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Current advances on the photocatalytic degradation of fluoroquinolones: photoreaction mechanism and environmental application. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:899-912. [PMID: 35416639 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis is one of the most studied and promising techniques for degradation of contaminants of emerging concern, especially pharmaceuticals, and it represents a potential application in wastewater treatment of recalcitrant pollutants, such as fluoroquinolones, which are almost not abated by standard WWTPs. Although photodegradation partially contributes to alleviate their accumulation into the aquatic systems, heterogeneous photocatalysis assures complete sequestration and mineralization of FQs and their photoproducts and offers many advantages with respect to the other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The present brief review summarizes the most recent studies regarding the development and application of novel photocatalytic materials to the removal of FQs from contaminated waters. The collected data are arranged relating the mechanistic aspects to specific catalysts' properties, such as adsorption capacity, easy recovery, and reusability, especially under actual conditions.
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2
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Park HR, Kim BG, Kim SJ, Yoon JA, Bark KM. Spectroscopic Properties of the Quercetin-Divalent Metal Complexes in Hydro-Organic Mixed Solvent. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Ryun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Science; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 61186 Korea
| | - Bong-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Education and Research Institute of Natural Science; Gyeongsang National University; Chinju 52828 Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Education; Gyeongsang National University; Chinju 52828 Korea
| | - Jin Ah Yoon
- Department of Chemical Education; Gyeongsang National University; Chinju 52828 Korea
| | - Ki-Min Bark
- Department of Chemical Education and Research Institute of Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Chinju 52828 Korea
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3
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Light-enhanced antibiotic activity of Brazilian medical plants (Croton campestris A, Ocimum gratissimum L and Cordia verbenaceae DC). ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/abm-2010-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Although broad-band ultraviolet (UV)-A has been described as a therapeutic option for various skin diseases, there are few studies investigating the efficacy of UV-A irradiation in treating diseases related to infectious agents. Objective: Evaluate the light-enhanced antibacterial activity of Brazilian medical plants, Croton campestris A (Euphorbiaceae), Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae), and Cordia verbenaceae DC (Boraginaceae). Methods: Hexane extracts of Croton campestris A., Ocimum gratissimum L., and Cordia verbenaceae DC were assayed using a UV-A exposure method against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Assays were performed in triplicate with and without exposure to UV-A radiation to test for light-activated or lightenhanced antibacterial activity. Results: All extracts showed activity against the S. aureus strain. Extracts of O. gratissimum and C. verbenaceae were the most active after exposure to UV-A light, with an increase in antibacterial activity of 140 and 100%, respectively. No extract showed light-activated antibacterial activity against E. coli. Conclusion: C. campestris, O. gravissimum and C. verbenaceae showed light-enhanced antibiotic activity. This suggests that phytochemical investigations may be warranted.
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Lanzilotto A, Kyropoulou M, Constable EC, Housecroft CE, Meier WP, Palivan CG. Porphyrin-polymer nanocompartments: singlet oxygen generation and antimicrobial activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:109-122. [PMID: 29218642 PMCID: PMC5756573 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new water-soluble photocatalyst for singlet oxygen generation is presented. Its absorption extends to the red part of the spectrum, showing activity up to irradiation at 660 nm. Its efficiency has been compared to that of a commercial analogue (Rose Bengal) for the oxidation of L-methionine. The quantitative and selective oxidation was promising enough to encapsulate the photocatalyst in polymersomes. The singlet oxygen generated in this way can diffuse and remain active for the oxidation of L-methionine outside the polymeric compartment. These results made us consider the use of these polymersomes for antimicrobial applications. E. coli colonies were subjected to oxidative stress using the photocatalyst-polymersome conjugates and nearly all the colonies were damaged upon extensive irradiation while under the same red LED light irradiation, liquid cultures in the absence of porphyrin or porphyrin-loaded polymersomes were unharmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Lanzilotto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myrto Kyropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang P Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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5
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Hricovíni M, Dvoranová D, Barbieriková Z, Jantová S, Bella M, Šoral M, Brezová V. 6-Nitroquinolones in dimethylsulfoxide: Spectroscopic characterization and photoactivation of molecular oxygen. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Ahmad I, Bano R, Musharraf SG, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Tahir H, ul Arfeen Q, Bhatti MS, Shad Z, Hussain SF. Photodegradation of norfloxacin in aqueous and organic solvents: A kinetic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Ciprofloxacin Metalloantibiotic: An Effective Antibiotic with an Influx Route Strongly Dependent on Lipid Interaction? J Membr Biol 2014; 248:125-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Park HR, Im SE, Seo JJ, Bark KM. Spectroscopic Properties of Quercetin in AOT Reverse Micelles. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.3.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Effects of pH and polarity on the excited states of norfloxacin and its 4′-N-acetyl derivative: A steady-state and time-resolved study. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Lopes SC, Ribeiro C, Gameiro P. A New Approach to Counteract Bacteria Resistance: A Comparative Study Between Moxifloxacin and a New Moxifloxacin Derivative in Different Model Systems of Bacterial Membrane. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 81:265-74. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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On the photophysicochemical properties of selected fluoroquinolones: solvatochromic and fluorescence spectroscopy study. J Fluoresc 2012; 23:93-101. [PMID: 22993120 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-012-1120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The photophysicochemical properties of selected fluoroquinolones in different solvents of various physical properties, including polarity and hydrogen bonding ability, were investigated using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. The solvent-dependant fluorescence emission spectra of selected fluoroquinolones, namely ciprofloxacin (CIPR) and enrofloxacin (ENRO), were employed to gain insights concerning its photophysicochemical properties of interests. Interestingly, fluorescence spectra of the selected drugs exhibited structured emission spectra in nonpolar solvents such as hexane, whereas unstructured spectra were observed in more polar solvents such as alcohols and water. Also, a notable bathochromic shift in λ(max)(em) was observed in fluorescence spectra of both drugs with increasing solvent polarity that resulted in biphasic behavior upon applying the Lippert-Mataga correlation that correspond to general and specific solvent effects. Applying the Lippert-Mataga correlation to the fluorescence spectra of CIPR and ENRO in various solvents was employed to estimate the dipole moment difference between the ground and excited states of them, Δμ(μ(e) - μ(g)), where obtained results revealed the values of 9.4 and 16.2 Debye for the LE and ICT states of ENRO, respectively, and 8.0 and 16.2 Debye for the LE and ICT states of CIPR, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) based on Kamlet-Taft equating was applied against absorption frequency (ν(abs)), emission frequency (ν(em)), Stokes shift (∆ν), and fluorescence quantum yield (Φ(f)), where obtained results revealed excellent correlation (R: 0.916-0.966) that are consistent with other results considering the effect of solvent polarizability, hydrogen bonding ability, and viscosity on the photophysicochemical properties of the studied fluoroquinolones.
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12
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Liu Y, Zhang P, Li H, Wang W. Ciprofloxacin photosensitized oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate in neutral aqueous solution. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:639-44. [PMID: 22321009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Laser flash photolysis studies have been carried out to investigate the reactions of ciprofloxacin (CPX) with 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate (dGMP), N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) and ferulic acid (FCA) in neutral aqueous solutions, respectively. CPX triplet state ((3)CPX*) can be quenched by TMPD, FCA and dGMP, with rate constants of 1.8 × 10(9), 1.5 × 10(9) and 5.8 × 10(7) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. TMPD radical cation (TMPD(·+)) and FCA radical cation (FCA(·+)) were observed directly. The formation rate of CPX radical anion (CPX(·-)) was determined to be 1.5 × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1). Redox reaction of dGMP was investigated through competing reactions using TMPD and FCA as probe. The triplet energy of CPX was determined to be 262 kJ mol(-1). Electron transfer from TMPD, FCA and dGMP to (3)CPX* was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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13
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Staško A, Bella M, Rimarčík J, Barbieriková Z, Milata V, Lukeš V, Brezová V. Photoinduced decarboxylation of 9-oxo-6,9-dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4-f
]quinoline-8-carboxylic acid. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Staško
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Radlinského 9 SK-812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Maroš Bella
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Radlinského 9 SK-812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Rimarčík
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Radlinského 9 SK-812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Barbieriková
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Radlinského 9 SK-812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Viktor Milata
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Radlinského 9 SK-812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Lukeš
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Radlinského 9 SK-812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Radlinského 9 SK-812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
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14
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Spectroscopic characterization and photoinduced processes of 4-oxoquinoline derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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de Guidi G, Bracchitta G, Catalfo A. Photosensitization Reactions of Fluoroquinolones and Their Biological Consequences. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1214-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Ribeiro C, Lopes SC, Gameiro P. New Insights into the Translocation Route of Enrofloxacin and Its Metalloantibiotics. J Membr Biol 2011; 241:117-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-011-9368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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17
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Luiz FCL, Garcia LS, Goes Filho LS, Teixeira LR, Louro SRW. Fluorescence Studies of gold(III)-Norfloxacin Complexes in Aqueous Solutions. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:1933-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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19
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Park HR, Liu HB, Shin SC, Park JK, Bark KM. Spectroscopic Properties of Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside in Aerosol-OT Reverse Micelles. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.3.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Bani-Yaseen AD. Solvatochromic and fluorescence behavior of sulfisoxazole. J Fluoresc 2010; 21:1061-7. [PMID: 21184259 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Fluorescence spectroscopic and solvatochromic behavior of Sulfisoxazole, a sulfa drug with antimicrobial activities, in various pure solvents of different polarity and hydrogen bonding capability is reported. The fluorescence emission spectrum of sulfisoxazole was found to be solvent polarity dependent, where a notable red shift in emission maximum was observed with increasing solvent polarity as well as hydrogen bonding capability. The effects of the latter two solvent parameters were quantitatively investigated using the methods of Lippert-Mataga and solvatochromic comparison method (SCM) that is based on the Kamlet-Taft equation. Particularly, the Lippert-Mataga method was applied to estimate the dipole moment of the excited state (μ(e)) upon plotting Stokes shift versus solvent polarizability (Δf), where a value of 11.54 Debye was obtained. On the other hand, applying the multiple regression analysis to the SCM method revealed that solvent polarizability (π*) and hydrogen-bond donor capability (α) approximately equally stabilize sulfisoxazole in the excited state with minor destabilization contribution by the hydrogen-bond acceptor capability (β). These findings revealed that the excited state of sulfisoxazole is stabilized by polar solvents, indicating that this drug molecules exhibit larger dipole moment in the excited state than in the ground state, which in turn implies that a potential intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) occurs after excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulilah Dawoud Bani-Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-MAdinah Al-Munawarah, P.O. Box 30002, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Koker EB, Bilski PJ, Motten AG, Zhao B, Chignell CF, He YY. Real-time visualization of photochemically induced fluorescence of 8-halogenated quinolones: lomefloxacin, clinafloxacin and Bay3118 in live human HaCaT keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:792-7. [PMID: 20492567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halogenoquinolones are potent and widely used antimicrobials blocking microbial DNA synthesis. However, they induce adverse photoresponses through the absorption of UV light, including phototoxicity and photocarcinogenicity. The phototoxic responses may be the result of photosensitization of singlet oxygen, production of free radicals and/or other reactive species resulting from photodehalogenation. Here, we report the use of laser scanning confocal microscopy to detect and to follow the fluorescence changes of one monohalogenated and three di-halogenated quinolones in live human epidermal keratinocyte cells during in situ irradiation by confocal laser in real time. Fluorescence image analysis and co-staining with the LysoTracker probe showed that lysosomes are a preferential site of drug localization and phototransformations. As the lysosomal environment is relatively acidic, we also determined how low pH may affect the dehalogenation and concomitant fluorescence. With continued UV irradiation, fluorescence increased in the photoproducts from BAY y3118 and clinafloxacin, whereas it decreased for lomefloxacin and moxifloxacin. Our images not only help to localize these phototoxic agents in the cell, but also provide means for dynamic monitoring of their phototransformations in the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond B Koker
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC, USA
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22
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Liu HB, Yu D, Shin SC, Park HR, Park JK, Bark KM. Spectroscopic Properties of Quercetin Derivatives, �Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, in �Hydro-organic Mixed Solvents. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:934-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Pávez P, Herrera B, Toro-Labbé A, Encinas MV. Structure and Medium Effects on the Photochemical Behavior of Nonfluorinated Quinolone Antibiotics†. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:511-9. [PMID: 17132068 DOI: 10.1562/2006-08-21-ra-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical behavior of the quinolone antibiotics, oxolinic (OX), cinoxacin (CNX) and pipemidic (PM) acids was studied as a function of pH and solvent properties. The ground state of these compounds exhibits different protonated forms, which also exist in the first excited states. Theoretical calculations of the Fukui indexes allowed to assigning the different protonation equilibria. The pK values indicate that the acidity of the 3-carboxylic and 4-carbonyl groups increases with the N-atom at position 2 in CNX. It has been found that fluorescence properties are strongly affected by pH, the more fluorescent species is that with protonated carboxylic acid, protonated species at the carbonyl group and the totally deprotonated form present very low fluorescence. The fluorescence behavior also depends on the chemical structure of the quinolone and on the solvent properties. The analysis of the solvent effect on the maximum and the width of the fluorescence band of OX, using the linear solvent-energy relation solvatochromic equation, indicates that the polarizability and hydrogen bond donor ability are the parameters that condition the spectral changes. The hydrogen bond acceptor ability of the solvents also contributes to the spectral shifts of CNX. The compound bearing the piperazinyl group at the position 7, PM only is fluorescent in high protic solvents. These results are discussed in terms of the competition between the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The irradiation of OX, CNX and PM using 300 nm UV light led to a very low photodecomposition rate. Under the same conditions the nalidixic acid (NA), a structurally related quinolone, photodecomposes two orders of magnitude faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pávez
- Facultad de Química de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bazin M, Bosca F, Marin ML, Miranda MA, Patterson LK, Santus R. A Laser Flash Photolysis and Pulse Radiolysis Study of Primary Photochemical Processes of Flumequine¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720451alfpap2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Belvedere A, Boscá F, Cuquerella MC, Guidi G, Miranda MA. Photoinduced N-Demethylation of Rufloxacin and its Methyl Ester Under Aerobic Conditions¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760252pndora2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Sauvaigo S, Douki T, Odin F, Caillat S, Ravanat JL, Cadet J. Analysis of Fluoroquinolone-mediated Photosensitization of 2′-Deoxyguanosine, Calf Thymus and Cellular DNA: Determination of Type-I, Type-II and Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer Mechanism Contribution¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730230aofmpo2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Park HR, Oh CH, Lee HC, Lim SR, Yang K, Bark KM. Spectroscopic Properties of Various Quinolone Antibiotics in Aqueous-organic Solvent Mixtures¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Catalfo A, Calandra ML, Renis M, Serrentino ME, De Guidi G. Rufloxacin-induced photosensitization in yeast. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:181-9. [PMID: 17277842 DOI: 10.1039/b608238f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluoroquinolone Rufloxacin (RFX) is active as specific inhibitor of bacterial gyrase. The adverse effects of the photosensitization induced by fluoroquinolones are well known. A predominant type II photosensitizing activity of Rufloxacin has already been demonstrated on simpler models (free nucleosides, calf thymus DNA), whereas a cooperative mechanism was corroborated on more complex ones (plasmid and fibroblast). The purpose of this study is to examine the drug photocytoxicity in another complex cellular model, a wild-type eukaryotic fast-growing microorganism whose cultivation is cheap and easily managed, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work represents the first report of the potential photogenotoxicity of Rufloxacin. Particular emphasis was given to DNA modifications caused in yeast by the formation of Rufloxacin photomediated toxic species, such as hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde. Drug phototoxicity on yeast was evaluated by measuring DNA fragmentation (single/double strand breaks) using single cell gel electrophoresis assay and 8-OH-dGuo, a DNA photooxidation biomarker, by HPLC-ECD. Cellular sensitivity was also assessed by cell viability test. The extra- and intracellular RFX concentration (as well as its main photoproduct) was verified by HPLC-MS, whereas the cytotoxic species were evaluated by colorimetric assays. The results confirm the phototoxicity of Rufloxacin on yeast cell and are in agreement with those previously obtained with human fibroblast and with simpler models used recently, and provide a clear link between DNA photosensitization and overall phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfio Catalfo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Abstract
The photophysics and photochemistry of nalidixic acid (NA) were studied as function of pH and solvent properties. The ground state of NA exhibits different protonated forms in the range of pH 1.8-10.0. Fluorescence studies showed that the same species exist at the lowest singlet excited state. Absorption experiments were carried out with NA and with the methylated analog of nalidixic acid (MNE) in different organic solvents and water pH 3, where the main species corresponds to that protonated at the carboxylic group. These studies and the DFT calculation of torsional potential energy profiles suggest that the most stable conformation of the NA in nonprotic solvents corresponds to a closed structure caused by the existence of intramolecular hydrogen bond. Absorption and fluorescence spectra were studied in sulfuric acid solution. The pK value (Ho -1.0) found in these conditions was attributed to the protonation of the 4' keto oxygen atom of the heterocyclic ring. Theoretical calculations (DFT/B3LYP/6-311G*) of the energies of the different monoprotonated forms of the NA and Fukui indexes (f(x)-) showed that the species with the proton attached to 4' keto oxygen atom is the most stable of all the cationic forms. MNE and enoxacin also showed the protonation of the 4' keto oxygen atom with similar pK values. The photodecomposition of NA is dependent on the medium properties. Faster decomposition rates were obtained in strong acid solution. In nonprotic solvents, a very slow decomposition rate was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pavez
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Cuquerella MC, Miranda MA, Bosca F. Role of Excited State Intramolecular Charge Transfer in the Photophysical Properties of Norfloxacin and Its Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2607-12. [PMID: 16494369 DOI: 10.1021/jp0559837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (norfloxacin, NFX) and some of its derivatives have been studied to evaluate the role of the free carboxylic acid and the nonprotonated piperazinyl group in the behavior of the 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline ring. Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements at different pHs provide clear evidence in favor of singlet excited-state deactivation of NFX and its N(4')-methyl derivative pefloxacin (PFX) via intramolecular electron transfer from the N(4') atom of the piperazinyl ring to the fluoroquinolone (FQ) main system. This is a very efficient, energy-wasting pathway, which becomes dramatically enhanced in basic media. Acetylation at N(4') (as in ANFX) decreases the availability of the lone pair, making observable its fluorescence and the transient absorption spectrum of its triplet excited state even at high pH. It also reveals that the geometry of FQs changes from an almost sp3 hybridization of the N(1') of the piperazinyl substituent in the ground state to nearly sp2 in the singlet excited state (rehybridization accompanied by intramolecular charge transfer, RICT); accordingly, the singlet energy of ANFX is significantly lower than that of NFX and PFX. The fluorescence measurements using acetonitrile as a polar nonprotic organic solvent further support deactivation of the singlet excited state of nonacetylated NFX derivatives via intramolecular electron transfer from the N(4') atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Consuelo Cuquerella
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC/Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022-Valencia, Spain
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31
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Catalfo A, Scifo C, Stella S, Belvedere A, Renis M, De Guidi G. Rufloxacin induced photosensitization in bio-models of increasing complexity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:304-14. [PMID: 15739000 DOI: 10.1039/b406908k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rufloxacin belongs to the class of fluoroquinolones that act mainly as specific inhibitors of bacterial Topoisomerase II. These drugs are widely known to be involved in various diseases ranging from cutaneous reactions to aging. The type II photosensitizing activity of Rufloxacin has been already demonstrated on calf thymus DNA and free nucleosides. The aim of this study is to examine in control untreated and UVA irradiated human fibroblasts the modifications on DNA status induced by Rufloxacin added in the culture medium. This allows to investigate the photosensitizing activity of Rufloxacin in a more complex cell model. Fibroblasts, either in the presence or in the absence of Rufloxacin, were exposed to UVA irradiation for different times. An experimental protocol was followed in order to evaluate the amount of single-strand breaks (SSB) and double-strand breaks (DSB) DNA fragmentation by comet assay, and plasmid photocleavage. The presence of oxidized bases was also evaluated using the 8-OH-dGuo test. The comet assay test was also employed to assess cellular repair capacity. The intracellular drug concentration was verified by HPLC-MS. The results confirming the role of Rufloxacin as photosensitizer were: (i) a time-dependent increase in DNA fragmentation when fibroblasts were irradiated in the presence of Rufloxacin; (ii) the efficiency of the cellular repair machinery to be exhaustive after 2 h (whereas no correlation between irradiation time and DNA damage repair was observed with a higher level of DNA fragmentation after shorter irradiation times); (iii) the increased number of cells exhibiting high DNA fragmentation, seen as comets with long tails, was not accompanied by a similar large extent of oxidised DNA base formation, as measured by 8-OH-dGuo analysis; (iv) the double helix SSB, formed in plasmid photosensitization, agreed with the comet assay results, pointing out a good correlation among the cell system and the simpler models used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfio Catalfo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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32
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Cuquerella MC, Boscá F, Miranda MA. Photonucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of 6-Fluoroquinolones in Basic Media: Triplet Quenching by Hydroxide Anion. J Org Chem 2004; 69:7256-61. [PMID: 15471478 DOI: 10.1021/jo049293v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoreaction of 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (norfloxacin, NFX) and other 6-fluoroquinolones in aqueous solution gives rise to the corresponding 6-hydroxy derivatives. Although two mechanisms have been proposed for this photonucleophilic aromatic substitution, direct evidence for any of them is still missing. Obtaining such evidence requires work in basic media, where intramolecular electron transfer from the piperazine ring to the quinolone system is the almost exclusive singlet deactivation pathway. To overcome this problem, the 4'-N-acetyl derivative of norfloxacin (ANFX) has been employed in the present paper due to the lower availability of the N lone pair. The photochemical and photophysical properties of ANFX have been studied in aqueous solutions at pH between 7.4 and 13. As expected, fluorescence of ANFX is not significantly quenched in basic media. Furthermore, the excited triplet state (lambda(max) = 620 nm) reacts with hydroxide anions with a rate constant of (0.3 +/- 0.1) x 10(6) M(-)(1) s(-)(1). This supports a direct attack by hydroxide anions to the excited triplet state with subsequent release of fluoride as the operating mechanism. The fact that the reaction is inhibited by the presence of naproxen (a water-soluble naphthalene derivative) as triplet quencher clearly confirms the mechanistic assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Consuelo Cuquerella
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Park HR, Oh CH, Lee HC, Ryong Lim S, Yang K, Bark KM. Spectroscopic Properties of Various Quinolone Antibiotics in Aqueous–organic Solvent Mixtures¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 80:554-64. [PMID: 15623343 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0554:spovqa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties of enoxacin (ENO), oxolinic acid (OXO) and nalidixic acid (NAL) were studied in various H2O-CH3OH and H2O-CH3CN mixed solvents because these solvents were thought to behave as a biological mimetic system. ENO has piperazinyl group, but OXO and NAL do not have this substituent. The fluorescence emission spectra of ENO were very sensitive to the composition of the solvents. In the Lippert-Mataga analysis of the steady-state fluorescence data, clear reverse solvatochromism was exhibited for ENO in both mixed solvents. This observation can be explained using the excited state twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) from the nitrogen of the piperazinyl group to the keto oxygen. Theoretical calculations further support this observation. The nonradiative and radiative rate constants of these molecules were analyzed as a function of dipolarity-polarizability (pi*) and hydrogen bond donor acidity (alpha) of the mixed solvents. These results for ENO were consistent with the suggested mechanism of the TICT very well. The influence of bulk dielectric effect was more significant relative to the specific hydrogen bonding interactions. The emission spectra of OXO and NAL do not exhibit any characteristic responses to the properties of the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Ryun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Republic of South Korea
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Belvedere A, Boscá F, Cuquerella MC, de Guidi G, Miranda MA. Photoinduced N-demethylation of rufloxacin and its methyl ester under aerobic conditions. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:252-8. [PMID: 12403445 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0252:pndora>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of rufloxacin (RF) under aerobic conditions gives rise to N-demethylation of the piperazinyl ring, which is enhanced in aerated D2O. Two primary processes seem to be involved in RF N-demethylation: photoionization from 1RF and singlet oxygen generation from 3RF. Both processes may lead to the same key intermediates, namely, RF*+ and superoxide radical anion; coupling of these intermediates explains N-demethylation of RF via an iminium cation. Formation of the hydrated electron by a monophotonic process (with a quantum yield of 0.09) is detected along with 3RF (with a intersystem-crossing quantum yield phiISC = 0.36) by laser flash photolysis. Studies performed on RF methyl ester give qualitatively similar results.
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Trisciuoglio D, Krasnowska E, Maggi A, Pozzi R, Parasassi T, Sapora O. Phototoxic effect of fluoroquinolones on two human cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:449-56. [PMID: 12110285 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitization induced by the fluoroquinolone ofloxacin (OFLX) has been studied using two human cell lines, HL60 and K562, two UV wavelengths, 290 and 330 nm, and two different exposure protocols, acute and protracted. The examined endpoints are the cellular lethality and recovery and the membrane changes produced by the oxidative damage, studied using cloning and counting techniques and the measurement of the generalized polarization (GP) of the fluorescent membrane probe 2-dimethylamino-6-lauroyl-naphthalene (Laurdan). The results show that: (i) the photosensitizing effect is detectable at concentrations similar to those found in patients treated with OFLX only when the cells are irradiated with 330 nm; (ii) the amount of photodamage is a function of the drug concentration and of UV dose and persists also after the removal of the drug; (iii) during the first 24 h after OFLX treatment, a large decrease of the cell number can be observed due to cell lysis; (iv) the OFLX is inserted in the cell membranes at concentrations directly related with the drug concentration and incubation time; (v) the OFLX produces an increase in the GP values similar to that produced by membrane lipid oxidation which persists for hours after the removal of the drug. The overall results suggest the cell membrane as the main target of the OFLX adverse action, with a possible mechanism involving the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which triggers, in turn, the lipid peroxidation chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Trisciuoglio
- Laboratorio di Tossicologia Comparata ed Ecotossicologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Park HR, Kim TH, Bark KM. Physicochemical properties of quinolone antibiotics in various environments. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:443-60. [PMID: 12204471 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(02)01361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The progress and photosensitivity of quinolone antibiotics are briefly described. By the photolysis of nalidixic acid, the loss of -COOH group is observed. The photoreaction of fluoroquinolones involves heterolytic C-F bond fragmentation. The protonation and divalent cation complexation equilibria are also examined. The spectroscopic properties of these drugs are intensively investigated in biological mimetic systems such as AOT reverse micelle, and H(2)O-CH(3)OH and H(2)O-CH(3)CN mixed solvents. For ofloxacin and norfloxacin, the excited-state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is observed. So, fluorescence spectra exhibit reverse solvatochromism in mixed solvents. The change of radiative and non-radiative rate constant can also be explained using this ICT. The influence of dielectric effects of solvent is more significant compared with the specific hydrogen bonding interaction. Theoretical treatments support all of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Ryun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Sauvaigo S, Douki T, Odin F, Caillat S, Ravanat JL, Cadet J. Analysis of fluoroquinolone-mediated photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine, calf thymus and cellular DNA: determination of type-I, type-II and triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism contribution. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:230-7. [PMID: 11281018 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0230:aofmpo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibacterials are known to exhibit photosensitization properties leading to the formation of oxidative damage to DNA. In addition, photoexcited lomefloxacin (Lome) was recently shown to induce the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers via triplet-triplet energy transfer. The present study is aimed at gaining further insights into the photosensitization mechanisms of several FQ including enoxacin (Enox), Lome, norfloxacin (Norflo) and ofloxacin (Oflo). This was achieved by monitoring the formation of DNA base degradation products upon UVA-mediated photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine, isolated and cellular DNA. Oflo and Norflo act mainly via a Type-II mechanism whereas Lome and, to a lesser extent, Enox behave more like Type-I photosensitizers. However, the extent of oxidative damage was found to be relatively low. In contrast, it was found that cyclobutane thymine dimers represent the major class of damage induced by Enox, Lome and Norflo within isolated and cellular DNA upon UVA irradiation. This striking observation confirms that FQ are able to promote efficient triplet energy transfer to DNA. The levels of photosensitized formation of strand breaks, alkali-labile sites and oxidative damage to cellular DNA, as measured by the comet assay, were confirmed to be rather low. Therefore, we propose that the phototoxic effects of FQ are mostly accounted for energy transfer mechanism rather than by Type-I or -II photosensitization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sauvaigo
- Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, Grenoble, France
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Bazin M, Bosca F, Marin ML, Miranda MA, Patterson LK, Santus R. A laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis study of primary photochemical processes of flumequine. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:451-7. [PMID: 11045713 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0451:alfpap>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 355 nm laser flash photolysis of argon-saturated pH 8 phosphate buffer solutions of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic flumequine produces a transient triplet state with a maximum absorbance at 575 nm where the molar absorptivity is 14,000 M(-1) cm(-1). The quantum yield of triplet formation is 0.9. The transient triplet state is quenched by various Type-1 photodynamic substrates such as tryptophan (TrpH), tyrosine, N-acetylcysteine and 2-deoxyguanosine leading to the formation of the semireduced flumequine species. This semireduced form has been readily identified by pulse radiolysis of argon-saturated pH 8 buffered aqueous solutions by reaction of the hydrated electrons and the CO2*- radicals with flumequine. The absorption maximum of the transient semireduced species is found at 570 nm with a molar absorptivity of 2,500 M(-1) cm(-1). In argon-saturated buffered solutions, the semireduced flumequine species formed by the reaction of the flumequine triplet with TrpH stoichiometrically reduces ferricytochrome C (Cyt Fe3+) under steady state irradiation with ultraviolet-A light. In the presence of oxygen, O2*- is formed but the photoreduction of Cyt Fe3+ by O2*- competes with an oxidizing pathway which involves photo-oxidation products of TrpH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bazin
- Laboratoire de Photobiologie, Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Stief TW. The blood fibrinolysis/deep-sea analogy: a hypothesis on the cell signals singlet oxygen/photons as natural antithrombotics. Thromb Res 2000; 99:1-20. [PMID: 10904099 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(00)00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T W Stief
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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Sortino S, Marconi G, Giuffrida S, Guidi GD, Monti S. Photophysical Properties of Rufloxacin in Neutral Aqueous Solution. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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Ouedraogo G, Morliere P, Bazin M, Santus R, Kratzer B, Miranda MA, Castell JV. Lysosomes Are Sites of Fluoroquinolone Photosensitization in Human Skin Fibroblasts: A Microspectrofluorometric Approach*. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fasani E, Barberis Negra FF, Mella M, Monti S, Albini A. Photoinduced C-F Bond Cleavage in Some Fluorinated 7-Amino-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 1999; 64:5388-5395. [PMID: 11674597 DOI: 10.1021/jo982456t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of some fluorinated 7-amino-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acids used in therapy as antibacterials and known to be phototoxic has been investigated in water. All of them undergo heterolytic defluorination, and this appears to be a path for the generation of aryl cations in solution. 6-Fluoro derivatives such as norfloxacin (Phi(dec) = 0.06) and enoxacin (Phi(dec) = 0.13) give the corresponding phenols. Insertion of an electron-donating substituent makes defluorination inefficient; thus, ofloxacin, an 8-alkoxy derivative, is found to be rather photostable (Phi(dec) = 0.001) and reacts in part via a process different from defluorination (degradation of the N-alkyl side chain). With a 6,8-difluoro derivative, lomefloxacin, the reaction is more efficient (Phi = 0.55) and selective for position 8. Contrary to the previous cases, the aryl cation undergoes insertion in the neighboring N-ethyl group rather than solvent addition (a carbene-like chemistry). With all of the above fluoroquinolones an intensive triplet-triplet absorption is detected and is quenched by sulfite (k(q) = (1-5) x 10(8) M(-)(1) s(-)(1)). Under this condition, reductive defluorination via the radical anion takes place. The relation of the above chemistry to the phototoxicity of these drugs is commented upon briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Fasani
- Department Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, v. le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, and CNR Inst. Photochemistry, v. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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