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Begam K, Aksu H, Dunietz BD. Antioxidative Triplet Excitation Energy Transfer in Bacterial Reaction Center Using a Screened Range Separated Hybrid Functional. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38687467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Excess energy absorbed by photosystems (PSs) can result in photoinduced oxidative damage. Transfer of such energy within the core pigments of the reaction center in the form of triplet excitation is important in regulating and preserving the functionality of PSs. In the bacterial reaction center (BRC), the special pair (P) is understood to act as the electron donor in a photoinduced charge transfer process, triggering the charge separation process through the photoactive branch A pigments that experience a higher polarizing environment. At this work, triplet excitation energy transfer (TEET) in BRC is studied using a computational perspective to gain insights into the roles of the dielectric environment and interpigment orientations. We find in agreement with experimental observations that TEET proceeds through branch B. The TEET process toward branch B pigment is found to be significantly faster than the hypothetical process proceeding through branch A pigments with ps and ms time scales, respectively. Our calculations find that conformational differences play a major role in this branch asymmetry in TEET, where the dielectric environment asymmetry plays only a secondary role in directing the TEET to proceed through branch B. We also address TEET processes asserting the role of carotenoid as the final triplet energy acceptor and in a mutant form, where the branch pigments adjacent to P are replaced by bacteriopheophytins. The necessary electronic excitation energies and electronic state couplings are calculated by the recently developed polarization-consistent framework combining a screened range-separated hybrid functional and a polarizable continuum mode. The polarization-consistent potential energy surfaces are used to parametrize the quantum mechanical approach, implementing Fermi's golden rule expression of the TEET rate calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiza Begam
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science at Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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2
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Ansteatt S, Gelfand R, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Geometry-Independent Ultrafast Energy Transfer in Bioinspired Arrays Containing Electronically Coupled BODIPY Dimers as Energy Donors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301571. [PMID: 37494565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, strong interaction between chromophores enables efficient absorption of solar radiation and has been suggested to enable ultrafast energy funneling to the reaction center. To examine whether similar effects can be realized in synthetic systems, and to determine the mechanisms of energy transfer, we synthesized and characterized a series of bioinspired arrays containing strongly-coupled BODIPY dimers as energy donors and chlorin derivatives as energy acceptors. The BODIPY dimers feature broad absorption in the range of 500-600 nm, complementing the chlorin absorption to provide absorption across the entire visible spectrum. Ultrafast (~10 ps) energy transfer was observed from photoexcited BODIPY dyads to chlorin subunits. Surprisingly, the energy-transfer rate is nearly independent of the position where the BODIPY dimer is attached to the chlorin and of the type of connecting linker. In addition, the energy-transfer rate from BODIPY dimers to chlorin is slower than the corresponding rate in arrays containing BODIPY monomers. The lower rate, corresponding to less efficient through-bond transfer, is most likely due to weaker electronic coupling between the ground state of the chlorin acceptor and the delocalized electronic state of the BODIPY dimer, compared to the localized state of a BODIPY monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ansteatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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3
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Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Beyond green with synthetic chlorophylls – Connecting structural features with spectral properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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4
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Lebedeva NS, Koifman OI. Supramolecular Systems Based on Macrocyclic Compounds with Proteins: Application Prospects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Yu Z, Uthe B, Gelfand R, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Weakly conjugated bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin dyad: Synthesis and photophysical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dyads containing two near-infrared absorbing and emitting bacteriochlorins with distinct spectral properties have been prepared and characterized by absorption, emission, and transient-absorption spectroscopies. The dyads exhibit ultrafast ([Formula: see text]3 ps) energy transfer from the bacteriochlorin with the higher-energy S1 state to the bacteriochlorin emitting at the longer wavelength. The dyads exhibit strong fluorescence and relatively long excited state lifetimes ([Formula: see text]4 ns) in both non-polar and polar solvents, which indicates negligible photoinduced electron transfer between the two bacteriochlorins in the dyads. These dyads are thus attractive for the development of light-harvesting arrays and fluorophores for in vivo bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Brian Uthe
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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6
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Kang HS, Satraitis A, Meares A, Bhagavathy GV, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Ptaszek M, Bocian DF, Holten D. Conjugated-linker dependence of the photophysical properties and electronic structure of chlorin dyads. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical properties and electronic structure of seven new chlorin dyads and associated benchmark monomers are described. Each dyad contains two identical chlorins linked at the macrocycle [Formula: see text]-pyrrole 13-position. The extent of electronic communication between chlorin constituents depends on the nature of the conjugated linker. The communication is assessed by modification of prominent ground-state absorption and redox properties, rate constants and yields of excited-state decay processes, and molecular-orbital characteristics. Relative to the benchmark monomers, the chlorin dyads in toluene exhibit a substantial bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption band (30 nm average), two-fold increased radiative rate constant [average (10 ns)[Formula: see text] vs. (22 ns)[Formula: see text]], reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (average 5.0 ns vs. 8.2 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (average 0.56 vs. 0.42). The excited-state lifetime and fluorescence yield for the chlorin dyad with a benzothiadiazole linker are reduced substantially in benzonitrile vs. toluene due largely to [Formula: see text]25-fold accelerated internal conversion. The results aid design strategies for molecular architectures that may find utility in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage and Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
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7
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Aksu H, Maiti B, Ptaszek M, Dunietz BD. Photoinduced charge transfer in Zn(II) and Au(III)-ligated symmetric and asymmetric bacteriochlorin dyads: A computational study. J Chem Phys 2021; 153:134111. [PMID: 33032416 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The excited-state properties and photoinduced charge-transfer (CT) kinetics in a series of symmetrical and asymmetrical Zn- and Au-ligated meso-meso-connected bacteriochlorin (BChl) complexes are studied computationally. BChl derivatives, which are excellent near-IR absorbing chromophores, are found to play a central role in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers but are rarely used in artificial solar energy harvesting systems. The optical properties of chemically linked BChl complexes can be tuned by varying the linking group and involving different ligated metal ions. We investigate charge transfer in BChl dyads that are either directly linked or through a phenylene ring (1,4-phenylene) and which are ligating Zn or Au ions. The directly linked dyads with a nearly perpendicular arrangement of the BChl units bear markedly different properties than phenylene linked dyads. In addition, we find that the dielectric dependence of the intramolecular CT rate is very strong in neutral Zn-ligated dyads, whereas cationic Au-ligated dyads show negligible dielectric dependence of the CT rate. Rate constants of the photo induced CT process are calculated at the semiclassical Marcus level and are compared to fully quantum mechanical Fermi's golden rule based values. The rates are calculated using a screened range separated hybrid functional that offers a consistent framework for addressing environment polarization. We study solvated systems in two solvents of a low and a high scalar dielectric constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
| | - Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-1000, USA
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
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8
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Uthe B, Meares A, Ptaszek M, Pelton M. Solvent-dependent energy and charge transfer dynamics in hydroporphyrin-BODIPY arrays. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:074302. [PMID: 32828083 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrays of hydroporphyrins with boron complexes of dipyrromethene (BODIPY) are a promising platform for biomedical imaging or solar energy conversion, but their photophysical properties have been relatively unexplored. In this paper, we use time-resolved fluorescence, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and density-functional-theory calculations to elucidate solvent-dependent energy and electron-transfer processes in a series of chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-BODIPY arrays. Excitation of the BODIPY moiety results in ultrafast energy transfer to the hydroporphyrin moiety, regardless of the solvent. In toluene, energy is most likely transferred via the through-space Förster mechanism from the S1 state of BODIPY to the S2 state of hydroporphyrin. In DMF, substantially faster energy transfer is observed, which implies a contribution of the through-bond Dexter mechanism. In toluene, excited hydroporphyrin components show bright fluorescence, with quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime comparable to those of the benchmark monomer, whereas in DMF, moderate to significant reduction of both quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime are observed. We attribute this quenching to photoinduced charge transfer from hydroporphyrin to BODIPY. No direct spectral signature of the charge-separated state is observed, which suggests that either (1) the charge-separated state decays very quickly to the ground state or (2) virtual charge-separated states, close in energy to S1 of hydroporphyrin, promote ultrafast internal conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Uthe
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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9
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Pucelik B, Sułek A, Dąbrowski JM. Bacteriochlorins and their metal complexes as NIR-absorbing photosensitizers: properties, mechanisms, and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Aksu H, Schubert A, Bhandari S, Yamada A, Geva E, Dunietz BD. On the Role of the Special Pair in Photosystems as a Charge Transfer Rectifier. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1987-1994. [PMID: 32109062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The special pair, a bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl) dimer found at the core of bacterial reaction centers, is known to play a key role in the functionality of photosystems as a precursor to the photosynthesis process. In this paper, we analyze the inherent affinity of the special pair to rectify the intrapair photo-induced charge transfer (CT). In particular, we show that the molecular environment affects the nuclear geometry, resulting in symmetry breaking between the two possible intrapair CT processes. To this end, we study the relationships of the intrapair CT and the molecular geometry with respect to the effective dielectric constant provided by the molecular environment. We identify the special pair structural feature that breaks the symmetry between the two molecules, leading to CT rectification. Excited state energies, oscillator strengths, and electronic coupling values are obtained via time-dependent density functional theory, employing a recently developed framework based on a screened range-separated hybrid functional within a polarizable continuum model (SRSH-PCM). We analyze the rectification capability of the special pair by calculating the CT rates using a first-principles-based Fermi's golden rule approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Alexander Schubert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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11
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Esemoto NN, Satraitis A, Wiratan L, Ptaszek M. Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical Meso-Meso Directly Linked Hydroporphyrin Dyads: Synthesis and Photochemical Properties. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2977-2988. [PMID: 29140088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of a rigid meso-meso directly linked chlorin-chlorin, chlorin-bacteriochlorin, and bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin dyads, including free bases as well as Zn(II), Pd(II), and Cu(II) complexes, has been synthesized, and their absorption, emission, singlet oxygen (1O2) photosensitization, and electronic properties have been examined. Marked bathochromic shifts of the long-wavelength Q y absorption band and increase in fluorescence quantum yields in dyads, in comparison to the corresponding monomers, are observed. Nonsymmetrical dyads (except bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin) show two distinctive Q y bands, corresponding to the absorption of each dyad component. A nearly quantitative S1-S1 energy transfer between hydroporphyrins in dyads, leading to an almost exclusive emission of hydroporphyrin with a lower S1 energy, has been determined. Several symmetrical and all nonsymmetrical dyads exhibit a significant reduction in fluorescence quantum yields in solvents of high dielectric constants; this is attributed to the photoinduced electron transfer. The complexation of one macrocycle by Cu(II) or Pd(II) enhances intersystem crossing in the adjacent, free base dyad component, which is manifested by a significant reduction in fluorescence and increase in quantum yield of 1O2 photosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Linda Wiratan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
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12
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Meares A, Satraitis A, Ptaszek M. BODIPY-Bacteriochlorin Energy Transfer Arrays: Toward Near-IR Emitters with Broadly Tunable, Multiple Absorption Bands. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13068-13075. [PMID: 29119786 PMCID: PMC5873296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of energy transfer arrays, comprising a near-IR absorbing and emitting bacteriochlorin, and BODIPY derivatives with different absorption bands in the visible region (503-668 nm) have been synthesized. Absorption band of BODIPY was tuned by installation of 0, 1, or 2 styryl substituents [2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl], which leads to derivatives with absorption maxima at 503, 587, and 668 nm, respectively. Efficient energy transfer (>0.90) is observed for each dyad, which is manifested by nearly exclusive emission from bacteriochlorin moiety upon BODIPY excitation. Fluorescence quantum yield of each dyad in nonpolar solvent (toluene) is comparable with that observed for corresponding bacteriochlorin monomer, and is significantly reduced in solvent of high dielectric constants (DMF), most likely by photoinduced electron transfer. Given the availability of diverse BODIPY derivatives, with absorption between 500-700 nm, BODIPY-bacteriochlorin arrays should allow for construction of near-IR emitting agents with multiple and broadly tunable absorption bands. Solvent-dielectric constant dependence of Φf in dyads gives an opportunity to construct environmentally sensitive fluorophores and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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Meares A, Satraitis A, Akhigbe J, Santhanam N, Swaminathan S, Ehudin M, Ptaszek M. Amphiphilic BODIPY-Hydroporphyrin Energy Transfer Arrays with Broadly Tunable Absorption and Deep Red/Near-Infrared Emission in Aqueous Micelles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6054-6070. [PMID: 28516773 PMCID: PMC5873324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY-hydroporphyrin energy transfer arrays allow for development of a family of fluorophores featuring a common excitation band at 500 nm, tunable excitation band in the deep red/near-infrared window, and tunable emission. Their biomedical applications are contingent upon retaining their optical properties in an aqueous environment. Amphiphilic arrays containing PEG-substituted BODIPY and chlorins or bacteriochlorins were prepared and their optical and fluorescence properties were determined in organic solvents and aqueous surfactants. The first series of arrays contains BODIPYs with PEG substituents attached to the boron, whereas in the second series, PEG substituents are attached to the aryl at the meso positions of BODIPY. For both series of arrays, excitation of BODIPY at 500 nm results in efficient energy transfer to and bright emission of hydroporphyrin in the deep-red (640-660 nm) or near-infrared (740-760 nm) spectral windows. In aqueous solution of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween 20) arrays from the second series exhibit significant quenching of fluorescence, whereas properties of arrays from the first series are comparable to those observed in polar organic solvents. Reported arrays possess large effective Stokes shift (115-260 nm), multiple excitation wavelengths, and narrow, tunable deep-red/near-IR fluorescence in aqueous surfactants, and are promising candidates for a variety of biomedical-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Subramani Swaminathan
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Melanie Ehudin
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
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14
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Xiong R, Bornhof A, Arkhypchuk AI, Orthaber A, Borbas KE. Furan- and Thiophene-Based Auxochromes Red-shift Chlorin Absorptions and Enable Oxidative Chlorin Polymerizations. Chemistry 2017; 23:4089-4095. [PMID: 27859811 PMCID: PMC5396321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The de novo syntheses of chemically stable chlorins with five-membered heterocyclic (furane, thiophene, formylfurane and formylthiophene) substituents in selected meso- and β-positions are reported. Heterocycle incorporation in the 3- and 13-positions shifted the chlorin absorption and emission to the red (up to λem =680 nm), thus these readily incorporated substituents function analogously to auxochromes present in chlorophylls, for example, formyl and vinyl groups. Photophysical, theoretical and X-ray crystallographic experiments revealed small but significant differences between the behavior of the furan- and the thiophene-based auxochromes. Four regioisomeric bis-thienylchlorins (3,10; 3,13, 3,15 and 10,15) were oxidatively electropolymerized; the chlorin monomer geometry had a profound impact on the polymerization efficiency and the electrochemical properties of the resulting material. Chemical co-polymerization of 3,13-bis-thienylchlorin with 3-hexylthiophene yielded an organic-soluble red-emitting polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Xiong
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Anna‐Bea Bornhof
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Anna I. Arkhypchuk
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
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Shrestha K, Virgil KA, Jakubikova E. Electronic Absorption Spectra of Tetrapyrrole-Based Pigments via TD-DFT: A Reduced Orbital Space Study. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5816-25. [PMID: 27392135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole-based pigments play a crucial role in photosynthesis as principal light absorbers in light-harvesting chemical systems. As such, accurate theoretical descriptions of the electronic absorption spectra of these pigments will aid in the proper description and understanding of the overall photophysics of photosynthesis. In this work, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the CAM-B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory is employed to produce the theoretical absorption spectra of several tetrapyrrole-based pigments. However, the application of TD-DFT to large systems with several hundreds of atoms can become computationally prohibitive. Therefore, in this study, TD-DFT calculations with reduced orbital spaces (ROSs) that exclude portions of occupied and virtual orbitals are pursued as a viable, computationally cost-effective alternative to conventional TD-DFT calculations. The effects of reducing orbital space size on theoretical spectra are qualitatively and quantitatively described, and both conventional and ROS results are benchmarked against experimental absorption spectra of various tetrapyrrole-based pigments. The orbital reduction approach is also applied to a large natural pigment assembly that comprises the principal light-absorbing component of the reaction center in purple bacteria. Overall, we find that TD-DFT calculations with proper and judicious orbital space reductions can adequately reproduce conventional, full orbital space, TD-DFT results of all pigments studied in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kyle A Virgil
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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16
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Zhang N, Jiang J, Liu M, Taniguchi M, Mandal AK, Evans-Storms RB, Pitner JB, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable, PEGylated Hydroporphyrins for Photochemistry and Photomedicine. Narrow-Band, Near-Infrared-Emitting Bacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016; 40:7750-7767. [PMID: 28133433 DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins absorb in the near-infrared (NIR) region and are versatile analogues of natural bacteriochlorophylls. The utilization of these chromophores in energy sciences and photomedicine requires the ability to tailor their physicochemical properties, including the incorporation of units to impart water solubility. Herein, we report the synthesis, from two common bacteriochlorin building blocks, of five wavelength-tunable, bioconjugatable and water-soluble bacteriochlorins along with two non-bioconjugatable benchmarks. Each bacteriochlorin bears short polyethylene glycol (PEG) units as the water-solubilizing motif. The PEG groups are located at the 3,5-positions of aryl groups at the pyrrolic β-positions to suppress aggregation in aqueous media. A handle containing a single carboxylic acid is incorporated to allow bioconjugation. The seven water-soluble bacteriochlorins in water display Qy absorption into the NIR range (679-819 nm), sharp emission (21-36 nm full-width-at-half-maximum) and modest fluorescence quantum yield (0.017-0.13). Each bacteriochlorin is neutral (non-ionic) yet soluble in organic (e.g., CH2Cl2, DMF) and aqueous solutions. Water solubility was assessed using absorption spectroscopy by changing the concentration ∼1000-fold (190-690 µM to 0.19-0.69 µM) with a reciprocal change in pathlength (0.1-10 cm). All bacteriochlorins showed excellent solubility in water, except for a bacteriochlorin-imide that gave slight aggregation at higher concentrations. One bacteriochlorin was conjugated to a mouse polyclonal IgG antibody for use in flow cytometry with compensation beads for proof-of-principle. The antibody conjugate of B2-NHS displayed a sharp signal upon ultraviolet laser excitation (355 nm) with NIR emission measured with a 730/45 nm bandpass filter. Overall, the study gives access to a set of water-soluble bacteriochlorins with desirable photophysical properties for use in multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | | | | | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
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17
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Kang HS, Esemoto NN, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Greco JA, Akhigbe J, Yu Z, Pancholi C, Bhagavathy GV, Nguyen JK, Kirmaier C, Birge RR, Ptaszek M, Holten D, Bocian DF. Effects of Strong Electronic Coupling in Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:379-95. [PMID: 26765839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Achieving tunable, intense near-infrared absorption in molecular architectures with properties suitable for solar light harvesting and biomedical studies is of fundamental interest. Herein, we report the photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of nine hydroporphyrin dyads and associated benchmark monomers that have been designed and synthesized to attain enhanced light harvesting. Each dyad contains two identical hydroporphyrins (chlorin or bacteriochlorin) connected by a linker (ethynyl or butadiynyl) at the macrocycle β-pyrrole (3- or 13-) or meso (15-) positions. The strong electronic communication between constituent chromophores is indicated by the doubling of prominent absorption features, split redox waves, and paired linear combinations of frontier molecular orbitals. Relative to the benchmarks, the chlorin dyads in toluene show substantial bathochromic shifts of the long-wavelength absorption band (17-31 nm), modestly reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (τS = 3.6-6.2 ns vs 8.8-12.3 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (Φf = 0.37-0.57 vs 0.34-0.39). The bacteriochlorin dyads in toluene show significant bathochromic shifts (25-57 nm) and modestly reduced τS (1.6-3.4 ns vs 3.5-5.3 ns) and Φf (0.09-0.19 vs 0.17-0.21) values. The τS and Φf values for the bacteriochlorin dyads are reduced substantially (up to ∼20-fold) in benzonitrile. The quenching is due primarily to the increased S1 → S0 internal conversion that is likely induced by increased contribution of charge-resonance configurations to the S1 excited state in the polar medium. The fundamental insights gained into the physicochemical properties of the strongly coupled hydroporphyrin dyads may aid their utilization in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jordan A Greco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Chirag Pancholi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Jamie K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Robert R Birge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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18
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Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis of gem-dialkyl chlorophyll analogues for probing and emulating our green world. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6534-620. [PMID: 26068531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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19
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Meares A, Satraitis A, Santhanam N, Yu Z, Ptaszek M. Deep-red emissive BODIPY-chlorin arrays excitable with green and red wavelengths. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3858-69. [PMID: 25803423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis and characterization of BODIPY-chlorin arrays containing a chlorin subunit, with tunable deep-red (641-685 nm) emission, and one or two BODIPY moieties, absorbing at 504 nm. Two types of arrays were examined: one where BODIPY moieties are attached through a phenylacetylene linker at the 13- or 3,13-positions of chlorin, and a second type where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin through an amide linker. Each of the examined arrays exhibits an efficient (≥0.80) energy transfer from BODIPY to the chlorin moiety in both toluene and DMF and exhibits intense fluorescence of chlorin upon excitation of BODIPY at ∼500 nm. Therefore, the effective Stokes shift in such arrays is in the range of 140-180 nm. Dyads with BODIPY attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit a bright fluorescence in a range of solvents with different polarities (i.e., toluene, MeOH, DMF, and DMSO). In contrast to this, some of the arrays in which BODIPY is attached at the 3- or at both 3,13-positons of chlorin exhibit significant reduction of fluorescence in polar solvents. Overall, dyads where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit ∼5-fold brighter fluorescence than corresponding chlorin monomers, upon excitation at 500 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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20
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Shrestha K, González-Delgado JM, Blew JH, Jakubikova E. Electronic Structure of Covalently Linked Zinc Bacteriochlorin Molecular Arrays: Insights into Molecular Design for NIR Light Harvesting. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9901-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Shrestha
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jessica M. González-Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - James H. Blew
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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21
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Yang E, Wang J, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Probing electronic communication for efficient light-harvesting functionality: dyads containing a common perylene and a porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1630-47. [PMID: 24484243 DOI: 10.1021/jp411629m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of three perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads were investigated to probe the efficacy of the arrays for use as light-harvesting constituents. Each dyad contains a common perylene-monoimide that is linked at the N-imide position via an arylethynyl group to the meso-position of the tetrapyrrole. The tetrapyrroles include a porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin, which have zero, one, and two reduced pyrrole rings, respectively. The increased pyrrole-ring reduction results in a progressive red shift and intensification of the lowest-energy absorption band, as exemplified by benchmark monomers. The arylethyne linkage affords moderate perylene-tetrapyrrole electronic coupling in the dyads as evidenced by the optical, molecular-orbital, and redox properties of the components of the dyads versus the constituent parts. All three dyads in nonpolar solvents exhibit relatively fast (subpicosecond) energy transfer from the perylene to the tetrapyrrole. Competing charge-transfer processes are also absent in nonpolar solvents, but become active for both the chlorin and bacteriochlorin-containing dyads in polar solvents. Calculations of energy-transfer rates via the Förster, through-space mechanism reveal that these rates are, on average, 3-fold slower than the observed rates. Thus, the Dexter through-bond mechanism contributes more substantially than the through-space mechanism to energy transfer in the dyads. The electronic communication between the perylene and tetrapyrrole falls in a regime intermediate between those operative in other classes of perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads that have previously been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, 63130-4889, United States
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22
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Yu Z, Ptaszek M. Near-IR emissive chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads with a common donor and acceptors with tunable emission wavelength. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10678-91. [PMID: 24079536 DOI: 10.1021/jo4016858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, and optical properties of a series of novel chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy transfer dyads are described. Each dyad is composed of a common red-absorbing (645-646 nm) chlorin, as an energy donor, and a different near-IR emitting bacteriochlorin, as an energy acceptor. Each bacteriochlorin acceptor is equipped with a different set of auxochromes, so that each of them emits at a different wavelength. Dyads exhibit an efficient energy transfer (≥0.77) even for chlorin-bacteriochlorin pairs with large (up to 122 nm) separation between donor emission and acceptor absorption. Excitation of the chlorin donor results in relatively strong emission of the bacteriochlorin acceptor, with a quantum yield Φf range of 0.155-0.23 in toluene and 0.12-0.185 in DMF. The narrow, tunable emission band of bacteriochlorins enables the selection of a series of three dyads with well-resolved emissions at 732, 760, and 788 nm, and common excitation at 645 nm. Selected dyads have been also converted into bioconjugatable N-succinamide ester derivatives. The optical properties of the described dyads make them promising candidates for development of a family of near-IR fluorophores for simultaneous imaging of multiple targets, where the whole set of fluorophores can be excited with the common wavelength, and fluorescence from each can be independently detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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23
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Wang J, Yang E, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Distinct Photophysical and Electronic Characteristics of Strongly Coupled Dyads Containing a Perylene Accessory Pigment and a Porphyrin, Chlorin, or Bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:9288-304. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0403,
United States
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0403,
United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
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24
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Laakso J, Rosser GA, Szíjjártó C, Beeby A, Borbas KE. Synthesis of chlorin-sensitized near infrared-emitting lanthanide complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:10366-74. [PMID: 22978627 DOI: 10.1021/ic3015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide (Yb(3+), Nd(3+)) complexes equipped with red-absorbing hydroporphyrin (chlorin) antennae were synthesized and characterized. The syntheses are scalable, highly modular, and enable the introduction of different chlorins functionalized with a single reactive group (COOH or NH(2)). Absorption maxima were dependent on chlorin substitution pattern (monomeso aryl or dimeso aryl) and metalation state (free base or zinc chelate). The complexes benefit from dual chlorin (610-639 nm) and lanthanide (980 or 1065 nm for Yb- or Nd-complexes, respectively) emission in the biologically relevant red and near IR region of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Laakso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Chen CY, Sun E, Fan D, Taniguchi M, McDowell BE, Yang E, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Metallobacteriochlorins. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:9443-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301262k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Erjun Sun
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Dazhong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Brian E. McDowell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St.
Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United
States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United
States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St.
Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
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26
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Yang E, Kirmaier C, Krayer M, Taniguchi M, Kim HJ, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Photophysical properties and electronic structure of stable, tunable synthetic bacteriochlorins: extending the features of native photosynthetic pigments. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10801-16. [PMID: 21875047 DOI: 10.1021/jp205258s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins, which are tetrapyrrole macrocycles with two reduced pyrrole rings, are Nature's near-infrared (NIR) absorbers (700-900 nm). The strong absorption in the NIR region renders bacteriochlorins excellent candidates for a variety of applications including solar light harvesting, flow cytometry, molecular imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Natural bacteriochlorins are inherently unstable due to oxidative conversion to the chlorin (one reduced pyrrole ring) or the porphyrin. The natural pigments are also only modestly amenable to synthetic manipulation, owing to a nearly full complement of substituents on the macrocycle. Recently, a new synthetic methodology has afforded access to stable synthetic bacteriochlorins wherein a wide variety of substituents can be appended to the macrocycle at preselected locations. Herein, the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of 33 synthetic bacteriochlorins are investigated. The NIR absorption bands of the chromophores range from ∼700 to ∼820 nm; the lifetimes of the lowest excited singlet state range from ∼2 to ∼6 ns; the fluorescence quantum yields range from ∼0.05 to ∼0.25; and the yield of the lowest triplet excited state is ∼0.5. The spectroscopic/photophysical studies of the bacteriochlorins are accompanied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations that probe the characteristics of the frontier molecular orbitals. The DFT calculations indicate that the impact of substituents on the spectral properties of the molecules derives primarily from effects on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Collectively, the studies show how the palette of synthetic bacteriochlorins extends the properties of the native photosynthetic pigments (bacteriochlorophylls). The studies have also elucidated design principles for tuning the spectral and photophysical characteristics as required for a wide variety of photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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27
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Krayer M, Yang E, Kim HJ, Kee HL, Deans RM, Sluder CE, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of Stable Indium Bacteriochlorins. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:4607-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Richard M. Deans
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Camille E. Sluder
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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28
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Krayer M, Yang E, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis and photophysical characterization of annulated bacteriochlorins. Mimicking and extending the properties of bacteriochlorophylls. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Lindsey JS, Mass O, Chen CY. Tapping the near-infrared spectral region with bacteriochlorin arrays. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00977f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Kataoka Y, Shibata Y, Tamiaki H. Intramolecular Excitation Energy Transfer from Visible-light Absorbing Chlorophyll Derivatives to a Near-infrared-light Emitting Boron Dipyrromethene Moiety. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Krayer M, Ptaszek M, Kim HJ, Meneely KR, Fan D, Secor K, Lindsey JS. Expanded scope of synthetic bacteriochlorins via improved acid catalysis conditions and diverse dihydrodipyrrin-acetals. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1016-39. [PMID: 20088604 DOI: 10.1021/jo9025572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins are attractive candidates for a wide variety of photochemical studies owing to their strong absorption in the near-infrared spectral region. The prior acid-catalysis conditions [BF(3) x O(Et)(2) in CH(3)CN at room temperature] for self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (bearing a geminal dimethyl group in the pyrroline ring) typically afforded a mixture of three macrocycles: the expected 5-methoxybacteriochlorin (MeOBC-type), a 5-unsubstituted bacteriochlorin (HBC-type), and a free base B,D-tetradehydrocorrin (TDC-type). Here, a broad survey of >20 acids identified four promising acid catalysis conditions of which TMSOTf/2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature was most attractive owing to formation of the 5-methoxybacteriochlorin as the sole macrocycle regardless of the pyrrolic substituents in the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (electron-withdrawing, electron-donating, or no substituent). Eleven new dihydrodipyrrin-acetals were prepared following standard routes. Application of the new acid catalysis conditions has afforded diverse bacteriochlorins (e.g., bearing alkyl/ester, aryl/ester, diester, and no substituents) in a few days from commercially available starting materials. Consideration of the synthetic steps and yields for formation of the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal and bacteriochlorin underpins evaluation of synthetic plans for early installation of bacteriochlorin substituents via the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal versus late installation via derivatization of beta-bromobacteriochlorins. Treatment of the 5-methoxybacteriochlorins with NBS gave regioselective 15-bromination when no pyrrolic substituents were present or when each pyrrole contained two substituents; on the other hand, the presence of a beta-ethoxycarbonyl group caused loss of regioselectivity. The 15 new bacteriochlorins prepared herein exhibit a long-wavelength absorption band in the range 707-759 nm, providing tunable access to the near-infrared region. Taken together, this study expands the scope of available bacteriochlorins for fundamental studies and diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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32
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Ptaszek M, Lahaye D, Krayer M, Muthiah C, Lindsey JS. De Novo Synthesis of Long-Wavelength Absorbing Chlorin-13,15-dicarboximides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1659-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902649d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Dorothée Lahaye
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Chinnasamy Muthiah
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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