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Dereje DM, Pontremoli C, García A, Galliano S, Colilla M, González B, Vallet-Regí M, Izquierdo-Barba I, Barbero N. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Loaded with a Squaraine Dye as Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1962. [PMID: 39065279 PMCID: PMC11281082 DOI: 10.3390/polym16141962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) is an innovative and promising method for combating infections, reducing the risk of antimicrobial resistance compared to traditional antibiotics. Squaraine (SQ) dyes can be considered promising photosensitizers (PSs) but are generally hydrophobic molecules that can self-aggregate under physiological conditions. To overcome these drawbacks, a possible solution is to incorporate SQs inside nanoparticles (NPs). The present work deals with the design and development of innovative nanophotosensitizers based on poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs incorporating a brominated squaraine (BrSQ) with potential application in aPDT. Two designs of experiments (DoEs) based on the single emulsion and nanoprecipitation methods were set up to investigate how different variables (type of solvent, solvent ratio, concentration of PLGA, stabilizer and dye, sonication power and time) can affect the size, zeta (ζ)-potential, yield, entrapment efficiency, and drug loading capacity of the SQ-PLGA NPs. SQ-PLGA NPs were characterized by NTA, FE-SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated, proving that ROS generation ability is preserved in SQ-PLGA. In vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in planktonic state using Staphylococcus aureus was conducted in different conditions and pH to evaluate the potential of these nanophotosensitizers for aPDT in the local treatment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degnet Melese Dereje
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy; (D.M.D.); (C.P.); (S.G.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Polypeda 01, Bahir Dar 0026, Ethiopia
| | - Carlotta Pontremoli
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy; (D.M.D.); (C.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Ana García
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (M.C.); (B.G.); (M.V.-R.)
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Simone Galliano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy; (D.M.D.); (C.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Montserrat Colilla
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (M.C.); (B.G.); (M.V.-R.)
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Blanca González
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (M.C.); (B.G.); (M.V.-R.)
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (M.C.); (B.G.); (M.V.-R.)
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Isabel Izquierdo-Barba
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (M.C.); (B.G.); (M.V.-R.)
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Nadia Barbero
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy; (D.M.D.); (C.P.); (S.G.)
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISSMC-CNR), Via Granarolo, 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
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Piksa M, Lian C, Samuel IC, Pawlik KJ, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1697-1722. [PMID: 36779328 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach to fight the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance that threatens health care, food security and agriculture. APDT uses light to excite a light-activated chemical (photosensitiser), leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many APDT studies confirm its efficacy in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. However, the development of the field is focused on exploring potential targets and developing new photosensitisers. The role of light, a crucial element for ROS production, has been neglected. What are the main parameters essential for effective photosensitiser activation? Does an optimal light radiant exposure exist? And finally, which light source is best? Many reports have described the promising antibacterial effects of APDT in vitro, however, its application in vivo, especially in clinical settings remains very limited. The restricted availability may partially be due to a lack of standard conditions or protocols, arising from the diversity of selected photosensitising agents (PS), variable testing conditions including light sources used for PS activation and methods of measuring anti-bacterial activity and their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on APDT associated with the light source used. We show how the reduction of pathogens depends on the light source applied, radiant exposure and irradiance of light used, and type of pathogen, and so critically appraise the current state of development of APDT and areas to be addressed in future studies. We anticipate that further standardisation of the experimental conditions will help the field advance, and suggest key optical and biological parameters that should be reported in all APDT studies. More in vivo and clinical studies are needed and are expected to be facilitated by advances in light sources, leading to APDT becoming a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option for bacterial and other microbial infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Imogen C Samuel
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Kolarikova M, Hosikova B, Dilenko H, Barton-Tomankova K, Valkova L, Bajgar R, Malina L, Kolarova H. Photodynamic therapy: Innovative approaches for antibacterial and anticancer treatments. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36757198 DOI: 10.1002/med.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an alternative treatment mainly for cancer but also for bacterial infections. This treatment dates back to 1900 when a German medical school graduate Oscar Raab found a photodynamic effect while doing research for his doctoral dissertation with Professor Hermann von Tappeiner. Unexpectedly, Raab revealed that the toxicity of acridine on paramecium depends on the intensity of light in his laboratory. Photodynamic therapy is therefore based on the administration of a photosensitizer with subsequent light irradiation within the absorption maxima of this substance followed by reactive oxygen species formation and finally cell death. Although this treatment is not a novelty, there is an endeavor for various modifications to the therapy. For example, selectivity and efficiency of the photosensitizer, as well as irradiation with various types of light sources are still being modified to improve final results of the photodynamic therapy. The main aim of this review is to summarize anticancer and antibacterial modifications, namely various compounds, approaches, and techniques, to enhance the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kolarikova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hosikova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hanna Dilenko
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Barton-Tomankova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Valkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Bajgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Malina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Perni S, Preedy EC, Prokopovich P. Amplify antimicrobial photo dynamic therapy efficacy with poly-beta-amino esters (PBAEs). Sci Rep 2021; 11:7275. [PMID: 33790379 PMCID: PMC8012660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-activated antimicrobial agents (photosensitisers) are promising alternatives to antibiotics for the treatment of skin infections and wounds through antimicrobial photo dynamic therapy (aPDT); utilisation of this technique is still restricted by general low efficacy requiring long exposure time (in the order of tens of minutes) that make the treatment very resource intensive. We report for the first time the possibility of harvesting the cell penetrating properties of poly-beta-amino esters (PBAEs) in combination with toluidine blue O (TBO) to shorten aPDT exposure time. Candidates capable of inactivation rates 30 times quicker than pure TBO were discovered and further improvements through PBAE backbone optimisation could be foreseen. Efficacy of the complexes was PBAE-dependent on a combination of TBO uptake and a newly discovered and unexpected role of PBAEs on reactive species production. Chemometric approach of partial least square regression was employed to assess the critical PBAE properties involved in this newly observed phenomenon in order to elicit a possible mechanism. The superior antimicrobial performance of this new approach benefits from the use of well established, low-cost and safe dye (TBO) coupled with inexpensive, widely tested and biodegradable polymers also known to be safe. Moreover, no adverse cytotoxic effects of the PBAEs adjuvated TBO delivery have been observed on a skin cells in vitro model demonstrating the safety profile of this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perni
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Emily C Preedy
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
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Efficient Photodynamic Killing of Gram-Positive Bacteria by Synthetic Curcuminoids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239024. [PMID: 33261011 PMCID: PMC7730963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we have demonstrated that curcumin can efficiently kill the anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes by irradiation with low-dose blue light. The curcuminoids present in natural plant turmeric mainly include curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. However, only curcumin is commercially available. Eighteen different curcumin analogs, including demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, were synthesized in this study. Their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive aerobic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated using the photodynamic inactivation method. Among the three compounds in turmeric, curcumin activity is the weakest, and bisdemethoxycurcumin possesses the strongest activity. However, two synthetic compounds, (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione and (1E,6E)-1,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione, possess the best antibacterial activity among all compounds examined in this study. Their chemical stability is also better than that of bisdemethoxycurcumin, and thus has potential for future clinical applications.
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Khurana B, Gierlich P, Meindl A, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Hydrogels: soft matters in photomedicine. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2613-2656. [PMID: 31460568 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a shining beacon in the realm of photomedicine, is a non-invasive technique that utilizes dye-based photosensitizers (PSs) in conjunction with light and oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species to combat malignant tissues and infectious microorganisms. Yet, for PDT to become a common, routine therapy, it is still necessary to overcome limitations such as photosensitizer solubility, long-term side effects (e.g., photosensitivity) and to develop safe, biocompatible and target-specific formulations. Polymer based drug delivery platforms are an effective strategy for the delivery of PSs for PDT applications. Among them, hydrogels and 3D polymer scaffolds with the ability to swell in aqueous media have been deeply investigated. Particularly, hydrogel-based formulations present real potential to fulfill all requirements of an ideal PDT platform by overcoming the solubility issues, while improving the selectivity and targeting drawbacks of the PSs alone. In this perspective, we summarize the use of hydrogels as carrier systems of PSs to enhance the effectiveness of PDT against infections and cancer. Their potential in environmental and biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering photoremediation and photochemistry, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Khurana
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Piotr Gierlich
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland. and CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alina Meindl
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland. and Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany and Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technische Universität München, Lichtenberg-Str. 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Fang L, Hu Q, Jiang K, Zhang X, Li B, Cui Y, Yang Y, Qian G. An inner light integrated metal-organic framework photodynamic therapy system for effective elimination of deep-seated tumor cells. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Nakonechny F, Barel M, David A, Koretz S, Litvak B, Ragozin E, Etinger A, Livne O, Pinhasi Y, Gellerman G, Nisnevitch M. Dark Antibacterial Activity of Rose Bengal. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3196. [PMID: 31261890 PMCID: PMC6651402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics promotes a search for alternative approaches to eradication of pathogenic bacteria. One alternative is using photosensitizers for inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under illumination. Due to low penetration of visible light into tissues, applications of photosensitizers are currently limited to treatment of superficial local infections. Excitation of photosensitizers in the dark can be applied to overcome this problem. In the present work, dark antibacterial activity of the photosensitizer Rose Bengal alone and in combination with antibiotics was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value of Rose Bengal against S. aureus dropped in the presence of sub-MIC concentrations of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, methicillin, and gentamicin. Free Rose Bengal at sub-MIC concentrations can be excited in the dark by ultrasound at 38 kHz. Rose Bengal immobilized onto silicon showed good antibacterial activity in the dark under ultrasonic activation, probably because of Rose Bengal leaching from the polymer during the treatment. Exposure of bacteria to Rose Bengal in the dark under irradiation by electromagnetic radio frequency waves in the 9 to 12 GHz range caused a decrease in the bacterial concentration, presumably due to resonant absorption of electromagnetic energy, its transformation into heat and subsequent excitation of Rose Bengal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faina Nakonechny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Margarita Barel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Arad David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Simor Koretz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Boris Litvak
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Elena Ragozin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Ariel Etinger
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Oz Livne
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Yosef Pinhasi
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Marina Nisnevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel.
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Ilizirov Y, Formanovsky A, Mikhura I, Paitan Y, Nakonechny F, Nisnevitch M. Effect of Photodynamic Antibacterial Chemotherapy Combined with Antibiotics on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Molecules 2018; 23:E3152. [PMID: 30513653 PMCID: PMC6320794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known and rapidly growing phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is caused by uncontrolled, excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics. One of alternatives to antibiotics is Photodynamic Antibacterial Chemotherapy (PACT). In the present study, the effect of PACT using a photosensitizer Rose Bengal alone and in combination with antibiotics including methicillin and derivatives of sulfanilamide synthesized by us was tested against antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative P. aeruginosa. Antibiotic-sensitive and resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were eradicated by Rose Bengal under illumination and by sulfanilamide but were not inhibited by new sulfanilamide derivatives. No increase in sensitivity of P. aeruginosa cells to sulfanilamide was observed upon a combination of Rose Bengal and sulfanilamide under illumination. All tested S. aureus strains (MSSA and MRSA) were effectively inhibited by PACT. When treated with sub-MIC concentrations of Rose Bengal under illumination, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of methicillin decreased significantly for MSSA and MRSA strains. In some cases, antibiotic sensitivity of resistant strains can be restored by combining antibiotics with PACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Ilizirov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel.
| | - Andrei Formanovsky
- Shemyakin⁻Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117977 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina Mikhura
- Shemyakin⁻Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117977 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yossi Paitan
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel.
| | - Faina Nakonechny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel.
| | - Marina Nisnevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel.
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Mahmoudi H, Bahador A, Pourhajibagher M, Alikhani MY. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: An Effective Alternative Approach to Control Bacterial Infections. J Lasers Med Sci 2018; 9:154-160. [PMID: 30809325 PMCID: PMC6378356 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the available literature for in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the field of bacteriology. Methods: A review of the relevant articles carried out in PubMed and Scopus to determine the efficiency of aPDT used in the reduction of microbial infection. Thirty-one relevant documents retrieved from PubMed, Scopus by inserting "antimicrobial photodynamic therapy" and "bacterial infection" and "photodynamic therapy" keywords. Results: According to different results, aPDT can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of infectious diseases. The use of photosensitizer methylene blue, toluidine blue O (TBO), indocyanine green with light diode laser centered at (630±10 nm) and (650±10 nm) wavelengths have been shown to have significant results for the treatment of infectious diseases and bactericidal properties Conclusion: These findings suggest that, aPDT can be an efficient method in the treatment of localized and superficial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mahmoudi
- Microbiology Department, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Microbiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mayer M, Takegami S, Neumeier M, Rink S, Jacobi von Wangelin A, Schulte S, Vollmer M, Griesbeck AG, Duerkop A, Baeumner AJ. Electrochemiluminescence Bioassays with a Water-Soluble Luminol Derivative Can Outperform Fluorescence Assays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:408-411. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mayer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry/ Chemo-and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Shigehiko Takegami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical; University Japan
| | - Michael Neumeier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of; Regensburg Germany
| | - Simone Rink
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry/ Chemo-and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Silja Schulte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of; Cologne Germany
| | - Moritz Vollmer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of; Cologne Germany
| | | | - Axel Duerkop
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry/ Chemo-and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry/ Chemo-and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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13
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Mayer M, Takegami S, Neumeier M, Rink S, Jacobi von Wangelin A, Schulte S, Vollmer M, Griesbeck AG, Duerkop A, Baeumner AJ. Elektrochemilumineszenz-Bioassays können Fluoreszenzassays mithilfe eines wasserlöslichen Luminolderivats übertreffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mayer
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und Biosensorik; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Shigehiko Takegami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Japan
| | - Michael Neumeier
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Deutschland
| | - Simone Rink
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und Biosensorik; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | | | - Silja Schulte
- Department für Chemie, Organische Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Deutschland
| | - Moritz Vollmer
- Department für Chemie, Organische Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Deutschland
| | - Axel G. Griesbeck
- Department für Chemie, Organische Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Deutschland
| | - Axel Duerkop
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und Biosensorik; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und Biosensorik; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
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Belhassen S, Alzahrani M, Nader ME, Gaboury L, Saliba I. Study of Methylene Blue Ototoxicity in the Guinea Pig. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9:900-906. [PMID: 29038666 PMCID: PMC5633089 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3136w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylene blue is widely used in the medical field, especially as a blue dye for staining. It is also used as a photosensitizing agent in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, which once photoactivated is effective for the eradication of several multi-resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to investigate the ototoxic potential of methylene blue and precise its use in otology. Methods It was a prospective animal study performed on guinea pigs in our tertiary medical center. We divided the animals into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, who underwent a series of three intratympanic (IT) injections. In the control group (n = 10), they received injections of gentamicin in one ear (positive control) and normal saline in the contralateral ear (negative control). The experimental group (n = 10) received injections of methylene blue in one ear, compared to injections of normal saline in the contralateral ear. We conducted auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) before and 1 week after the injection series. Once this is completed, the cochlea was dissected and caspase-3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results The mean difference of hearing loss in the methylene blue group compared to normal saline was 1.50 dB, and it was not shown to be statistically significant (P = 0.688). For the positive control group, which received IT injections of gentamicin, the mean threshold of hearing loss difference for all the frequencies combined was 66.25 dB (P < 0.001). Furthermore, uptake of caspase-3 by immunohistochemistry (apoptotic marker) was negative in our group, which received injections of methylene blue. Conclusion In light of our results, IT injections of methylene blue did not demonstrate an ototoxic potential. We recommend further studies to precise its use in the otologic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Belhassen
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (CHU SJ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Musaed Alzahrani
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (CHU SJ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc-Elie Nader
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (CHU SJ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Gaboury
- Department of Pathology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Issam Saliba
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (CHU SJ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Serpe L, Giuntini F. Sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy: First steps towards a sound approach for microbe inactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 150:44-9. [PMID: 26037696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) relies on the ability of ultrasound to activate sonosensitisers and trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to achieve cell death. SDT was explored as an anticancer approach until 6 years ago, when its potential application as an antimicrobial strategy was pointed out and the term "sonoantimicrobial chemotherapy" (SACT) was coined. The excellent penetration of ultrasound in liquid media make SACT a particularly promising approach for the non-invasive treatment of deep-seated infections, and for the reduction of bacterial load in turbid water. In this review we provide an account of the brief history of SACT, from its molecular bases to the current state of the art and perspective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Serpe
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Giuntini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Kirschbaum SEK, Baeumner AJ. A review of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in and for microfluidic analytical devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3911-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yin R, Agrawal T, Khan U, Gupta GK, Rai V, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation in nanomedicine: small light strides against bad bugs. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2379-404. [PMID: 26305189 PMCID: PMC4557875 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The relentless advance of drug-resistance among pathogenic microbes, mandates a search for alternative approaches that will not cause resistance. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) involves the combination of nontoxic dyes with harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that can selectively kill microbial cells. PDI can be broad-spectrum in nature and can also destroy microbial cells in biofilms. Many different kinds of nanoparticles have been studied to potentiate antimicrobial PDI by improving photosensitizer solubility, photochemistry, photophysics and targeting. This review will cover photocatalytic disinfection with titania nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene), liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Natural polymers (chitosan and cellulose), gold and silver plasmonic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica, magnetic and upconverting nanoparticles have all been used for PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanupriya Agrawal
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Usman Khan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaurav K Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Polymer-immobilized photosensitizers for continuous eradication of bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14984-96. [PMID: 25158236 PMCID: PMC4200774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150914984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosensitizers Rose Bengal (RB) and methylene blue (MB), when immobilized in polystyrene, were found to exhibit high antibacterial activity in a continuous regime. The photosensitizers were immobilized by dissolution in chloroform, together with polystyrene, with further evaporation of the solvent, yielding thin polymeric films. Shallow reservoirs, bottom-covered with these films, were used for constructing continuous-flow photoreactors for the eradication of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli and wastewater bacteria under illumination with visible white light using a luminescent lamp at a 1.8 mW·cm⁻² fluence rate. The bacterial concentration decreased by two to five orders of magnitude in separate reactors with either immobilized RB or MB, as well as in three reactors connected in series, which contained one of the photosensitizers. Bacterial eradication reached more than five orders of magnitude in two reactors connected in series, where the first reactor contained immobilized RB and the second contained immobilized MB.
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Nakonechny F, Pinkus A, Hai S, Yehosha O, Nitzan Y, Nisnevitch M. Eradication of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by photosensitizers immobilized in polystyrene. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:671-8. [PMID: 23163697 DOI: 10.1111/php.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of photosensitizers in polymers opens prospects for their continuous and reusable application. Methylene blue (MB) and Rose Bengal were immobilized in polystyrene by mixing solutions of the photosensitizers in chloroform with a polymer solution, followed by air evaporation of the solvent. This procedure yielded 15-140 μm polymer films with a porous surface structure. The method chosen for immobilization ensured 99% enclosure of the photosensitizer in the polymer. The antimicrobial activity of the immobilized photosensitizers was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It was found that both immobilized photosensitizers exhibited high antimicrobial properties, and caused by a 1.5-3 log10 reduction in the bacterial concentrations to their total eradication. The bactericidal effect of the immobilized photosensitizers depended on the cell concentration and on the illumination conditions. Scanning electron microscopy was used to prove that immobilized photosensitizers excited by white light caused irreversible damage to microbial cells. Photosensitizers immobilized on a solid phase can be applied for continuous disinfection of wastewater bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faina Nakonechny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel
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20
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Sonodynamic excitation of Rose Bengal for eradication of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:684930. [PMID: 23509759 PMCID: PMC3591171 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy based on photosensitizers activated by illumination is limited by poor penetration of visible light through skin and tissues. In order to overcome this problem, Rose Bengal was excited in the dark by 28 kHz ultrasound and was applied for inactivation of bacteria. It is demonstrated, for the first time, that the sonodynamic technique is effective for eradication of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. The net sonodynamic effect was calculated as a 3-4 log10 reduction in bacteria concentration, depending on the cell and the Rose Bengal concentration and the treatment time. Sonodynamic treatment may become a novel and effective form of antimicrobial therapy and can be used for low-temperature sterilization of medical instruments and surgical accessories.
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Abstract
This review of Photochemistry and Photobiology summarizes articles published in 2010, and highlights progress in the area of photosensitization. The synthesis of conjugated photosensitizers is an area of interest where increasing water solubility has been a goal. Targeting infrared sensitizer absorption has been another goal, and relates to the practical need of deep tissue absorption of light. Photodynamic techniques for inactivating microbes and destroying tumors have been particularly successful. Biologically, singlet oxygen [(1)O(2)((1)Δ(g))] is an integral species in many of these reactions, although photosensitized oxidations tuned to electron and hydrogen transfer (Type I) give rise to other reactive species, such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. How photoprotection against yellowing, oxygenation and degradation occurs was also an area of topical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie I Kruft
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center & The City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Silva TC, Pereira AFF, Exterkate RAM, Bagnato VS, Buzalaf MAR, Machado MADAM, Ten Cate JM, Crielaard W, Deng DM. Application of an active attachment model as a high-throughput demineralization biofilm model. J Dent 2011; 40:41-7. [PMID: 21996336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the potential of an active attachment biofilm model as a high-throughput demineralization biofilm model for the evaluation of caries-preventive agents. METHODS Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms were grown on bovine dentine discs in a high-throughput active attachment model. Biofilms were first formed in a medium with high buffer capacity for 24h and then subjected to various photodynamic therapies (PACT) using the combination of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs, Biotable(®)) and Photogem(®). Viability of the biofilms was evaluated by plate counts. To investigate treatment effects on dentine lesion formation, the treated biofilms were grown in a medium with low buffer capacity for an additional 24h. Integrated mineral loss (IML) and lesion depth (LD) were assessed by transversal microradiography. Calcium release in the biofilm medium was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Compared to the water treated control group, significant reduction in viability of S. mutans biofilms was observed when the combination of LEDs and Photogem(®) was applied. LEDs or Photogem(®) only did not result in biofilm viability changes. Similar outcomes were also found for dentine lesion formation. Significant lower IML and LD values were only found in the group subjected to the combined treatment of LEDs and Photogem(®). There was a good correlation between the calcium release data and the IML or LD values. CONCLUSIONS The high-throughput active attachment biofilm model is applicable for evaluating novel caries-preventive agents on both biofilm and demineralization inhibition. PACT had a killing effect on 24h S. mutans biofilms and could inhibit the demineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
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Asok A, Arshad E, Jasmin C, Pai SS, Singh ISB, Mohandas A, Anas A. Reducing Vibrio load in Artemia nauplii using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: a promising strategy to reduce antibiotic application in shrimp larviculture. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 5:59-68. [PMID: 21951316 PMCID: PMC3815272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an alternative strategy to reduce the use of antibiotics in shrimp larviculture systems. The growth of a multiple antibiotic resistant Vibrio harveyi strain was effectively controlled by treating the cells with Rose Bengal and photosensitizing for 30 min using a halogen lamp. This resulted in the death of > 50% of the cells within the first 10 min of exposure and the 50% reduction in the cell wall integrity after 30 min could be attributed to the destruction of outer membrane protein of V. harveyi by reactive oxygen intermediates produced during the photosensitization. Further, mesocosm experiments with V. harveyi and Artemia nauplii demonstrated that in 30 min, the aPDT could kill 78.9% and 91.2% of heterotrophic bacterial and Vibrio population respectively. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that aPDT with its rapid action and as yet unreported resistance development possibilities could be a propitious strategy to reduce the use of antibiotics in shrimp larviculture systems and thereby, avoid their hazardous effects on human health and the ecosystem at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Asok
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
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