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Radu AG, Torch S, Fauvelle F, Pernet-Gallay K, Lucas A, Blervaque R, Delmas V, Schlattner U, Lafanechère L, Hainaut P, Tricaud N, Pingault V, Bondurand N, Bardeesy N, Larue L, Thibert C, Billaud M. LKB1 specifies neural crest cell fates through pyruvate-alanine cycling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau5106. [PMID: 31328154 PMCID: PMC6636984 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic processes underlying the development of the neural crest, an embryonic population of multipotent migratory cells, are poorly understood. Here, we report that conditional ablation of the Lkb1 tumor suppressor kinase in mouse neural crest stem cells led to intestinal pseudo-obstruction and hind limb paralysis. This phenotype originated from a postnatal degeneration of the enteric nervous ganglia and from a defective differentiation of Schwann cells. Metabolomic profiling revealed that pyruvate-alanine conversion is enhanced in the absence of Lkb1. Mechanistically, inhibition of alanine transaminases restored glial differentiation in an mTOR-dependent manner, while increased alanine level directly inhibited the glial commitment of neural crest cells. Treatment with the metabolic modulator AICAR suppressed mTOR signaling and prevented Schwann cell and enteric defects of Lkb1 mutant mice. These data uncover a link between pyruvate-alanine cycling and the specification of glial cell fate with potential implications in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of neural crest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca G. Radu
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sakina Torch
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences GIN, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, US17, MRI facility IRMaGe, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Karin Pernet-Gallay
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences GIN, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anthony Lucas
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Blervaque
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, CNRS UMR3347; INSERM U1021; Equipe Labellisée–Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics, Univ Grenoble Alpes, 38185 Grenoble, France
- INSERM U1055, 38041 Grenoble France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Tricaud
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, CNRS UMR3347; INSERM U1021; Equipe Labellisée–Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Chantal Thibert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Marc Billaud
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- “Clinical and experimental model of lymphomagenesis” Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon France
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.T.)
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Akaike T, Shinjo S, Ohmori E, Kajimura I, Goda N, Minamisawa S. Transcriptional profiles in the chicken ductus arteriosus during hatching. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214139. [PMID: 30897181 PMCID: PMC6428269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ductus arteriosus, an essential embryonic blood vessel between the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta, constricts after birth or hatching and eventually closes to terminate embryonic circulation. Chicken embryos have two long ductus arteriosi, which anatomically differ from mammal ductus arteriosus. Each long ductus arteriosus is divided into two parts: the pulmonary artery-sided and descending aorta-sided ductus arteriosi. Although the pulmonary artery-sided and descending aorta-sided ductus arteriosi have distinct functional characteristics, such as oxygen responsiveness, the difference in their transcriptional profiles has not been investigated. We performed a DNA microarray analysis (GSE 120116 at NCBI GEO) with pooled tissues from the chicken pulmonary artery-sided ductus arteriosus, descending aorta-sided ductus arteriosus, and aorta at the internal pipping stage. Although several known ductus arteriosus-dominant genes such as tfap2b were highly expressed in the pulmonary artery-sided ductus arteriosus, we newly found genes that were dominantly expressed in the chicken pulmonary artery-sided ductus arteriosus. Interestingly, cluster analysis showed that the expression pattern of the pulmonary artery-sided ductus arteriosus was closer to that of the descending aorta-sided ductus arteriosus than that of the aorta, whereas the morphology of the descending aorta-sided ductus arteriosus was closer to that of the aorta than that of the pulmonary artery-sided ductus arteriosus. Subsequent pathway analysis with DAVID bioinformatics resources revealed that the pulmonary artery-sided ductus arteriosus showed enhanced expression of the genes involved in melanogenesis and tyrosine metabolism compared with the descending aorta-sided ductus arteriosus, suggesting that tyrosinase and the related genes play an important role in the proper differentiation of neural crest-derived cells during vascular remodeling in the ductus arteriosus. In conclusion, the transcription profiles of the chicken ductus arteriosus provide new insights for investigating the mechanism of ductus arteriosus closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Akaike
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Shinjo
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohmori
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichige Kajimura
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Minamisawa
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Ultracytochemical visualization of calcium distribution in heart cells and erythrocytes of zebrafish Danio rerio. Micron 2018; 111:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Sukseree S, László L, Gruber F, Bergmann S, Narzt MS, Nagelreiter IM, Höftberger R, Molnár K, Rauter G, Birngruber T, Larue L, Kovacs GG, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Filamentous Aggregation of Sequestosome-1/p62 in Brain Neurons and Neuroepithelial Cells upon Tyr-Cre-Mediated Deletion of the Autophagy Gene Atg7. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8425-8437. [PMID: 29550918 PMCID: PMC6153718 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defects in autophagy and the resulting deposition of protein aggregates have been implicated in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. While gene targeting in the mouse has facilitated the characterization of these processes in different types of neurons, potential roles of autophagy and accumulation of protein substrates in neuroepithelial cells have remained elusive. Here we report that Atg7f/fTyr-Cre mice, in which autophagy-related 7 (Atg7) is conditionally deleted under the control of the tyrosinase promoter, are a model for accumulations of the autophagy adapter and substrate sequestosome-1/p62 in both neuronal and neuroepithelial cells. In the brain of Atg7f/fTyr-Cre but not of fully autophagy competent control mice, p62 aggregates were present in sporadic neurons in the cortex and other brain regions as well in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and the ependyma. Western blot analysis confirmed a dramatic increase of p62 abundance and formation of high-molecular weight species of p62 in the brain of Atg7f/fTyr-Cre mice relative to Atg7f/f controls. Immuno-electron microscopy showed that p62 formed filamentous aggregates in neurons and ependymal cells. p62 aggregates were also highly abundant in the ciliary body in the eye. Atg7f/fTyr-Cre mice reached an age of more than 2 years although neurological defects manifesting in abnormal hindlimb clasping reflexes were evident in old mice. These results show that p62 filaments form in response to impaired autophagy in vivo and suggest that Atg7f/fTyr-Cre mice are a model useful to study the long-term effects of autophagy deficiency on the homeostasis of different neuroectoderm-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Sukseree
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Bergmann
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Sophie Narzt
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ionela Mariana Nagelreiter
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Günther Rauter
- Division of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- Joanneum Research, Health - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1021, CNRS UMR3347, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,INSERM, Orsay, France.,Equipe labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Université Paris 11, Orsay, France
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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The bulbus arteriosus of the holocephalan heart: gross anatomy, histomorphology, pigmentation, and evolutionary significance. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:37-45. [PMID: 28760682 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether the outflow tract of the holocephalan heart is composed of a myocardial conus arteriosus and a non-myocardial bulbus arteriosus, as is the case in elasmobranchs. This is a key issue to verify the hypothesis that these two anatomical components existed from the onset of the jawed vertebrate radiation. The Holocephali are the sister group of the elasmobranchs, sharing with them a common, still unknown Palaeozoic ancestor. The sample examined herein consisted of hearts from individuals of four species, two of them belonging to the Chimaeridae and the other two to the Rhinochimaeridae. In all specimens, the cardiac outflow tract consisted of a conus arteriosus, with myocardium in its walls and two rows of valves at its luminal side, and an intrapericardial bulbus arteriosus shorter than the conus and devoid of valves. The bulbus, mainly composed of elastin and smooth musculature, was covered by the epicardium and crossed longitudinally by coronary artery trunks. These findings give added support to the viewpoint that the outflow tract of the primitive heart of the gnathostomes was not composed of a single component, but two, the conus and the bulbus. All rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa) examined had pigment cells over the surface of the heart. The degree of pigmentation, which varied widely between individuals, was particularly intense in the cardiac outflow tract. Pigment cells also occurred in the bulbus arteriosus of one of the two hearts of the straightnose rabbitfish (Rhinochimaera atlantica) included in the study. The cells containing pigment, presumably derived from the neural crest, were located in the subepicardium.
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Conditional Deletion of Kit in Melanocytes: White Spotting Phenotype Is Cell Autonomous. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1829-1838. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Reyes-Moya I, Torres-Prioris A, Sans-Coma V, Fernández B, Durán AC. Heart Pigmentation in the Gray Bichir,Polypterus senegalus(Actinopterygii: Polypteriformes). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:475-80. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Reyes-Moya
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - A. Torres-Prioris
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - V. Sans-Coma
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA); University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - B. Fernández
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA); University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - A. C. Durán
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA); University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
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Zhang CF, Gruber F, Ni C, Mildner M, Koenig U, Karner S, Barresi C, Rossiter H, Narzt MS, Nagelreiter IM, Larue L, Tobin DJ, Eckhart L, Tschachler E. Suppression of autophagy dysregulates the antioxidant response and causes premature senescence of melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:1348-1357. [PMID: 25290687 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the central cellular mechanism for delivering organelles and cytoplasm to lysosomes for degradation and recycling of their molecular components. To determine the contribution of autophagy to melanocyte (MC) biology, we inactivated the essential autophagy gene Atg7 specifically in MCs using the Cre-loxP system. This gene deletion efficiently suppressed a key step in autophagy, lipidation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3), in MCs and induced slight hypopigmentation of the epidermis in mice. The melanin content of hair was decreased by 10-15% in mice with autophagy-deficient MC as compared with control animals. When cultured in vitro, MCs from mutant and control mice produced equal amounts of melanin per cell. However, Atg7-deficient MCs entered into premature growth arrest and accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage, ubiquitinated proteins, and the multi-functional adapter protein SQSTM1/p62. Moreover, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent expression of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1, and glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 was increased, indicating a contribution of autophagy to redox homeostasis in MCs. In summary, the results of our study suggest that Atg7-dependent autophagy is dispensable for melanogenesis but necessary for achieving the full proliferative capacity of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Feng Zhang
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fu Dan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Chunya Ni
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fu Dan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Mildner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Koenig
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Karner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caterina Barresi
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Rossiter
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Sophie Narzt
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ionela M Nagelreiter
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Smith J, Larue L, Gillespie DA. Chk1 is essential for the development of murine epidermal melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:580-5. [PMID: 23557358 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic deletion of mouse Chk1 is lethal; however, whether Chk1 is essential in all individual tissues is unknown. By breeding C57Bl/ 6 mice homozygous for a conditional allele of Chk1 (Chk1fl/fl) and bearing melanocyte-specific Tyr::Cre and DCT:: LacZ transgenes, we investigated the consequences of Chk1 deletion in the melanocytic lineage. We show that adult Tyr::Cre; Chk1fl/fl mice lack coat pigmentation and epidermal melanocytes in the hair follicles, but retain eye pigmentation in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Melanoblasts formed normally during embryogenesis in Tyr::Cre; Chk1fl/fl mice at early times (embryonic day 10.5; E10.5) but were completely absent by stage E13.5, most probably as a consequence of spontaneous DNA damage and apoptosis. By contrast, melanoblast numbers were only slightly reduced in heterozygous Tyr::Cre; Chk1fl/ + embryos, and these mice exhibited normal coat pigmentation as adults. Thus, Chk1 is essential for the developmental formation of murine epidermal melanocytes but hemizygosity has little, if any, permanent developmental consequence in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Smith
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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A subpopulation of smooth muscle cells, derived from melanocyte-competent precursors, prevents patent ductus arteriosus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53183. [PMID: 23382837 PMCID: PMC3561373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patent ductus arteriosus is a life-threatening condition frequent in premature newborns but also present in some term infants. Current mouse models of this malformation generally lead to perinatal death, not reproducing the full phenotypic spectrum in humans, in whom genetic inheritance appears complex. The ductus arteriosus (DA), a temporary fetal vessel that bypasses the lungs by shunting the aortic arch to the pulmonary artery, is constituted by smooth muscle cells of distinct origins (SMC1 and SMC2) and many fewer melanocytes. To understand novel mechanisms preventing DA closure at birth, we evaluated the importance of cell fate specification in SMC that form the DA during embryonic development. Upon specific Tyr::Cre-driven activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at the time of cell fate specification, melanocytes replaced the SMC2 population of the DA, suggesting that SMC2 and melanocytes have a common precursor. The number of SMC1 in the DA remained similar to that in controls, but insufficient to allow full DA closure at birth. Thus, there was no cellular compensation by SMC1 for the loss of SMC2. Mice in which only melanocytes were genetically ablated after specification from their potential common precursor with SMC2, demonstrated that differentiated melanocytes themselves do not affect DA closure. Loss of the SMC2 population, independent of the presence of melanocytes, is therefore a cause of patent ductus arteriosus and premature death in the first months of life. Our results indicate that patent ductus arteriosus can result from the insufficient differentiation, proliferation, or contractility of a specific smooth muscle subpopulation that shares a common neural crest precursor with cardiovascular melanocytes.
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Molecular Network Associated with MITF in Skin Melanoma Development and Progression. J Skin Cancer 2011; 2011:730170. [PMID: 22046555 PMCID: PMC3199194 DOI: 10.1155/2011/730170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various environmental and genetic factors affect the development and progression of skin cancers including melanoma. Melanoma development is initially triggered by environmental factors including ultraviolet (UV) light, and then genetic/epigenetic alterations occur in skin melanocytes. These first triggers alter the conditions of numerous genes and proteins, and they induce and/or reduce gene expression and activate and/or repress protein stability and activity, resulting in melanoma progression. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator gene of melanocyte development and differentiation and is also associated with melanoma development and progression. To find better approaches to molecular-based therapies for patients, understanding MITF function in skin melanoma development and progression is important. Here, we review the molecular networks associated with MITF in skin melanoma development and progression.
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RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/AKT Signaling in Malignant Melanoma Progression and Therapy. Dermatol Res Pract 2011; 2012:354191. [PMID: 22013435 PMCID: PMC3195305 DOI: 10.1155/2012/354191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is one of the most serious skin cancers and is highly invasive and markedly resistant to conventional therapy. Melanomagenesis is initially triggered by environmental agents including ultraviolet (UV), which induces genetic/epigenetic alterations in the chromosomes of melanocytes. In human melanomas, the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) and the PI3K/PTEN/AKT (AKT) signaling pathways are two major signaling pathways and are constitutively activated through genetic alterations. Mutations of RAF, RAS, and PTEN contribute to antiapoptosis, abnormal proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion for melanoma development and progression. To find better approaches to therapies for patients, understanding these MAPK and AKT signaling mechanisms of melanoma development and progression is important. Here, we review MAPK and AKT signaling networks associated with melanoma development and progression.
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Aydin IT, Beermann F. A mart-1::Cre transgenic line induces recombination in melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium. Genesis 2011; 49:403-9. [PMID: 21309074 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The number of transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre in either type of pigment cells (melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium, RPE) is limited, and the available lines do not always offer sufficient specificity. In this study, we addressed this issue and we report on the generation of a MART-1::Cre BAC transgenic mouse line, in which the expression of Cre recombinase is controlled by regulatory elements of the pigment cell-specific gene MART-1 (mlana). When MART-1::Cre BAC transgenic mice were bred with the ROSA26-R reporter line, ß-galactosidase expression was observed in RPE from E12.5 onwards, and in melanocyte precursors from E17.5, indicating that the MART-1::Cre line provides Cre recombinase activity in pigment-producing cells rather than in a particular lineage. In addition, breeding of this mouse line to mice carrying a conditional allele of RBP-Jκ corroborated the reported phenotypes in both pigment cell lineages, inducing hair greying and microphthalmia. Our results thus suggest, that the MART-1::Cre line may serve as a novel and useful tool for functional studies in melanocytes and the RPE.genesis 49:403-409, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraz T Aydin
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Selfridge J, Song L, Brownstein DG, Melton DW. Mice with DNA repair gene Ercc1 deficiency in a neural crest lineage are a model for late-onset Hirschsprung disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:653-60. [PMID: 20362516 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Ercc1 gene is essential for nucleotide excision repair and is also important in recombination repair and the repair of interstrand crosslinks. We have previously used a floxed Ercc1 allele with a keratinocyte-specific Cre recombinase transgene to inactivate Ercc1 in the epidermal layer of the skin and so generate a mouse model for UV-induced non-melanoma skin cancer. Now, in an attempt to generate a model for UV-induced melanoma, we have used the floxed Ercc1 allele in combination with a Cre transgene under the control of the tyrosinase gene promoter to produce mice with Ercc1-deficient melanocytes that are hypersensitive to UV irradiation. These animals developed normally, but died when 4-6 months old with severe colonic obstruction. Melanocytes are derived from the neural crest and the tyrosinase promoter is also expressed in additional neural crest-derived lineages, including the progenitors of the parasympathetic nervous system that innervates the gastrointestinal tract and controls gut peristalsis. A functional enteric nervous system developed in floxed Ercc1 mice with the tyrosinase Cre transgene, but was found to have degenerated in the colons of affected mice. We suggest that accumulating unrepaired endogenous DNA damage in the Ercc1-deficient colonic parasympathetic ganglia leads to the degeneration of this network and results in a colonic obstructive disorder that resembles late-onset Hirschsprung disease in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Selfridge
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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Dhomen N, Da Rocha Dias S, Hayward R, Ogilvie L, Hedley D, Delmas V, McCarthy A, Henderson D, Springer CJ, Pritchard C, Larue L, Marais R. Inducible expression of (V600E) Braf using tyrosinase-driven Cre recombinase results in embryonic lethality. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 23:112-20. [PMID: 20002887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that expression of (V600E)Braf in mature mouse melanocytes induces melanoma. Here, we show that expression of (V600E)Braf using the tyrosinase promoter leads to an unexpected embryonic lethality, with the animals dying before, at, or shortly after birth. The mice suffer from a range of developmental defects in the skin, the brain, the eyes and the heart, tissues that are normally colonized by melanocytes. We show that the (V600E)Braf expressing cells are potential melanocytic precursors that are fully transformed, suggesting that (V600E)Braf stimulates proliferation and blocks differentiation of these cells. Our data suggests that the presence of these cells in the organs that are normally occupied by melanocytes leads to severe developmental disruption, resulting in catastrophic defects and leading to death of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dhomen
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Signal Transduction Team, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, London, UK
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Puig I, Champeval D, De Santa Barbara P, Jaubert F, Lyonnet S, Larue L. Deletion of Pten in the mouse enteric nervous system induces ganglioneuromatosis and mimics intestinal pseudoobstruction. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3586-96. [PMID: 19884655 DOI: 10.1172/jci39929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis is a benign proliferation of nerve ganglion cells, nerve fibers, and supporting cells of the enteric nervous system (ENS) that can result in abnormally large enteric neuronal cells (ENCs) in the myenteric plexus and chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIPO). As phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a phosphatase that is critical for controlling cell growth, proliferation, and death, we investigated the role of PTEN in the ENS by generating mice with an embryonic, ENC-selective deletion within the Pten locus. Mutant mice died 2 to 3 weeks after birth, with clinical signs of CIPO and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of ENCs resulting from increased activity of the PI3K/PTEN-AKT-S6K signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that PTEN was only expressed in developing mouse embryonic ENCs from E15.5 and that the rate of ENC proliferation decreased once PTEN was expressed. Specific deletion of the Pten gene in ENCs therefore induced hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the later stages of embryogenesis. This phenotype was reversed by administration of a pharmacological inhibitor of AKT. In some human ganglioneuromatosis forms of CIPO, PTEN expression was found to be abnormally low and S6 phosphorylation increased. Our study thus reveals that loss of PTEN disrupts development of the ENS and identifies the PI3K/PTEN-AKT-S6K signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target for ganglioneuromatosis forms of CIPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Puig
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
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