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Ansteatt S, Gelfand R, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Geometry-Independent Ultrafast Energy Transfer in Bioinspired Arrays Containing Electronically Coupled BODIPY Dimers as Energy Donors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301571. [PMID: 37494565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, strong interaction between chromophores enables efficient absorption of solar radiation and has been suggested to enable ultrafast energy funneling to the reaction center. To examine whether similar effects can be realized in synthetic systems, and to determine the mechanisms of energy transfer, we synthesized and characterized a series of bioinspired arrays containing strongly-coupled BODIPY dimers as energy donors and chlorin derivatives as energy acceptors. The BODIPY dimers feature broad absorption in the range of 500-600 nm, complementing the chlorin absorption to provide absorption across the entire visible spectrum. Ultrafast (~10 ps) energy transfer was observed from photoexcited BODIPY dyads to chlorin subunits. Surprisingly, the energy-transfer rate is nearly independent of the position where the BODIPY dimer is attached to the chlorin and of the type of connecting linker. In addition, the energy-transfer rate from BODIPY dimers to chlorin is slower than the corresponding rate in arrays containing BODIPY monomers. The lower rate, corresponding to less efficient through-bond transfer, is most likely due to weaker electronic coupling between the ground state of the chlorin acceptor and the delocalized electronic state of the BODIPY dimer, compared to the localized state of a BODIPY monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ansteatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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2
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Liu R, Rong J, Wu Z, Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Panchromatic Absorbers Tethered for Bioconjugation or Surface Attachment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196501. [PMID: 36235037 PMCID: PMC9573448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of two triads are reported. Each triad is composed of two perylene-monoimides linked to a porphyrin via an ethyne unit, which bridges the perylene 9-position and a porphyrin 5- or 15-position. Each triad also contains a single tether composed of an alkynoic acid or an isophthalate unit. Each triad provides panchromatic absorption (350–700 nm) with fluorescence emission in the near-infrared region (733 or 743 nm; fluorescence quantum yield ~0.2). The syntheses rely on the preparation of trans-AB-porphyrins bearing one site for tether attachment (A), an aryl group (B), and two open meso-positions. The AB-porphyrins were prepared by the condensation of a 1,9-diformyldipyrromethane and a dipyrromethane. The installation of the two perylene-monoimide groups was achieved upon the 5,15-dibromination of the porphyrin and the subsequent copper-free Sonogashira coupling, which was accomplished before or after the attachment of the tether. The syntheses provide relatively straightforward access to a panchromatic absorber for use in bioconjugation or surface-attachment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
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Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Beyond green with synthetic chlorophylls – Connecting structural features with spectral properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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4
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Phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays containing free base and diverse metal chelate forms – Versatile synthetic architectures for catalysis and artificial photosynthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Yu Z, Uthe B, Gelfand R, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Weakly conjugated bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin dyad: Synthesis and photophysical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dyads containing two near-infrared absorbing and emitting bacteriochlorins with distinct spectral properties have been prepared and characterized by absorption, emission, and transient-absorption spectroscopies. The dyads exhibit ultrafast ([Formula: see text]3 ps) energy transfer from the bacteriochlorin with the higher-energy S1 state to the bacteriochlorin emitting at the longer wavelength. The dyads exhibit strong fluorescence and relatively long excited state lifetimes ([Formula: see text]4 ns) in both non-polar and polar solvents, which indicates negligible photoinduced electron transfer between the two bacteriochlorins in the dyads. These dyads are thus attractive for the development of light-harvesting arrays and fluorophores for in vivo bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Brian Uthe
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Uthe B, Meares A, Ptaszek M, Pelton M. Solvent-dependent energy and charge transfer dynamics in hydroporphyrin-BODIPY arrays. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:074302. [PMID: 32828083 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrays of hydroporphyrins with boron complexes of dipyrromethene (BODIPY) are a promising platform for biomedical imaging or solar energy conversion, but their photophysical properties have been relatively unexplored. In this paper, we use time-resolved fluorescence, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and density-functional-theory calculations to elucidate solvent-dependent energy and electron-transfer processes in a series of chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-BODIPY arrays. Excitation of the BODIPY moiety results in ultrafast energy transfer to the hydroporphyrin moiety, regardless of the solvent. In toluene, energy is most likely transferred via the through-space Förster mechanism from the S1 state of BODIPY to the S2 state of hydroporphyrin. In DMF, substantially faster energy transfer is observed, which implies a contribution of the through-bond Dexter mechanism. In toluene, excited hydroporphyrin components show bright fluorescence, with quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime comparable to those of the benchmark monomer, whereas in DMF, moderate to significant reduction of both quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime are observed. We attribute this quenching to photoinduced charge transfer from hydroporphyrin to BODIPY. No direct spectral signature of the charge-separated state is observed, which suggests that either (1) the charge-separated state decays very quickly to the ground state or (2) virtual charge-separated states, close in energy to S1 of hydroporphyrin, promote ultrafast internal conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Uthe
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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Xia Y, Shuai L, Wang Y, Ma Y, Han L, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Leung MKH. Designing bifuncitonal molecular devices with a metalloporphyrin dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4080-4085. [PMID: 32031181 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many organic molecules have unique magnetic properties and can potentially serve as excellent molecular spin devices, which is worth exploring deeply. Here, the spin transport properties of Mn, Fe, Co and Cu porphyrin dimer devices are investigated based on the first principles method. The spin filtering efficiencies of these molecular devices are maintained at 100% within certain applied voltage ranges and magnetoresistance ratios are higher than 108% which increase as the voltage increases. To explain the excellent spin-filtering and giant magnetoresistance effects, analysis of spin electron densities and transmission spectra indicates that magnetic properties are mainly contributed by the metal atoms and their neighbouring N atoms. From the transmission pathway studies, spin electrons come mainly through the π-conjugated structure of the metal porphyrin ring. Interestingly, in the Cu porphyrin dimer device, magnetic moments of the Cu-N structure in the Cu porphyrin dimer device show spin behaviors different from those of Mn, Fe and Co porphyrin dimer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Cheng J, Li W, Tan G, Wang Z, Li S, Jin Y. Synthesis and in vitro photodynamic therapy of chlorin derivative 131-ortho-trifluoromethyl-phenylhydrazone modified pyropheophorbide-a. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:263-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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9
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The Rise of Near-Infrared Emitters: Organic Dyes, Porphyrinoids, and Transition Metal Complexes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:47. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis of gem-dialkyl chlorophyll analogues for probing and emulating our green world. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6534-620. [PMID: 26068531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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11
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Ra D, Gauger KA, Muthukumaran K, Balasubramanian T, Chandrashaker V, Taniguchi M, Yu Z, Talley DC, Ehudin M, Ptaszek M, Lindsey JS. Progress Towards Synthetic Chlorins with Graded Polarity, Conjugatable Substituents, and Wavelength Tunability. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015; 19:547-572. [PMID: 26640361 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in chlorin synthetic chemistry now enable the de novo preparation of diverse chlorin-containing molecular architectures. Five distinct molecular designs have been explored here, including hydrophobic bioconjugatable (oxo)chlorins; a hydrophilic bioconjugatable chlorin; a trans-ethynyl/iodochlorin building block; a set of chlorins bearing electron-rich (methoxy, dimethylamino, methylthio) groups at the 3-position; and a set of ten 3,13-disubstituted chlorins chiefly bearing groups with extended π-moieties. Altogether 23 new chlorins (17 targets, 6 intermediates) have been prepared. The challenge associated with molecular designs that encompass the combination of "hydrophilic, bioconjugatable and wavelength-tunable" chiefly resides in the nature of the hydrophilic unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyoung Ra
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Kelly A Gauger
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Kannan Muthukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | | | | | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Daniel C Talley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Melanie Ehudin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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12
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Meares A, Satraitis A, Santhanam N, Yu Z, Ptaszek M. Deep-red emissive BODIPY-chlorin arrays excitable with green and red wavelengths. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3858-69. [PMID: 25803423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis and characterization of BODIPY-chlorin arrays containing a chlorin subunit, with tunable deep-red (641-685 nm) emission, and one or two BODIPY moieties, absorbing at 504 nm. Two types of arrays were examined: one where BODIPY moieties are attached through a phenylacetylene linker at the 13- or 3,13-positions of chlorin, and a second type where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin through an amide linker. Each of the examined arrays exhibits an efficient (≥0.80) energy transfer from BODIPY to the chlorin moiety in both toluene and DMF and exhibits intense fluorescence of chlorin upon excitation of BODIPY at ∼500 nm. Therefore, the effective Stokes shift in such arrays is in the range of 140-180 nm. Dyads with BODIPY attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit a bright fluorescence in a range of solvents with different polarities (i.e., toluene, MeOH, DMF, and DMSO). In contrast to this, some of the arrays in which BODIPY is attached at the 3- or at both 3,13-positons of chlorin exhibit significant reduction of fluorescence in polar solvents. Overall, dyads where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit ∼5-fold brighter fluorescence than corresponding chlorin monomers, upon excitation at 500 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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Shrestha K, González-Delgado JM, Blew JH, Jakubikova E. Electronic Structure of Covalently Linked Zinc Bacteriochlorin Molecular Arrays: Insights into Molecular Design for NIR Light Harvesting. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9901-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Shrestha
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jessica M. González-Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - James H. Blew
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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14
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Yang E, Wang J, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Probing electronic communication for efficient light-harvesting functionality: dyads containing a common perylene and a porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1630-47. [PMID: 24484243 DOI: 10.1021/jp411629m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of three perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads were investigated to probe the efficacy of the arrays for use as light-harvesting constituents. Each dyad contains a common perylene-monoimide that is linked at the N-imide position via an arylethynyl group to the meso-position of the tetrapyrrole. The tetrapyrroles include a porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin, which have zero, one, and two reduced pyrrole rings, respectively. The increased pyrrole-ring reduction results in a progressive red shift and intensification of the lowest-energy absorption band, as exemplified by benchmark monomers. The arylethyne linkage affords moderate perylene-tetrapyrrole electronic coupling in the dyads as evidenced by the optical, molecular-orbital, and redox properties of the components of the dyads versus the constituent parts. All three dyads in nonpolar solvents exhibit relatively fast (subpicosecond) energy transfer from the perylene to the tetrapyrrole. Competing charge-transfer processes are also absent in nonpolar solvents, but become active for both the chlorin and bacteriochlorin-containing dyads in polar solvents. Calculations of energy-transfer rates via the Förster, through-space mechanism reveal that these rates are, on average, 3-fold slower than the observed rates. Thus, the Dexter through-bond mechanism contributes more substantially than the through-space mechanism to energy transfer in the dyads. The electronic communication between the perylene and tetrapyrrole falls in a regime intermediate between those operative in other classes of perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads that have previously been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, 63130-4889, United States
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15
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Ptaszek M. Rational design of fluorophores for in vivo applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 113:59-108. [PMID: 23244789 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of small organic molecules exhibit properties that make them suitable for fluorescence in vivo imaging. The most promising candidates are cyanines, squaraines, boron dipyrromethenes, porphyrin derivatives, hydroporphyrins, and phthalocyanines. The recent designing and synthetic efforts have been dedicated to improving their optical properties (shift the absorption and emission maxima toward longer wavelengths and increase the brightness) as well as increasing their stability and water solubility. The most notable advances include development of encapsulated cyanine dyes with increased stability and water solubility, squaraine rotaxanes with increased stability, long-wavelength-absorbing boron dipyrromethenes, long-wavelength-absorbing porphyrin and hydroporphyrin derivatives, and water-soluble phthalocyanines. Recent advances in luminescence and bioluminescence have made self-illuminating fluorophores available for in vivo applications. Development of new types of hydroporphyrin energy-transfer dyads gives the promise for further advances in in vivo multicolor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Yu Z, Ptaszek M. Near-IR emissive chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads with a common donor and acceptors with tunable emission wavelength. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10678-91. [PMID: 24079536 DOI: 10.1021/jo4016858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, and optical properties of a series of novel chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy transfer dyads are described. Each dyad is composed of a common red-absorbing (645-646 nm) chlorin, as an energy donor, and a different near-IR emitting bacteriochlorin, as an energy acceptor. Each bacteriochlorin acceptor is equipped with a different set of auxochromes, so that each of them emits at a different wavelength. Dyads exhibit an efficient energy transfer (≥0.77) even for chlorin-bacteriochlorin pairs with large (up to 122 nm) separation between donor emission and acceptor absorption. Excitation of the chlorin donor results in relatively strong emission of the bacteriochlorin acceptor, with a quantum yield Φf range of 0.155-0.23 in toluene and 0.12-0.185 in DMF. The narrow, tunable emission band of bacteriochlorins enables the selection of a series of three dyads with well-resolved emissions at 732, 760, and 788 nm, and common excitation at 645 nm. Selected dyads have been also converted into bioconjugatable N-succinamide ester derivatives. The optical properties of the described dyads make them promising candidates for development of a family of near-IR fluorophores for simultaneous imaging of multiple targets, where the whole set of fluorophores can be excited with the common wavelength, and fluorescence from each can be independently detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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Wang J, Yang E, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Distinct Photophysical and Electronic Characteristics of Strongly Coupled Dyads Containing a Perylene Accessory Pigment and a Porphyrin, Chlorin, or Bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:9288-304. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0403,
United States
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0403,
United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
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18
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Reddy KR, Lubian E, Pavan MP, Kim HJ, Yang E, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthetic bacteriochlorins with integral spiro-piperidine motifs. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj41161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu Y, Lin H, Li J, Dy JT, Tamaki K, Nakazaki J, Nakayama D, Nishiyama C, Uchida S, Kubo T, Segawa H. Ethynyl-linked push–pull porphyrin hetero-dimers for near-IR dye-sensitized solar cells: photovoltaic performances versus excited-state dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16703-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Krayer M, Yang E, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis and photophysical characterization of annulated bacteriochlorins. Mimicking and extending the properties of bacteriochlorophylls. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Lindsey JS, Mass O, Chen CY. Tapping the near-infrared spectral region with bacteriochlorin arrays. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00977f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mass O, Taniguchi M, Ptaszek M, Springer JW, Faries KM, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Structural characteristics that make chlorophylls green: interplay of hydrocarbon skeleton and substituents. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mula S, Elliott K, Harriman A, Ziessel R. Energy Transfer by Way of an Exciplex Intermediate in Flexible Boron Dipyrromethene-Based Allosteric Architectures. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10515-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106626v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyaditya Mula
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, and Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kristopher Elliott
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, and Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, and Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Ziessel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, and Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Krayer M, Ptaszek M, Kim HJ, Meneely KR, Fan D, Secor K, Lindsey JS. Expanded scope of synthetic bacteriochlorins via improved acid catalysis conditions and diverse dihydrodipyrrin-acetals. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1016-39. [PMID: 20088604 DOI: 10.1021/jo9025572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins are attractive candidates for a wide variety of photochemical studies owing to their strong absorption in the near-infrared spectral region. The prior acid-catalysis conditions [BF(3) x O(Et)(2) in CH(3)CN at room temperature] for self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (bearing a geminal dimethyl group in the pyrroline ring) typically afforded a mixture of three macrocycles: the expected 5-methoxybacteriochlorin (MeOBC-type), a 5-unsubstituted bacteriochlorin (HBC-type), and a free base B,D-tetradehydrocorrin (TDC-type). Here, a broad survey of >20 acids identified four promising acid catalysis conditions of which TMSOTf/2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature was most attractive owing to formation of the 5-methoxybacteriochlorin as the sole macrocycle regardless of the pyrrolic substituents in the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (electron-withdrawing, electron-donating, or no substituent). Eleven new dihydrodipyrrin-acetals were prepared following standard routes. Application of the new acid catalysis conditions has afforded diverse bacteriochlorins (e.g., bearing alkyl/ester, aryl/ester, diester, and no substituents) in a few days from commercially available starting materials. Consideration of the synthetic steps and yields for formation of the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal and bacteriochlorin underpins evaluation of synthetic plans for early installation of bacteriochlorin substituents via the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal versus late installation via derivatization of beta-bromobacteriochlorins. Treatment of the 5-methoxybacteriochlorins with NBS gave regioselective 15-bromination when no pyrrolic substituents were present or when each pyrrole contained two substituents; on the other hand, the presence of a beta-ethoxycarbonyl group caused loss of regioselectivity. The 15 new bacteriochlorins prepared herein exhibit a long-wavelength absorption band in the range 707-759 nm, providing tunable access to the near-infrared region. Taken together, this study expands the scope of available bacteriochlorins for fundamental studies and diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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Jose J, Ueno Y, Castro JC, Li L, Burgess K. Energy transfer dyads based on Nile Red. Tetrahedron Lett 2009; 50:6442-6445. [PMID: 20160911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This project was initiated to develop energy transfer dyads emitting in the 600 - 700 nm region by using Nile Red acceptors. Thus fluorescein- and BODIPY-based donors were linked to these acceptors via alkynes or triazoles. The product dyads (1 - 5) have energy transfer efficiencies of 77 - 97% in organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiney Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012 USA
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Mass O, Ptaszek M, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Kee HL, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Photochemical Properties of 12-Substituted versus 13-Substituted Chlorins. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5276-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900706x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Kee HL, Diers JR, Ptaszek M, Muthiah C, Fan D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads as prototypes for near-infrared molecular imaging probes: controlling charge-transfer and fluorescence properties in polar media. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:909-20. [PMID: 19222800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of two energy-transfer dyads that are potential candidates for near-infrared (NIR) imaging probes are investigated as a function of solvent polarity. The dyads (FbC-FbB and ZnC-FbB) contain either a free base (Fb) or zinc (Zn) chlorin (C) as the energy donor and a free base bacteriochlorin (B) as the energy acceptor. The dyads were studied in toluene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). In both dyads, energy transfer from the chlorin to bacteriochlorin occurs with a rate constant of approximately (5-10 ps)(-1) and a yield of >99% in nonpolar and polar media. In toluene, the fluorescence yields (Phif=0.19) and singlet excited-state lifetimes (tau approximately 5.5 ns) are comparable to those of the benchmark bacteriochlorin. The fluorescence yield and excited-state lifetime decrease as the solvent polarity increases, with quenching by intramolecular electron (or hole) transfer being greater for FbC-FbB than for ZnC-FbB in a given solvent. For example, the Phif and tau values for FbC-FbB in acetone are 0.055 and 1.5 ns and in DMSO are 0.019 and 0.28 ns, whereas those for ZnC-FbB in acetone are 0.12 and 4.5 ns and in DMSO are 0.072 and 2.4 ns. The difference in fluorescence properties of the two dyads in a given polar solvent is due to the relative energies of the lowest energy charge-transfer states, as assessed by ground-state redox potentials and supported by molecular-orbital energies derived from density functional theory calculations. Controlling the extent of excited-state quenching in polar media will allow the favorable photophysical properties of the chlorin-bacteriochlorin dyads to be exploited in vivo. These properties include very large Stokes shifts (85 nm for FbC-FbB, 110 nm for ZnC-FbB) between the red-region absorption of the chlorin and the NIR fluorescence of the bacteriochlorin (lambdaf=760 nm), long bacteriochlorin excited-state lifetime (approximately 5.5 ns), and narrow (<or=20 nm) absorption and fluorescence bands. The latter will facilitate selective excitation/detection and multiprobe applications using both intensity- and lifetime-imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Kee HL, Nothdurft R, Muthiah C, Diers JR, Fan D, Ptaszek M, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Culver JP, Holten D. Examination of Chlorin-Bacteriochlorin Energy-transfer Dyads as Prototypes for Near-infrared Molecular Imaging Probes†. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1061-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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