by apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alpalhão
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte EPE, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Botequim
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - René Santus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Paulo Filipe
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte EPE, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sofuni A, Itoi T. Current status and future perspective of sonodynamic therapy for cancer. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2022:10.1007/s10396-022-01263-x. [PMID: 36224458 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-022-01263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
There is a tremendous need for prevention and effective treatment of cancer due to the associated morbidity and mortality. In this study, we introduce sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which is expected to be a new cancer treatment modality. SDT is a promising option for minimally invasive treatment of solid tumors and comprises three different components: sonosensitizers, ultrasound, and molecular oxygen. These components are harmless individually, but in combination they generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). We will explore the molecular mechanism by which SDT kills cancer cells, the class of sonosensitizers, drug delivery methods, and in vitro and in vivo studies. At the same time, we will highlight clinical applications for cancer treatment. The progress of SDT research suggests that it has the potential to become an advanced field of cancer treatment in clinical application. In this article, we will focus on the mechanism of action of SDT and its application to cancer treatment, and explain key factors to aid in developing strategies for future SDT development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sofuni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
From molecules to nanovectors: Current state of the art and applications of photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120763. [PMID: 34098054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a concept based on a selective activation by light of drugs called photosensitizers (PS) leading to reactive oxygen species production responsible for cell destruction. Mechanisms of photodynamic reaction and cell photo-destruction following direct or indirect mechanisms will be presented as well as PS classification, from first generation molecules developed in the 1960 s to third generation vectorized PS with improved affinity for tumor cells. Many clinical applications in dermatology, ophthalmology, urology, gastroenterology, gynecology, neurosurgery and pneumology reported encouraging results in human tumor management. However, this interesting technique needs improvements that are currently investigated in the field of PS excitation by the design of new PS intended for two-photon excitation or for X-ray excitation. The former excitation technique is allowing better light penetration and preservation of healthy tissues while the latter is combining PDT and radiotherapy so that external light sources are no longer needed to generate the photodynamic effect. Nanotechnology can also improve the PS to reach the tumor cells by grafting addressing molecule and by increasing its aqueous solubility and consequently its bioavailability by encapsulation in synthetic or biogenic nanovector systems, ensuring good drug protection and targeting. Co-internalization of PS with magnetic nanoparticles in multifunctional vectors or stealth nanoplatforms allows a theranostic anticancer approach. Finally, a new category of inorganic PS will be presented with promising results on cancer cell destruction.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsubone TM, Baptista MS, Itri R. Understanding membrane remodelling initiated by photosensitized lipid oxidation. Biophys Chem 2019; 254:106263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Donohoe C, Senge MO, Arnaut LG, Gomes-da-Silva LC. Cell death in photodynamic therapy: From oxidative stress to anti-tumor immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188308. [PMID: 31401103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment that relies on the administration of a photosensitizer followed by tumor illumination. The generated oxidative stress may activate multiple mechanisms of cell death which are counteracted by cells through adaptive stress responses that target homeostasis rescue. The present renaissance of PDT was leveraged by the acknowledgment that this therapy has an immediate impact locally, in the illumination volume, but that subsequently it may also elicit immune responses with systemic impact. The investigation of the mechanisms of cell death under the oxidative stress of PDT is of paramount importance to understand how the immune system is activated and, ultimately, to make PDT a more appealing/relevant therapeutic option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Donohoe
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Luís G Arnaut
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Horise Y, Maeda M, Konishi Y, Okamoto J, Ikuta S, Okamoto Y, Ishii H, Yoshizawa S, Umemura S, Ueyama T, Tamano S, Sofuni A, Takemae K, Masamune K, Iseki H, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K, Muragaki Y. Sonodynamic Therapy With Anticancer Micelles and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound in Treatment of Canine Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:545. [PMID: 31164823 PMCID: PMC6536587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a minimally invasive anticancer therapy involving a chemical sonosensitizer and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). SDT enables the reduction of drug dose and HIFU irradiation power compared to those of conventional monotherapies. In our previous study, mouse models of colon and pancreatic cancer were used to confirm the effectiveness of SDT vs. drug-only or HIFU-only therapy. To validate its usefulness, we performed a clinical trial of SDT using an anticancer micelle (NC-6300) and our HIFU system in four pet dogs with spontaneous tumors, including chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hepatocellular cancer, and prostate cancer. The fact that no adverse events were observed, suggests the usefulness of SDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Horise
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiyuki Konishi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Okamoto
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soko Ikuta
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Shin Yoshizawa
- Department of Communications Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Ueyama
- Medical Business Department, DENSO Corporation, Nisshin, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Sofuni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ken Masamune
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iseki
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Muragaki
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bœuf-Muraille G, Rigaux G, Callewaert M, Zambrano N, Van Gulick L, Roullin VG, Terryn C, Andry MC, Chuburu F, Dukic S, Molinari M. Evaluation of mTHPC-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for in vitro photodynamic therapy on C6 glioma cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:448-455. [PMID: 30708089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a very attractive strategy to complement or replace common cancer treatments such as radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. Some molecules have shown their efficiency as photosensitizers (PS), still many issues have to be solved such as the inherent cytotoxicity of the PS or its hydrophobic properties causing limitation in their solubility, leading to side effects. In this study, the encapsulation of an approved PS, the meso-tetra hydroxyphenylchlorine (mTHPC, Foscan®) within biocompatible and biodegradable poly(D, l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) NPs prepared by the nanoprecipitation method was studied. The mTHPC-loaded NPs (mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs) were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy to determine the efficiency of mTHPC encapsulation, and by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs sizes, morphologies and surface charges. The longitudinal follow-up of mTHPC release from the NPs indicated that 50% of the encapsulated PS was retained within the NP matrix after a period of five days. Finally, the cytotoxicity and the phototoxicity of the mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs were determined in murine C6 glioma cell lines and compared to the ones of mTHPC alone. The studies showed a strong decrease of mTHPC cytotoxicity and an increase of mTHPC photo-cytotoxicity when mTHPC was encapsulated. In order to have a better insight of the underlying cellular mechanisms that governed cell death after mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs incubation and irradiation, annexin V staining tests were performed. The results indicated that apoptosis was the main cell death mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bœuf-Muraille
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France; Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA 4682, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, 51685, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - G Rigaux
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - M Callewaert
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - N Zambrano
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA 4682, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, 51685, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - L Van Gulick
- BioSpecT, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne URCA, 51100, Reims, France
| | - V G Roullin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France; Laboratoire de Nanotechnologies Pharmaceutiques, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - C Terryn
- PICT platform, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - M-C Andry
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - F Chuburu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - S Dukic
- BioSpecT, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne URCA, 51100, Reims, France
| | - M Molinari
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA 4682, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, 51685, Reims Cedex 2, France; CBMN CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, INP Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rohrabaugh TN, Collins KA, Xue C, White JK, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. New Ru(ii) complex for dual photochemotherapy: release of cathepsin K inhibitor and 1O 2 production. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11851-11858. [PMID: 29741184 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00876k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new complex, [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN)]2+ (1, tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) was synthesized and its photochemical properties were investigated. This complex undergoes photorelease of the Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN ligand, a known cathepsin K inhibitor, with a quantum yield, Φ450, of 0.0012(4) in water (λirr = 450 nm). In addition, 1 sensitizes the production of singlet oxygen upon visible light irradiation with quantum yield, ΦΔ, of 0.64(3) in CH3OH. The photophysical properties of 1 were compared with those of [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN)]2+ (2, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(CH3CN)]2+ (3), and [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(CH3CN)]2+ (4) to evaluate the effect of the release of the Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN inhibitor relative to the CH3CN ligand, as well as the role of dppn as the bidentate ligand for 1O2 production instead of bpy. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy confirms the formation of the long-lived dppn-centered 3ππ* state in 1 and 3 with a maximum at ∼540 nm and τ ∼20 μs in deaerated acetonitrile. Complexes 1 and 3 are able to cause photoinduced damage to DNA (λirr ≥ 395 nm), whereas 2 and 4 do not photocleave DNA under similar experimental conditions. These results suggest that 1 is a promising agent for dual activity, both releasing a drug and producing singlet oxygen, and is poised to exhibit enhanced biological activity in phototochemotherapy upon irradiation with visible light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thompson SA, Aggarwal A, Singh S, Adam AP, Tome JP, Drain CM. Compromising the plasma membrane as a secondary target in photodynamic therapy-induced necrosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5224-5228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
11
|
Photodynamic effect and mechanism study of selenium-enriched phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis against liver tumours. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 180:89-97. [PMID: 29413706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selenium-containing phycocyanin (Se-PC) has been proved to have many biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, we investigated the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects of Se-PC against liver tumour in vitro and in vivo experiment. Our results demonstrated that the half lethal dose of Se-PC PDT on HepG2 cells was 100μg/ml PC containing 20% selenium. Se-PC location migration from lysosomes to mitochondria was time dependent. In in vivo experiments, the tumour inhibition rate was 75.4% in the Se-PC PDT group, compared to 52.6% in PC PDT group. Histological observations revealed that the tumour cells outside the tissue showed cellular necrosis, and those inside the tissue exhibited apoptotic nuclei and digested vacuoles in the cytoplasm after Se-PC PDT treatment. Antioxidant enzyme analysis indicated that GSH-Px activity was linked to the selenium content of Se-PC, and SOD activity was affected by PC PDT. Therefore, Se-PC PDT could induce cell death through free radical production of PDT in tumours and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes with selenium in vivo. The mechanism of Se-PC PDT against liver tumour involves hematocyte damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis accompanied with autophagy inhibition during early stage of tumour development, which displayed new prospect and offered relatively safe way for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Maeda M, Muragaki Y, Okamoto J, Yoshizawa S, Abe N, Nakamoto H, Ishii H, Kawabata K, Umemura S, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K, Iseki H. Sonodynamic Therapy Based on Combined Use of Low Dose Administration of Epirubicin-Incorporating Drug Delivery System and Focused Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:2295-2301. [PMID: 28705555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is currently considered as one of the promising minimally invasive treatment options for solid cancers. SDT is based on the combined use of a sonosensitizer drug and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in and around neoplastic cells. Anthracycline drugs, including epirubicin (EPI), have been well known as effective sonosensitizers after interaction with focused ultrasound. Recently a new anticancer drug delivery system (DDS), NC-6300, has been developed that comprises EPI through an acid-labile hydrazone bond. In previous in vivo studies, NC-6300 showed basic drug safety and an excellent concentration property of EPI, and recently has been tested in clinical trials. For realizing minimally invasive cancer treatment, the present study demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of DDS-based SDT, which combined a small dose of NC-6300 and low energy of HIFU in mouse models of colon cancer and pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Maeda
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Muragaki
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jun Okamoto
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Shinichiro Umemura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iseki
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oxidation of protein-bound methionine in Photofrin-photodynamic therapy-treated human tumor cells explored by methionine-containing peptide enrichment and quantitative proteomics approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1370. [PMID: 28465586 PMCID: PMC5431048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT), cell fate can be modulated by the subcellular location of Photofrin. PDT triggers oxidative damage to target cells, including the methionine (Met) oxidation of proteins. Here, we developed a new Met-containing peptide enrichment protocol combined with SILAC-based quantitative proteomics, and used this approach to explore the global Met oxidation changes of proteins in PDT-treated epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells preloaded with Photofrin at the plasma membrane, ER/Golgi, or ubiquitously. We identified 431 Met-peptides corresponding to 302 proteins that underwent severe oxidation upon PDT and observed overrepresentation of proteins related to the cell surface, plasma membrane, ER, Golgi, and endosome under all three conditions. The most frequently oxidized Met-peptide sequence was "QAMXXMM-E/G/M-S/G-A/G/F-XG". We also identified several hundred potential Photofrin-binding proteins using affinity purification coupled with LC-MS/MS, and confirmed the bindings of EGFR and cathepsin D with Photofrin. The enzyme activities of both proteins were significantly reduced by Photofrin-PDT. Our results shed light on the global and site-specific changes in Met-peptide oxidation among cells undergoing Photofrin-PDT-mediated oxidative stress originating from distinct subcellular sites, and suggest numerous potential Photofrin-binding proteins. These findings provide new insight into the molecular targets through which Photofrin-PDT has diverse effects on target cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
de Freitas LM, Serafim RB, de Sousa JF, Moreira TF, Dos Santos CT, Baviera AM, Valente V, Soares CP, Fontana CR. Photodynamic therapy combined to cisplatin potentiates cell death responses of cervical cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:123. [PMID: 28187758 PMCID: PMC5303234 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proven to be a promising alternative to current cancer treatments, especially if combined with conventional approaches. The technique is based on the administration of a non-toxic photosensitizing agent to the patient with subsequent localized exposure to a light source of a specific wavelength, resulting in a cytotoxic response to oxidative damage. The present study intended to evaluate in vitro the type of induced death and the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of PDT alone and associated with cisplatin. METHODS We used the cell lines SiHa (ATCC® HTB35™), C-33 A (ATCC® HTB31™) and HaCaT cells, all available at Dr. Christiane Soares' Lab. Photosensitizers were Photogem (PGPDT) and methylene blue (MBPDT), alone or combined with cisplatin. Cell death was accessed through Hoechst and Propidium iodide staining and caspase-3 activity. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity were accessed via flow cytometry with anti-gama-H2AX and micronuclei assay, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's posthoc test. RESULTS Both MBPDT and PGPDT induced caspase-independent death, but MBPDT induced the morphology of typical necrosis, while PGPDT induced morphological alterations most similar to apoptosis. Cisplatin predominantly induced apoptosis, and the combined therapy induced variable rates of apoptosis- or necrosis-like phenotypes according to the cell line, but the percentage of dead cells was always higher than with monotherapies. MBPDT, either as monotherapy or in combination with cisplatin, was the unique therapy to induce significant damage to DNA (double strand breaks) in the three cell lines evaluated. However, there was no mutagenic potential observed for the damage induced by MBPDT, since the few cells that survived the treatment have lost their clonogenic capacity. CONCLUSIONS Our results elicit the potential of combined therapy in diminishing the toxicity of antineoplastic drugs. Ultimately, photodynamic therapy mediated by either methylene blue or Photogem as monotherapy or in combination with cisplatin has low mutagenic potential, which supports its safe use in clinical practice for the treatment of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marise de Freitas
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara- Rod Araraquara-Jau km 01 s/n, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Bortolozo Serafim
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USP Univ de Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira de Sousa
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USP Univ de Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thaís Fernanda Moreira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara- Rod Araraquara-Jau km 01 s/n, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Tavares Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara- Rod Araraquara-Jau km 01 s/n, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara- Rod Araraquara-Jau km 01 s/n, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Valeria Valente
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara- Rod Araraquara-Jau km 01 s/n, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USP Univ de Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pienna Soares
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara- Rod Araraquara-Jau km 01 s/n, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara- Rod Araraquara-Jau km 01 s/n, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Costley D, Mc Ewan C, Fowley C, McHale AP, Atchison J, Nomikou N, Callan JF. Treating cancer with sonodynamic therapy: A review. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:107-17. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2014.992484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
|
16
|
Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two-cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 2:1-23. [PMID: 25048553 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In the second of a series of three reviews, we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in PDT on a cellular level. In Part I [Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanism in photodynamic therapy: part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2004;1:279-93] it was shown that one of the most important factors governing the outcome of PDT, is how the photosensitizer (PS) interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. PS can localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes. An explosion of investigation and explorations in the field of cell biology have elucidated many of the pathways that mammalian cells undergo when PS are delivered in tissue culture and subsequently illuminated. There is an acute stress response leading to changes in calcium and lipid metabolism and production of cytokines and stress proteins. Enzymes particularly, protein kinases, are activated and transcription factors are expressed. Many of the cellular responses are centered on mitochondria. These effects frequently lead to induction of apoptosis either by the mitochondrial pathway involving caspases and release of cytochrome c, or by pathways involving ceramide or death receptors. However, under certain circumstances cells subjected to PDT die by necrosis. Although there have been many reports of DNA damage caused by PDT, this is not thought to be an important cell-death pathway. This mechanistic research is expected to lead to optimization of PDT as a tumor treatment, and to rational selection of combination therapies that include PDT as a component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tatiana N Demidova
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ogawa E, Ito A, Arai T. Detailed in vitro study of the photosensitization reaction of extracellular talaporfin sodium in rat myocardial cells. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:660-7. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiyu Ogawa
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Keio University; Kohoku-ku Yokohama Japan
| | - Arisa Ito
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Keio University; Kohoku-ku Yokohama Japan
| | - Tsunenori Arai
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Keio University; Kohoku-ku Yokohama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wezgowiec J, Derylo MB, Teissie J, Orio J, Rols MP, Kulbacka J, Saczko J, Kotulska M. Electric field-assisted delivery of photofrin to human breast carcinoma cells. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:725-35. [PMID: 23546012 PMCID: PMC3786094 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of electroporation on the Photofrin uptake and distribution was evaluated in the breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and normal Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) lacking voltage-dependent channels in vitro. Photofrin was used at a concentration of 5 and 25 μM. The uptake of Photofrin was assessed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy methods. Cells viability was evaluated with crystal violet assay. Our results indicated that electropermeabilization of cells, in the presence of Photofrin, increased the uptake of the photosensitizer. Even at the lowest electric field intensity (700 V/cm) Photofrin transport was enhanced. Flow cytometry results for MCF-7 cells revealed ~1.7 times stronger fluorescence emission intensity for cells exposed to Photofrin and electric field of 700 V/cm than cells treated with Photofrin alone. Photofrin was effective only when irradiated with blue light. Our studies on combination of photodynamic reaction with electroporation suggested improved effectiveness of the treatment and showed intracellular distribution of Photofrin. This approach may be attractive for cancer treatment as enhanced cellular uptake of Photofrin in MCF-7 cells can help to reduce effective dose of the photosensitizer and exposure time in this type of cancer, diminishing side effects of the therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wezgowiec
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria B. Derylo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justin Teissie
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Orio
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kotulska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang LW, Huang Z, Lin H, Li ZS, Hetzel F, Liu Md B. Effect of Photofrin-mediated photocytotoxicity on a panel of human pancreatic cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:244-251. [PMID: 23993850 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women. Early clinical studies suggest that photodynamic therapy (PDT) might be a useful modality in the management of this deadly disease. In this study, the photocytotoxicity of Photofrin-mediated PDT on different human pancreatic cancer cells (BxPc-3, HPAF-II, Mia PaCa-2, MPanc-96, PANC-1 and PL-45) was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS After co-incubating cancer cells with Photofrin (0-10 μg/ml) for 4h, the cells were irradiated with 0-6J/cm(2) of 630 nm light. The effect of Photofrin PDT on the survival of cells were examined using tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay and clonogenic assay. PDT-induced apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Expressions of apoptosis-related proteins were determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS Photofrin PDT strongly inhibited the survival of pancreatic cancer cells. A small portion of cells (<15%) underwent apoptosis 24h after PDT at LD50. Cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and PARP after PDT were also confirmed. BxPc-3, Mia PaCa-2, MPanc-96, and PANC-1 cells were more sensitive and HPAF-II and PL-45 cells less sensitive. CONCLUSION Photofrin PDT can induce apoptosis and inhibit survival of human pancreatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fred Hetzel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bolin Liu Md
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang CY, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhou T, Bai Y, Li YC, Huang B. Photosensitization of phycocyanin extracted from Microcystis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Implication of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 117:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Photofrin binds to procaspase-3 and mediates photodynamic treatment-triggered methionine oxidation and inactivation of procaspase-3. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e347. [PMID: 22785533 PMCID: PMC3406584 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diverse death phenotypes of cancer cells can be induced by Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT), which has a decisive role in eliciting a tumor-specific immunity for long-term tumor control. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this diversity remain elusive. Caspase-3 is a critical factor in determining cell death phenotypes in many physiological settings. Here, we report that Photofrin-PDT can modify and inactivate procaspase-3 in cancer cells. In cells exposed to an external apoptotic trigger, high-dose Photofrin-PDT pretreatment blocked the proteolytic activation of procaspase-3 by its upstream caspase. We generated and purified recombinant procaspase-3-D3A (a mutant without autolysis/autoactivation activity) to explore the underlying mechanism(s). Photofrin could bind directly to procaspase-3-D3A, and Photofrin-PDT-triggered inactivation and modification of procaspase-3-D3A was seen in vitro. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative analysis for post-translational modifications using both 16O/18O- and 14N/15N-labeling strategies revealed that Photofrin-PDT triggered a significant oxidation of procaspase-3-D3A (mainly on Met-27, -39 and -44) in a Photofrin dose-dependent manner, whereas the active site Cys-163 remained largely unmodified. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments further showed that Met-44 has an important role in procaspase-3 activation. Collectively, our results reveal that Met oxidation is a novel mechanism for the Photofrin-PDT-mediated inactivation of procaspase-3, potentially explaining at least some of the complicated cell death phenotypes triggered by PDT.
Collapse
|
22
|
ALLEN CYNTHIAM, SHARMAN WESLEYM, VAN LIER JOHANE. Current status of phthalocyanines in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a binary treatment now accepted in clinic for various malignancies in several countries around the world. Phthalocyanine molecules are second-generation photosensitizers with enhanced photophysical and photochemical properties over those of porphyrins. They have been shown to be phototoxic against a number of cell types and tumor models. A great deal of research has been devoted to the elucidation of their mechanism of action and mode of cell death. The present paper reviews phthalocyanine pre-clinical anti-cancer research with emphasis on phthalocyanine induced apoptosis using a silicon phthalocyanine, Pc 4. A brief summary of the latest clinical results using phthalocyanines is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CYNTHIA M. ALLEN
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - WESLEY M. SHARMAN
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - JOHAN E. VAN LIER
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Novel nanostructural photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy: in vitro studies. Int J Pharm 2012; 430:129-40. [PMID: 22525077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizing properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (p-THPP) functionalized by covalent attachment of one chain of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a molecular weight of 350, 2000, or 5000 Da (p-THPP-PEG(350), p-THPP-PEG(2000), p-THPP-PEG(5000)) were studied in vitro. Dark and photo cytotoxicity of these photosensitizers delivered in solution or embedded in liposomes were evaluated on two cell lines: a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116) and a prostate cancer cell line (DU 145), and compared with these treated with free p-THPP. The attachment of PEG chains results in the pronounced reduction of the dark cytotoxicity of the parent porphyrin. Cell viability tests have demonstrated that the phototoxicity of pegylated porphyrins is dependent on the length of PEG chain and p-THPP-PEG(2000) exhibited the highest photodynamic efficacy for both cell lines. The encapsulation into liposomes did not improve the PDT effect. However, the liposomal formulation of p-THPP-PEG(2000) showed a greater tendency to induce apoptosis in both cell lines than the parent or pegylated porphyrin delivered in solution. The colocalization of p-THPP, p-THPP-PEG(2000) and p-THPP-PEG(2000) enclosed in liposomes with fluorescent markers for lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA) was determined in the HCT 116 line. The p-THPP exhibited ubiquitous intracellular distribution with a preference for membranes: mitochondria, ER, GA, lysosomes and plasma membrane. Fluorescence of p-THPP-PEG(2000) was observed within the cytoplasm, with a stronger signal detected in membranous organelle: mitochondria, ER, GA and lysosomes. In contrast, p-THPP-PEG(2000) delivered in liposomes gave a distinct lysosomal pattern of localization.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
A variety of agents have now been identified that can selectively sensitize neoplastic cells and other tissues to light. This review classifies a group of photosensitizers according to their initial affinity for specific sub-cellular organelles in vitro, and describes the consequences of each major localization site with regard to direct tumor cell kill. Considerations pertinent to determinants of efficacy in animal models and in clinical applications are also pointed out. One consequence of photodynamic therapy leading to cell death involves photodamage to anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2. These proteins are located on the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes. Direct mitochondrial photodamage can also initiate apoptosis. Agents that target lysosomes can bring about apoptotic death via an indirect route, but this does not appear to limit their usefulness. Agents that target the plasma membrane can re-localize to the cytosol during irradiation and cause photodamage to elements of the apoptotic process, resulting in necrosis. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Subcellular co-localization of aluminum (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulphonate with fluorescent markers in the human melanoma cell-line HT-144. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
Susan M, Baldea I, Senila S, Macovei V, Dreve S, Ion RM, Cosgarea R. Photodamaging effects of porphyrins and chitosan on primary human keratinocytes and carcinoma cell cultures. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50:280-6. [PMID: 21342160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-surgical method for treating non-melanoma skin cancer and precancerous lesions which involves the activation of a photosensitizer by visible light to produce activated oxygen species within target cells, resulting in the destruction of the latter. The present study evaluates the effect of PDT on primary normal and basal cell carcinoma cultures in vitro. METHODS Primary human keratinocytes and carcinoma cell cultures were exposed to various concentrations of 5,10,15,20-tetra-(para-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin (TMP) and its zinc compound (Zn-TMP) for 24 hours, with or without chitosan, and then irradiated using a PDT lamp (630 nm, 6 J/cm(2)). The effects of PDT were assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay and an immunocytochemical method with Annexin V-FITC for detecting apoptosis. RESULTS Both tested substances, TMP and Zn-TMP, had a phototoxic effect on primary human carcinoma cell cultures in concentrations of 1-100 μg/ml, which positively correlated with the concentration of the photosensitizer. There was no phototoxic effect on primary keratinocytes, probably because of the preferential accumulation of photosensitizing substances in tumoral cells. Administration of chitosan in association with photosensitizing substances increased cell viability compared with photosensitizers alone, exerting a cytoprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that the photodynamic activity of TMP and its metalloporphyrin derivative is limited to primary human carcinoma cells and suggests that these porphyrins could be efficiently used in PDT in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Susan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tirapelli LF, Morgueti M, da Cunha Tirapelli DP, Bagnato VS, Ferreira J, Neto FSL, Peria FM, Oliveira HF, Junior CGC. Apoptosis in Glioma Cells Treated with PDT. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29:305-9. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Tirapelli
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Morgueti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Department of Physics and Science of Materials, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira
- Department of Physics and Science of Materials, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
- Permanent address: Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Urbanova 12244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fermino Sanches Lizarte Neto
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maris Peria
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Harley Francisco Oliveira
- Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Casas A, Di Venosa G, Hasan T, Al Batlle. Mechanisms of resistance to photodynamic therapy. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:2486-515. [PMID: 21568910 PMCID: PMC3780570 DOI: 10.2174/092986711795843272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) followed by illumination with visible light, leading to generation of reactive oxygen species. The mechanisms of resistance to PDT ascribed to the PS may be shared with the general mechanisms of drug resistance, and are related to altered drug uptake and efflux rates or altered intracellular trafficking. As a second step, an increased inactivation of oxygen reactive species is also associated to PDT resistance via antioxidant detoxifying enzymes and activation of heat shock proteins. Induction of stress response genes also occurs after PDT, resulting in modulation of proliferation, cell detachment and inducing survival pathways among other multiple extracellular signalling events. In addition, an increased repair of induced damage to proteins, membranes and occasionally to DNA may happen. PDT-induced tissue hypoxia as a result of vascular damage and photochemical oxygen consumption may also contribute to the appearance of resistant cells. The structure of the PS is believed to be a key point in the development of resistance, being probably related to its particular subcellular localization. Although most of the features have already been described for chemoresistance, in many cases, no cross-resistance between PDT and chemotherapy has been reported. These findings are in line with the enhancement of PDT efficacy by combination with chemotherapy. The study of cross resistance in cells with developed resistance against a particular PS challenged against other PS is also highly complex and comprises different mechanisms. In this review we will classify the different features observed in PDT resistance, leading to a comparison with the mechanisms most commonly found in chemo resistant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Casas
- Centro de Invesigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clinicas José de San Martin, University of Buenos Aires Córdoba 2351 ler subsuelo, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Filip AG, Clichici S, Daicoviciu D, Ion RM, Tatomir C, Rogojan L, Opris I, Mocan T, Olteanu D, Muresan A. Possible in vivo mechanisms involved in photodynamic therapy using tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 44:53-61. [PMID: 21140098 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by oxidative stress causes direct tumor cell damage as well as microvascular injury. To improve this treatment new photosensitizers are being synthesized and tested. We evaluated the effects of PDT with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-porphyrin (TMPP) and its zinc complex (ZnTMPP) on tumor levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and cytokines, and on the activity of caspase-3 and metalloproteases (MMP-2 and -9) and attempted to correlate them with the histological alterations of tumors in 3-month-old male Wistar rats, 180 ± 20 g, bearing Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: group 1, ZnTMPP+irradiation (IR) 10 mg/kg body weight; group 2, TMPP+IR 10 mg/kg body weight; group 3, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA+IR) 250 mg/kg body weight; group 4, control, no treatment; group 5, only IR. The tumors were irradiated for 15 min with red light (100 J/cm², 10 kHz, 685 nm) 24 h after drug administration. Tumor tissue levels of MDA (1.1 ± 0.7 in ZnTMPP vs 0.1 ± 0.04 nmol/mg protein in control) and TNF-α (43.5 ± 31.2 in ZnTMPP vs 17.3 ± 1.2 pg/mg protein in control) were significantly higher in treated tumors than in controls. Higher caspase-3 activity (1.9 ± 0.9 in TMPP vs 1.1 ± 0.6 OD/mg protein in control) as well as the activation of MMP-2 (P < 0.05) were also observed in tumors. These parameters were correlated (Spearman correlation, P < 0.05) with the histological alterations. These results suggest that PDT activates the innate immune system and that the effects of PDT with TMPP and ZnTMPP are mediated by reactive oxygen species, which induce cell membrane damage and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Filip
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ito A, Kimura T, Miyoshi S, Ogawa S, Arai T. Photosensitization Reaction-Induced Acute Electrophysiological Cell Response of Rat Myocardial Cells in Short Loading Periods of Talaporfin Sodium or Porfimer Sodium. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:199-207. [PMID: 21114668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Ito
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hsieh YJ, Yu JS, Lyu PC. Characterization of photodynamic therapy responses elicited in A431 cells containing intracellular organelle-localized photofrin. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:821-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
32
|
Rück A, Steiner R. Basic reaction mechanisms of hydrophilic and lipophilic photosensitisers in photodynamic tumour treatment. MINIM INVASIV THER 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/13645709809152895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
33
|
Al-Mutairi DA, Craik JD, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov LT. Induction of oxidative cell damage by photo-treatment with zincmetaN-methylpyridylporphyrin. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:89-96. [PMID: 17164182 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600952869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that isomeric Zn(II) N-methylpyridylporphyrins (ZnTM-2(3,4)-PyP4 + ) can act as photosensitizers with efficacy comparable to that of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) in preventing cell proliferation and causing cell death in vitro. To better understand the biochemical basis of this activity, the effects of photo-activated ZnTM-3-PyP4 + on GSH/GSSG ratio, lipid peroxidation, membrane permeability, oxidative DNA damage, and the activities of SOD, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated. Light exposure of ZnTM-3-PyP4 + -treated colon adenocarcinoma cells caused a wide spectrum of oxidative damage including depletion of GSH, inactivation of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase, oxidative DNA damage and peroxidation of membrane lipids. Cell staining with Hoechst-33342 showed morphological changes consistent with both necrotic and apoptotic death sequences, depending upon the presence of oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bonneau S, Vever-Bizet C. Tetrapyrrole photosensitisers, determinants of subcellular localisation and mechanisms of photodynamic processes in therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.9.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
35
|
Wei Y, Kong B, Song K, Qu X, Jin Q, Yang Q. Involvement of mitochondria-caspase pathway in Hemoporfin-mediated cell death. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 83:1319-24. [PMID: 18028204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hemoporfin is a novel second-generation porphyrin-related photosensitizer for ovarian cancer photodynamic treatment (PDT). The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of Hemoporfin-mediated photocytotoxicity. Human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line 3AO was incubated with different concentrations of Hemoporfin, and phototoxic effects of Hemoporfin on cells were determined using a Cell Viability Analyzer. Apoptosis or necrosis was determined by flow cytometry analysis using the Annexin V-FITC apoptosis kit. Cellular caspase activation was determined using the fluorescent assay kit for caspase-3 and caspase-9. Rhodamine123 was used as a mitochondrial probe and Lucifer Yellow as a lysosomal probe to investigate the intracellular localization of Hemoporfin in 3AO cancer cells. We demonstrated that both high-dose (30 microg mL(-1)) and low-dose (3 microg mL(-1)) Hemoporfin significantly reduced the viability of ovarian cancer cell 3AO with light illumination, and the photocytotoxicity was dose-dependent (P < 0.01). Using a mitochondrial fluorescence probe, we demonstrated a distinct mitochondrial aggregation in 3AO cells with a low concentration of Hemoporfin. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was detected as early as 1 h after Hemoporfin-mediated PDT. PDT with low-dose Hemoporfin predominantly induced apoptosis but not necrosis, and both caspase-3 and caspase-9 were activated. Based on our results, mitochondria play an important role in the Hemoporfin-induced apoptosis, and mitochondria membrane potential loss initiated apoptosis via the activation of caspases. Understanding the mechanisms involved in PDT-mediated apoptosis may improve its therapeutic efficacy and facilitate its transition into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rancan F, Helmreich M, Mölich A, Jux N, Hirsch A, Röder B, Böhm F. Intracellular Uptake and Phototoxicity of 31,32-Didehydrophytochlorin-fullerene Hexaadducts. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1330-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
37
|
Soldani C, Croce AC, Bottone MG, Fraschini A, Biggiogera M, Bottiroli G, Pellicciari C. Apoptosis in tumour cells photosensitized with Rose Bengal acetate is induced by multiple organelle photodamage. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:485-95. [PMID: 17849139 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rose Bengal (RB) is a very efficient photosensitizer which undergoes inactivation of its photophysical and photochemical properties upon addition of a quencher group-i.e. acetate-to the xanthene rings. The resulting RB acetate (RB-Ac) derivative behaves as a fluorogenic substrate: it easily enters the cells where the native photoactive molecule is restored by esterase activities. It is known that the viability of RB-Ac-loaded cells is strongly reduced by light irradiation, attesting to the formation of intracellular RB. The aim of this study was to identify the organelles photodamaged by the intracellularly formed RB. RB-Ac preloaded rat C6 glioma cells and human HeLa cells were irradiated at 530 nm. Fluorescence confocal imaging and colocalization with specific dyes showed that the restored RB molecules redistribute dynamically through the cytoplasm, with the achievement of a dynamic equilibrium at 30 min after the administration, in the cell systems used; this accounted for a generalized damage to several organelles and cell structures (i.e. the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the mitochondria, and the cytoskeleton). The multiple organelle damage, furthermore, led preferentially to apoptosis as demonstrated by light and electron microscopy and by dual-fluorescence staining with FITC-labelled annexin V and propidium iodide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Soldani
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kinzler I, Haseroth E, Hauser C, Rück A. Role of mitochondria in cell death induced by Photofrin-PDT and ursodeoxycholic acid by means of SLIM. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1332-40. [PMID: 18046490 DOI: 10.1039/b705919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to find new ways to improve efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). We investigated the combinatory effect of the photosensitizer Photofrin and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). UDCA is a relatively non-toxic bile acid which is used inter alia as a treatment for cholestatic disorders and was reported to enhance PDT efficiency of two other photosensitizers. Since besides necrosis and autophagic processes apoptosis has been found to be a prominent form of cell death in response to PDT for many cells in culture, several appropriate tests, such as cytochrome c release, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation were performed. Furthermore spectral resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging (SLIM) was used to analyse the cellular composition of Photofrin and the status of the enzymes of the respiratory chain. Our experiments with two human hepatoblastoma cell lines revealed that the combination of Photofrin with UDCA significantly enhanced efficacy of PDT for both cell lines even though the underlying molecular mechanism for the mode of action of Photofrin seems to be different to some extent. In HepG2 cells cell death was clearly the consequence of mitochondrial disturbance as shown by cytochrome c release and DNA fragmentation, whereas in Huh7 cells these features were not observed. Other mechanisms seem to be more important in this case. One reason for the enhanced PDT effect when UDCA is also applied could be that UDCA destabilizes the mitochondrial membrane. This could be concluded from the fluorescence lifetime of the respiratory chain enzymes which turned out to be longer in the presence of UDCA in HepG2 cells, suggesting a perturbation of the mitochondrial membrane. The threshold at which PDT damages the mitochondrial membrane was therefore lower and correlated with the enhanced cytochrome c release observed post PDT. Thus enforced photodamage leads to a higher loss of cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kinzler
- Institute for Lasertechnologies (ILM), Helmholtzstrasse 12, D-89081, Ulm
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mojzisova H, Bonneau S, Brault D. Structural and physico-chemical determinants of the interactions of macrocyclic photosensitizers with cells. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2007; 36:943-53. [PMID: 17628795 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-007-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New therapies have been developed using reactive oxygen species produced by light-activation of photosensitizers (PS). Since the lifetime of these species is extremely short and their diffusion in space is limited, the photo-induced reactions primarily affect the cell organelles labeled by the PS. In addition to the development of molecules with the best optical and photosensitizing properties, considerable research has been done to understand the physico-chemical parameters governing their subcellular localization. In this review, we examine these parameters to establish the structure/efficacy relationships, which allow specific targeting of PS. We examine the effect of subcellular localization on the cellular response to photosensitization processes. We discuss the determinants of subcellular localization, including the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, the specific charge effects and the dynamics of PS' transfer through membranes. Specific targeting can also be achieved with molecular structures able to recognize cellular or intracellular receptors, and this is also dealt with in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Mojzisova
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BIOMOCETI), CNRS UMR 7033, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Genopole Campus 1, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030, Evry Cedex, Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hachimine K, Shibaguchi H, Kuroki M, Yamada H, Kinugasa T, Nakae Y, Asano R, Sakata I, Yamashita Y, Shirakusa T, Kuroki M. Sonodynamic therapy of cancer using a novel porphyrin derivative, DCPH-P-Na(I), which is devoid of photosensitivity. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:916-20. [PMID: 17419708 PMCID: PMC11159730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of sonodynamic therapy of cancer using photosensitizers, we developed a novel porphyrin derivative designated DCPH-P-Na(I) and investigated its photochemical characteristics and sonotoxicity on tumor cells. DCPH-P-Na(I) exhibited a minimum fluorescent emission by excitation with light, compared with a strong emission from ATX-70, which is known to reveal both photo- and sonotoxicity. According to this observation, when human tumor cells were exposed to light in the presence of DCPH-P-Na(I) in vitro, the least phototoxicity was observed, in contrast to the strong phototoxicity of ATX-70. However, DCPH-P-Na(I) exhibited a potent sonotoxicity on tumor cells by irradiation with ultrasound in vitro. This sonotoxicity was reduced by the addition of L-histidine, but not D-mannitol, thus suggesting that singlet oxygen may be responsible for the sonotoxicity of DCPH-P-Na(I). DCPH-P-Na(I) demonstrated significant sonotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines derived from different tissues. In addition, in a mouse xenograft model, a potent growth inhibition of the tumor was observed using sonication after the administration of DCPH-P-Na(I) to the mouse. These results suggest that sonodynamic therapy with DCPH-P-Na(I) may therefore be a useful clinical treatment for cancers located deep in the human body without inducing skin sensitivity, which tends to be a major side-effect of photosensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hachimine
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bronshteint I, Aulova S, Juzeniene A, Iani V, Ma LW, Smith KM, Malik Z, Moan J, Ehrenberg B. In vitro and in vivo photosensitization by protoporphyrins possessing different lipophilicities and vertical localization in the membrane. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 82:1319-25. [PMID: 16740058 DOI: 10.1562/2006-04-02-ra-865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being evaluated in clinical trials for treatment of various oncologic and ophthalmic diseases. The main cause for cell inactivation and retardation of tumor growth after photoactivation of sensitizers is very short-lived singlet oxygen molecules that are produced and have limited diffusion distances. In this paper we show that the extent of biological damage can be modulated by using protoporphyrin, which was modified to increase its lipophilicity, and which also places the tetrapyrrole core deeper within the membrane by the carboxylate groups being anchored at the lipid:water interface. The uptake of the parent molecule (PPIX) and its diheptanoic acid analogue (PPIXC6) by WiDR and CT26 cells was investigated by fluorescence microscopy and by fluorescence intensity from the cells. The uptake of PPIXC6 increased almost linearly with incubation length for over 24 h, whereas for PPIX only 1 h was needed to reach maximal intracellular concentration. Fluorescence microscopy of both cell lines indicated that both drugs were distributed diffusely in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, but remained outside the nucleus. The efficiency of in vitro inactivation of WiDr and CT26 cells increased with the length of the alkylcarboxylic chain. Tumors in mice that were treated with PPIX-PDT grew more slowly than control tumors. However, tumors that were given PPIXC6 followed by light exposure showed a significant delay in their growth.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lartillot V, Risler A, Andriamialisoa Z, Giraud M, Melo TSE, Michel L, Santus R. On the Photobiological Properties of Chimeras Combining Quaternary Ammonium Derivatives of Retinoic Amides and Psoralen. A Study with Cultured Human Keratinocytes¶†. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780623otppoc2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Chen JY, Cheung NH, Fung MC, Wen JM, Leung WN, Mak NK. Subcellular Localization of Merocyanine 540 (MC540) and Induction of Apoptosis in Murine Myeloid Leukemia Cells ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720114slomma2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
44
|
Rück A, Heckelsmiller K, Kaufmann R, Grossman N, Haseroth E, Akgün N. Light-induced Apoptosis Involves a Defined Sequence of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Calcium Release in AlPcS4-photosensitized Rat Bladder RR 1022 Epithelial Cells¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720210liaiad2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
Mayhew S, Vernon DI, Schofield J, Griffiths J, Brown SB. Investigation of Cross-resistance to a Range of Photosensitizers, Hyperthermia and UV Light in Two Radiation-induced Fibrosarcoma Cell Strains Resistant to Photodynamic Therapy In Vitro¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730039iocrta2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
46
|
Hajri A, Wack S, Meyer C, Smith MK, Leberquier C, Kedinger M, Aprahamian M. In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Photofrin® and Pheophorbide a, a Bacteriochlorin, in Photodynamic Therapy of Colonic Cancer Cells¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750140ivaive2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
47
|
Trivedi NS, Wang HW, Nieminen AL, Oleinick NL, Izatt JA. Quantitative Analysis of Pc 4 Localization in Mouse Lymphoma (LY-R) Cells via Double-label Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710634qaopli2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
48
|
Morgan J, Potter WR, Oseroff AR. Comparison of Photodynamic Targets in a Carcinoma Cell Line and Its Mitochondrial DNA-Deficient Derivative. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710747coptia2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Tong Z, Singh G, Rainbow AJ. The Role of the p53 Tumor Suppressor in the Response of Human Cells to Photofrin-mediated Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710201trotpt2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
50
|
Tijerina M, Kopec̆ková P, Kopec̆ek J. Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Exposed to Free Mce6 or HPMA Copolymer-Mce6 Conjugates¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770645mociho2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|