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Amin MF, Zubair MS, Ammar M. A short review on the role of thyroxine in fast wound healing and tissue regeneration. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102115. [PMID: 37244096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a multiplex interaction process that involves extracellular matrix, blood vessels, proteases, cytokines, and chemokine. So far, a number of studies have been performed to understand the basis of the wound-healing process and multiple wound-healing products have been designed. However, significant morbidity and mortality incidents still occurred due to poor wound healing. Thus, there is a dire need to understand the effects of topical applications of various therapeutic options that lead to fast wound healing. Thyroxine is one great panacea for wound healing that has been vigorously mooted throughout the years but a conclusive result regarding its effectiveness is still not achieved. This review is intended to find a rational basis for its positive role in wound healing. To accomplish the objective, this review highlights the different aspects of thyroxine's role in wound healing like keratin synthesis, skin thickening, and pro-angiogenesis, the basis of controversy on its wound healing ability and its potential to be used as a wound healing agent. This study will be helpful for researchers and surgeons to assess the importance of thyroxine as a candidate to comprehensively research to develop a potent, effective, and affordable wound healing drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Ammar
- Princess Royal University Hospital, King College Hospital Trust, United Kingdom.
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Paus R, Ramot Y, Kirsner RS, Tomic-Canic M. Topical L-thyroxine: The Cinderella among hormones waiting to dance on the floor of dermatological therapy? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:910-923. [PMID: 32682336 PMCID: PMC7722149 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Topical hormone therapy with natural or synthetic ligands of nuclear hormone receptors such as glucocorticoids, vitamin D analogues and retinoids has a long and highly successful tradition in dermatology. Yet the dermatological potential of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) agonists has been widely ignored, despite abundant clinical, cell and molecular biology, mouse in vivo, and human skin and hair follicle organ culture data documenting a role of TR-mediated signalling in skin physiology and pathology. Here, we review this evidence, with emphasis on wound healing and hair growth, and specifically highlight the therapeutic potential of repurposing topical L-thyroxine (T4) for selected applications in future dermatological therapy. We underscore the known systemic safety and efficacy profile of T4 in clinical medicine, and the well-documented impact of thyroid hormones on, for example, human epidermal and hair follicle physiology, hair follicle epithelial stem cells and pigmentation, keratin expression, mitochondrial energy metabolism and wound healing. On this background, we argue that short-term topical T4 treatment deserves careful further preclinical and clinical exploration for repurposing as a low-cost, effective and widely available dermatotherapeutic, namely in the management of skin ulcers and telogen effluvium, and that its predictable adverse effects are well-manageable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert S. Kirsner
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Pietzner M, Engelmann B, Kacprowski T, Golchert J, Dirk AL, Hammer E, Iwen KA, Nauck M, Wallaschofski H, Führer D, Münte TF, Friedrich N, Völker U, Homuth G, Brabant G. Plasma proteome and metabolome characterization of an experimental human thyrotoxicosis model. BMC Med 2017; 15:6. [PMID: 28065164 PMCID: PMC5220622 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determinations of thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) represent the gold standard in evaluation of thyroid function. To screen for novel peripheral biomarkers of thyroid function and to characterize FT4-associated physiological signatures in human plasma we used an untargeted OMICS approach in a thyrotoxicosis model. METHODS A sample of 16 healthy young men were treated with levothyroxine for 8 weeks and plasma was sampled before the intake was started as well as at two points during treatment and after its completion, respectively. Mass spectrometry-derived metabolite and protein levels were related to FT4 serum concentrations using mixed-effect linear regression models in a robust setting. To compile a molecular signature discriminating between thyrotoxicosis and euthyroidism, a random forest was trained and validated in a two-stage cross-validation procedure. RESULTS Despite the absence of obvious clinical symptoms, mass spectrometry analyses detected 65 metabolites and 63 proteins exhibiting significant associations with serum FT4. A subset of 15 molecules allowed a robust and good prediction of thyroid hormone function (AUC = 0.86) without prior information on TSH or FT4. Main FT4-associated signatures indicated increased resting energy expenditure, augmented defense against systemic oxidative stress, decreased lipoprotein particle levels, and increased levels of complement system proteins and coagulation factors. Further association findings question the reliability of kidney function assessment under hyperthyroid conditions and suggest a link between hyperthyroidism and cardiovascular diseases via increased dimethylarginine levels. CONCLUSION Our results emphasize the power of untargeted OMICs approaches to detect novel pathways of thyroid hormone action. Furthermore, beyond TSH and FT4, we demonstrated the potential of such analyses to identify new molecular signatures for diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders. This study was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) [DRKS00011275] on the 16th of November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Beatrice Engelmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15a, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15a, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15a, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna-Luise Dirk
- Medical Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Zentralklinikum (Haus 40), 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15a, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - K. Alexander Iwen
- Medical Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Zentralklinikum (Haus 40), 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Private Practice Endocrinology, Krämpferstraße 6, 99094 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 169, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15a, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
- ZIK-FunGene (Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz - Funktionelle Genomforschung), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15a, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
- ZIK-FunGene (Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz - Funktionelle Genomforschung), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Medical Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Zentralklinikum (Haus 40), 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Blumenberg M. Skinomics: past, present and future for diagnostic microarray studies in dermatology. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 13:885-94. [PMID: 24151852 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2013.846827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Easily accessible, skin was among the first targets analyzed using 'omics' and dermatology embraced the approaches very early. Microarrays have been used to define disease markers, identify transcriptional changes and even trace the course of treatment. Melanoma and psoriasis have been explored using microarrays. Particularly noteworthy is the multinational mapping of psoriasis susceptibility loci. The transcriptional changes in psoriasis have been identified using hundreds of biopsies. Epidermal keratinocytes have been studied because they respond to UV light, infections, inflammatory and immunomodulating cytokines, toxins and so on. Epidermal differentiation genes are being characterized and are expressed in human epidermal stem cells. Exciting discoveries defining human skin microbiomes have opened a new field of research with great medical potential. Specific to dermatology, the non-invasive skin sampling for microarray studies, using tape stripping, has been developed; it promises to advance dermatology toward 'omics' techniques directly applicable to the personalized medicine of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Blumenberg
- The R.O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, the NYU Cancer Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, NYU School of Medicine, 455 First Avenue, P.H.B. Room 874, New York NY 10016, USA
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Hyter S, Indra AK. Nuclear hormone receptor functions in keratinocyte and melanocyte homeostasis, epidermal carcinogenesis and melanomagenesis. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:529-41. [PMID: 23395795 PMCID: PMC3670764 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is maintained, in part, through regulation of gene expression orchestrated by type II nuclear hormone receptors in a cell and context specific manner. This group of transcriptional regulators is implicated in various cellular processes including epidermal proliferation, differentiation, permeability barrier formation, follicular cycling and inflammatory responses. Endogenous ligands for the receptors regulate actions during skin development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Type II nuclear receptor signaling is also important for cellular crosstalk between multiple cell types in the skin. Overall, these nuclear receptors are critical players in keratinocyte and melanocyte biology and present targets for cutaneous disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hyter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Antonini D, Sibilio A, Dentice M, Missero C. An Intimate Relationship between Thyroid Hormone and Skin: Regulation of Gene Expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:104. [PMID: 23986743 PMCID: PMC3749490 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a key role in protecting the individual from external insults. The barrier function of the skin is performed primarily by the epidermis, a self-renewing stratified squamous epithelium composed of cells that undergo a well-characterized and finely tuned process of terminal differentiation. By binding to their receptors thyroid hormones (TH) regulate epidermal cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. Thyroid dysfunction has multiple classical manifestations at skin level. Several TH-responsive genes, as well as genes critical for TH metabolism and action, are expressed at epidermal level. The role of TH in skin is still controversial, although it is generally recognized that TH signaling is central for skin physiology and homeostasis. Here we review the data on the epidermis and its function in relation to TH metabolism and regulation of gene expression. An understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of TH action in epidermal cells may lead to the identification of putative therapeutical targets for treatment of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annarita Sibilio
- Department of Clinical Medicine Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: Caterina Missero, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Napoli 80145, Italy e-mail:
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Blumenberg M. SKINOMICS: Transcriptional Profiling in Dermatology and Skin Biology. Curr Genomics 2012; 13:363-8. [PMID: 23372422 PMCID: PMC3401893 DOI: 10.2174/138920212801619241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years witnessed the birth of bioinformatics technologies, which greatly advanced biological research. These 'omics' technologies address comprehensively the entire genome, transcriptome, proteome, microbiome etc. A large impetus in development of bioinformatics was the introduction of DNA microarrays for transcriptional profiling. Because of its accessibility, skin was among the first organs analyzed using DNA microarrays, and dermatology among the first medical disciplines to embrace the approach. Here, DNA microarray methodologies and their application in dermatology and skin biology are reviewed. The most studied disease has been, unsurprisingly, melanoma; markers of melanoma progression, metastatic potential and even melanoma markers in blood have been detected. The basal and squamous cell carcinomas have also been intensely studied. Psoriasis has been comprehensively explored using DNA microarrays, transcriptional changes correlated with genomic markers and several signaling pathways important in psoriasis have been identified. Atopic dermatitis, wound healing, keloids etc. have been analyzed using microarrays. Noninvasive skin sampling for microarray studies has been developed. Simultaneously, epidermal keratinocytes have been the subject of many skin biology studies because they respond to a rich variety of inflammatory and immunomodulating cytokines, hormones, vitamins, UV light, toxins and physical injury. The transcriptional changes occurring during epidermal differentiation and cornification have been identified and characterized. Recent studies identified the genes specifically expressed in human epidermal stem cells. As dermatology advances toward personalized medicine, microarrays and related 'omics' techniques will be directly applicable to the personalized dermatology practice of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Blumenberg
- The Departments of Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and the NYU Cancer Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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