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Draft Genome Sequences of Fungi Isolated from Mars 2020 Spacecraft Assembly Facilities. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0046422. [PMID: 36200893 PMCID: PMC9671001 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00464-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the Mars 2020 mission, several fungal strains were isolated from surfaces where spacecraft components were assembled. Draft genome sequencing and characterization will help identify the genes responsible for radiation resistance, supporting the development of countermeasures to prevent fungal contamination of extraterrestrial environments.
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Wong HJ, Mohamad-Fauzi N, Rizman-Idid M, Convey P, Smykla J, Alias SA. UV-B-induced DNA damage and repair pathways in polar Pseudogymnoascus sp. from the Arctic and Antarctic regions and their effects on growth, pigmentation, and coniodiogenesis. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3164-3180. [PMID: 35621047 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solar radiation regulates most biological activities on Earth. Prolonged exposure to solar UV radiation can cause deleterious effects by inducing two major types of DNA damage, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs). These lesions may be repaired by the photoreactivation (Phr) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways; however, the principal UV-induced DNA repair pathway is not known in the fungal genus Pseudogymnoascus. In this study, we demonstrated that an unweighted UV-B dosage of 1.6 kJ m-2 d-1 significantly reduced fungal growth rates (by between 22 and 35%) and inhibited conidia production in a 10 d exposure. The comparison of two DNA repair conditions, light or dark, which respectively induced photoreactivation (Phr) and nucleotide excision repair (NER), showed that the UV-B induced CPDs were repaired significantly more rapidly in light than in dark conditions. The expression levels of two DNA repair genes, RAD2 and PHR1 (encoding a protein in NER and Phr, respectively) demonstrated that NER rather than Phr was primarily activated for repairing UV-B-induced DNA damage in these Pseudogymnoascus strains. In contrast, Phr was inhibited after exposure to UV-B radiation, suggesting that PHR1 may have other functional roles. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jie Wong
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Nuradilla Mohamad-Fauzi
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Rizman-Idid
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Antarctic Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Jerzy Smykla
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, Kraków, Poland
| | - Siti Aisyah Alias
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Fernández-Bravo M, Flores-León A, Calero-López S, Gutiérrez-Sánchez F, Valverde-García P, Quesada-Moraga E. UV-B radiation-related effects on conidial inactivation and virulence against Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera; Tephritidae) of phylloplane and soil Metarhizium sp. strains. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 148:142-151. [PMID: 28668256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of Metarhizium species on the epigeal areas of weeds and woody plants in various Mediterranean ecosystems, and the question arises whether isolates from the phylloplane, which experiences greater exposure to environmental UV-B radiation than soil isolates do, could have better UV-B radiation tolerance. The in vitro response of 18 Metarhizium strains isolated from phylloplane and soil of several Mediterranean ecosystems to UV-B radiation and the in vitro and in vivo effects of UV-B radiation on the viability and virulence of a selected M. brunneum strain against C. capitata were determined. The conidial germination, culturability and colony growth of these strains exposed to 1200mWm-2 for 2, 4 or 6h were evaluated. Germination rates below 30% and poor conidia recovery rates were observed for all strains. However, no relationship between the Metarhizium species or isolation habitat and the effect of UV-B radiation was found. Strain EAMa 01/58-Su, which showed a high tolerance to UV-B inactivation in terms of relative germination, was subsequently selected to investigate the UV-B related effects on virulence toward C. capitata adults. In a series of bioassays, the virulence and viability was determined using pure dry conidia, which were irradiated with 1200mWm-2 for 6h prior or after adult flies were inoculated, which resulted in a significant 84.7-86.4% decrease in conidial viability but only a slightly significant reduction of virulence, with 100.0% and 91.4% adult mortality rates and 4.6 and 5.9days average survival time for the no UV-B and UV-B treatments, respectively. A second series of experiments was performed to determine whether the UV-B effects on strain EAMa 01/58-Su were dose- or exposure time-dependent. Adult flies were inoculated with five doses (1.0×104-1.0×108conidiaml-1) and then irradiated at 1200mWm-2 for 6h, and similar LC50 values, 3.8×107 and 4.3×107conidiaml-1, were determined for the UV-B and no UV-B treatments, respectively. However, the LT50 values for flies inoculated with 1.0×108conidiaml-1 and with1.0×107conidiaml-1 were 15.1% and 30.8% longer for UV-B treatments than no UV-B treatments, respectively. Next, adult flies were treated with 1.0×108conidiaml-1 and then exposed to 1200mWm-2 for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48h, and the relationships among exposure time and conidia viability and fly mortality losses were determined. The exposure time for adult flies at 1200mWm-2 to achieve a 50% reduction in fly mortality was 47.2h, which was longer than that of 5.6h required for a 50% reduction in conidia viability. Our results show that the UV-B radiation significantly affected the virulence of EAMa 01/58-Su strain against C. capitata adults, with this effect being dependent on the exposure time but not related to fungal dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández-Bravo
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 Celestino Mutis, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Flores-León
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 Celestino Mutis, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Salvador Calero-López
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 Celestino Mutis, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 Celestino Mutis, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Valverde-García
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 Celestino Mutis, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Quesada-Moraga
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 Celestino Mutis, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
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Braga GUL, Rangel DEN, Flint SD, Miller CD, Anderson AJ, Roberts DW. Damage and recovery from UV-B exposure in conidia of the entomopathogensVerticillium lecaniiandAphanocladium album. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan D. Flint
- Department of Rangeland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5230
| | | | | | - Donald W. Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5305
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Braga GUL, Rangel DEN, Fernandes ÉKK, Flint SD, Roberts DW. Molecular and physiological effects of environmental UV radiation on fungal conidia. Curr Genet 2015; 61:405-25. [PMID: 25824285 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conidia are specialized structures produced at the end of the asexual life cycle of most filamentous fungi. They are responsible for fungal dispersal and environmental persistence. In pathogenic species, they are also involved in host recognition and infection. Conidial production, survival, dispersal, germination, pathogenicity and virulence can be strongly influenced by exposure to solar radiation, although its effects are diverse and often species dependent. UV radiation is the most harmful and mutagenic waveband of the solar spectrum. Direct exposure to solar radiation for a few hours can kill conidia of most fungal species. Conidia are killed both by solar UV-A and UV-B radiation. In addition to killing conidia, which limits the size of the fungal population and its dispersion, exposures to sublethal doses of UV radiation can reduce conidial germination speed and virulence. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the effects of solar radiation on conidia and on the major systems involved in protection from and repair of damage induced by solar UV radiation. The efforts that have been made to obtain strains of fungi of interest such as entomopathogens more tolerant to solar radiation will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto U L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil,
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Horwitz BA, Gloria M, Berrocal T. A Spectroscopic View of Some Recent Advances in the Study of Blue Light Photoreception*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mukherjee PK, Horwitz BA, Kenerley CM. Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma – a genomic perspective. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:35-45. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Charles M. Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Berrocal-Tito GM, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Horwitz BA, Herrera-Estrella A. Trichoderma atroviride PHR1, a fungal photolyase responsible for DNA repair, autoregulates its own photoinduction. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1682-92. [PMID: 17545314 PMCID: PMC2043357 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00208-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The photolyases, DNA repair enzymes that use visible and long-wavelength UV light to repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) created by short-wavelength UV, belong to the larger photolyase-cryptochrome gene family. Cryptochromes (UVA-blue light photoreceptors) lack repair activity, and sensory and regulatory roles have been defined for them in plants and animals. Evolutionary considerations indicate that cryptochromes diverged from CPD photolyases before the emergence of eukaryotes. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, some photolyases might have photosensory functions. phr1 codes for a class I CPD photolyase in Trichoderma atroviride. phr1 is rapidly induced by blue and UVA light, and its photoinduction requires functional blue light regulator (BLR) proteins, which are White Collar homologs in Trichoderma. Here we show that deletion of phr1 abolished photoreactivation of UVC (200 to 280 nm)-inhibited spores and thus that PHR1 is the main component of the photorepair system. The 2-kb 5' upstream region of phr1, with putative light-regulated elements, confers blue light regulation on a reporter gene. To assess phr1 photosensory function, fluence response curves of this light-regulated promoter were tested in null mutant (Deltaphr1) strains. Photoinduction of the phr1 promoter in Deltaphr1 strains was >5-fold more sensitive to light than that in the wild type, whereas in PHR1-overexpressing lines the sensitivity to light increased about 2-fold. Our data suggest that PHR1 may regulate its expression in a light-dependent manner, perhaps through negative modulation of the BLR proteins. This is the first evidence for a regulatory role of photolyase, a role usually attributed to cryptochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Berrocal-Tito
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, A.P. 629, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, México
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Braga GUL, Flint SD, Messias CL, Anderson AJ, Roberts DW. Effects of UVB Irradiance on Conidia and Germinants of the Entomopathogenic Hyphomycete Metarhizium anisopliae: A Study of Reciprocity and Recovery¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730140eouioc2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Berrocal-Tito GM, Rosales-Saavedra T, Herrera-Estrella A, Horwitz BA. Characterization of Blue-light and Developmental Regulation of the Photolyase gene phr1 in Trichoderma harzianum. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710662coblad2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Braga GU, Flint SD, Messias CL, Anderson AJ, Roberts DW. Effects of UVB irradiance on conidia and germinants of the entomopathogenic Hyphomycete Metarhizium anisopliae: a study of reciprocity and recovery. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:140-6. [PMID: 11272727 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0140:eouioc>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested the effects of irradiances of 920 and 1200 mW m-2 (weighted irradiance) on the conidia and germinants of the entomopathogenic Hyphomycete Metarhizium anisopliae. The conidia were exposed to the two irradiances for 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 or 8 h. Increased exposure decreased relative percent culturability. The inactivation provoked by the irradiance of 1200 mW m-2 was higher than for the 920 mW m-2, with a reduction in the 50% lethal time (LT50) from 6 h 40 min to 4 h 26 min. Reciprocity was not observed when conidia in water suspension and germinants in different stages of the germinative process were exposed to a 17.3 kJ m-2 total dose at both irradiance levels. Although nonreciprocity was observed in all situations, its magnitude varied as a function of metabolic state and/or cell-cycle phase in which the conidia were at the exposure time. The least difference between the effects of the two irradiance levels was observed when nongerminating conidia in suspension were exposed, and the greatest was observed when conidia were exposed during an advanced germination phase. Doses of 6.6 and 17.3 kJ m-2 supplied through the two irradiance levels delayed the germination of the surviving conidia. At both doses, delay was greater during exposure to the higher irradiance. Nonreciprocity was higher for the 17.3 kJ m-2 dose. Nonreciprocity magnitude, in addition to depending on the conidial physiological state, also depended on dose. The results demonstrate the importance of evaluating the impact of the increase in irradiance during the different stages of the fungal life cycle, especially during the stages which are more sensitive to UV, and not simply in dormant conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G U Braga
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA
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Berrocal-Tito GM, Rosales-Saavedra T, Herrera-Estrella A, Horwitz BA. Characterization of blue-light and developmental regulation of the photolyase gene phr1 in Trichoderma harzianum. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71:662-8. [PMID: 10818799 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0662:coblad>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blue light and development regulate the expression of the phr1 gene of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum. The predicted product of phr1, the DNA repair enzyme photolyase, is likely to help protect Trichoderma, which grows in the soil as a mycoparasite or saprophyte, from damage upon emergence and exposure to ultraviolet-c. phr1 is transiently expressed in mycelium and conidiophores after illumination. phr1 mRNA also accumulates in conidiophores during development and spore maturation. As no other genes displaying rapid, direct light regulation have been described previously in this organism, we have characterized the fluence and time dependence of phr1 induction, and its relation to sporulation and photoreactivation. Induction is transient following a pulse, and, with slower decay, in continuous light. This implies that the photoreceptor, transducers or response are capable of adaptation. About two-fold more light is required to induce phr1 than conidiation, but this difference is modest, so both responses could use the same or similar chromophore. Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate bypasses the requirement for light for sporulation, while atropine prevents sporulation even after photoinduction. Light regulation of phr1, however, is indifferent to both these effectors. Induction of photolyase expression behaves as a direct, rapid response to light, independent of the induction of sporulation. Indeed, illumination of mature spores increases their capacity for photoreactivation. Blue light seems to warn the organism against the harmful effects of short wave-lengths, inducing phr1 expression and sporulation by pathways that are, at least in part, distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Berrocal-Tito
- Department of Plant Genetic Engineering, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Unidad Irapuato, Mexico
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Kihara J, Watanabe Y, Honda Y. Suppression and reactivation of UV-induced sporulation by blue light in Bipolaris oryzae. MYCOSCIENCE 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02463882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Berrocal-Tito G, Sametz-Baron L, Eichenberg K, Horwitz BA, Herrera-Estrella A. Rapid blue light regulation of a Trichoderma harzianum photolyase gene. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:14288-94. [PMID: 10318850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.20.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolyases and blue light receptors belong to a superfamily of flavoproteins that make use of blue and UVA light either to catalyze DNA repair or to control development. We have isolated a DNA photolyase gene (phr1) from Trichoderma harzianum, a common soil fungus that is of interest as a biocontrol agent against soil-borne plant pathogens and as a model for the study of light-dependent development. The sequence of phr1 is similar to other Class I Type I eukaryotic photolyase genes. Low fluences of blue light rapidly induced phr1 expression both in vegetative mycelia, which lack photoprotective pigments, and, to a greater extent, in conidiophores. Thus, visible light induces the development of pigmented, resistant spores as well as the expression of phr1, perhaps announcing in this way the imminent exposure to the more damaging short wavelengths of sunlight. Light induction of phr1 in non-sporulating mutants shows that a complete sporulation pathway is not required for photoregulation. The light requirements for photoinduction of phr1 were not altered in dimY photoperception mutants. This suggests that photoinduction of sporulation and of photolyase expression is distinct in their photoreceptor system or in the transduction of the blue light signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Berrocal-Tito
- Department of Plant Genetic Engineering, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Apartado Posta 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
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