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Fatrekar AP, Morajkar RV, Vernekar AA. Expanding limits of artificial enzymes: unprecedented catalysis by an oxidase nanozyme in activating a structural protein for covalent crosslinking and conferring remarkable proteolytic resistance. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03767g. [PMID: 39176248 PMCID: PMC11337028 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03767g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nature has endowed us with some complex enzymes capable of utilizing proteins as their substrates to generate functional proteins through post-translational modification. However, nanozymes' interplay with proteins as substrates is scarce, with their chemistry predominantly established using only small molecule substrates, featuring a significant gap in this area. Due to the huge prospects of nanozymes in biotechnological and therapeutic interventions, studies establishing the unexplored roles of nanozymes in the biological environments and their interplay beyond small molecule substrates warrant immediate attention. In this study, we unveil the unprecedented role of a Mn-based oxidase nanozyme (MnN) in activating a structural protein, collagen, and covalently crosslinking its tyrosine residues with only a trace amount of tannic acid (TA) without compromising its triple-helical structural integrity. While therapeutic applications demand materials prepared from collagen, the current chemical and physical crosslinking of collagen often presents significant challenges such as toxicity, denaturation, or high costs. MnN lucidly accomplishes crosslinking interplay at its 101 facets using oxygen as a co-substrate under mild conditions. This process takes advantage of MnN being active at mild acidic pH where collagen preferentially exists as a soluble triple helix (monomeric form), exposing functionalities and enhancing the crosslinking degree. Importantly, this reaction also confers 100% resistance to collagenase attack on the collagen tendon-derived biological material. The catalyzed TA-tyrosine linkage in the telopeptide region of collagen probably impedes the initial recognition step of collagenase, providing robust protection against its degradative action. Our study not only expands the repertoire of nanozymes' substrates beyond the existing library of small molecules but also establishes a significant step toward designing a gold standard for collagen crosslinking. With biomedical applications demanding biomaterials derived from protein scaffolds with preserved structural integrity, our investigation bridges the gap between nanozymes' chemistry and crosslinking proteins, opening exciting prospects for biomaterial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh P Fatrekar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute Chennai-600020 Tamil Nadu India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
| | - Rasmi V Morajkar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute Chennai-600020 Tamil Nadu India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
| | - Amit A Vernekar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute Chennai-600020 Tamil Nadu India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
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Kauser K, Warner KS, Anderson B, Keyes ED, Hayes RB, Kawamoto E, Perkins DH, Scott R, Isaacson J, Haberer B, Spaans A, Utecht R, Hauser H, Roberts AG, Greenberg M. Creating a Natural Vascular Scaffold by Photochemical Treatment of the Extracellular Matrix for Vascular Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020683. [PMID: 35054866 PMCID: PMC8775700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of bioscaffolds for cardiovascular medical applications, such as peripheral artery disease (PAD), remains to be a challenge for tissue engineering. PAD is an increasingly common and serious cardiovascular illness characterized by progressive atherosclerotic stenosis, resulting in decreased blood perfusion to the lower extremities. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement are routinely performed on these patients with suboptimal outcomes. Natural Vascular Scaffolding (NVS) is a novel treatment in the development for PAD, which offers an alternative to stenting by building on the natural structural constituents in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the blood vessel wall. During NVS treatment, blood vessels are exposed to a photoactivatable small molecule (10-8-10 Dimer) delivered locally to the vessel wall via an angioplasty balloon. When activated with 450 nm wavelength light, this therapy induces the formation of covalent protein–protein crosslinks of the ECM proteins by a photochemical mechanism, creating a natural scaffold. This therapy has the potential to reduce the need for stent placement by maintaining a larger diameter post-angioplasty and minimizing elastic recoil. Experiments were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of NVS, including the molecular mechanism of light activation and the impact of NVS on the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kauser
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-527-9892
| | - Kevin S. Warner
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Blake Anderson
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Edgar Dalles Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (E.D.K.); (A.G.R.)
| | - RB Hayes
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Eric Kawamoto
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
| | - DH Perkins
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Robert Scott
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Jim Isaacson
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Barb Haberer
- Alumend, LLC, 4800 N. Career Avenue, Suite #108, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA; (B.H.); (A.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Ann Spaans
- Alumend, LLC, 4800 N. Career Avenue, Suite #108, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA; (B.H.); (A.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Ronald Utecht
- Alumend, LLC, 4800 N. Career Avenue, Suite #108, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA; (B.H.); (A.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Hank Hauser
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Andrew George Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (E.D.K.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Myles Greenberg
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Dr, Suite #102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (K.S.W.); (B.A.); (R.H.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (J.I.); (H.H.); (M.G.)
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Castaneda L, Valle J, Yang N, Pluskat S, Slowinska K. Collagen cross-linking with Au nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2010; 9:3383-8. [PMID: 18959440 DOI: 10.1021/bm800793z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tiopronin (N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine)-protected gold nanoparticles (TPAu) were cross-linked to collagen via EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide) coupling. On average, each TPAu forms eight amide bonds with collagen lysine moieties. The resulting gels were studied with environmental SEM, TEM, micro-DSC, and TNBS assay. The porous structure of collagen was significantly altered by cross-linking, resulting in the reduction of the pore size from ca. 140 to <1 microm depending on the concentration of nanoparticles. The collagenase biodegradation assay showed improved stability of cross-linked material. The cell viability assay, CellTiter96, indicates that the gold nanoparticles are not toxic at the concentrations used in gel synthesis. This new material has potential for the delivery of small molecule drugs as well as Au nanoparticles for photothermal therapies, imaging, and cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Castaneda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840, USA
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