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Goff PS, Castle JT, Kohli JS, Sviderskaya EV, Bennett DC. Isolation, Culture, and Transfection of Melanocytes. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e774. [PMID: 37154440 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Located in the basal epidermis and hair follicles, melanocytes of the integument are responsible for its coloration through production of melanin pigments. Melanin is produced in a type of lysosome-related-organelle (LRO) called the melanosome. In humans, this skin pigmentation acts as an ultraviolet radiation filter. Abnormalities in the division of melanocytes are quite common, with potentially oncogenic growth usually followed by cell senescence producing benign naevi (moles), or occasionally, melanoma. Therefore, melanocytes are a useful model for studying both cellular senescence and melanoma, as well as many other aspects of biology such as pigmentation, organelle biogenesis and transport, and the diseases affecting these mechanisms. Melanocytes for use in basic research can be obtained from a range of sources, including surplus postoperative skin or from congenic murine skin. Here we describe methods to isolate and culture melanocytes from both human and murine skin (including the preparation of mitotically inactive keratinocytes for use as feeder cells). We also describe a high-throughput transfection protocol for human melanocytes and melanoma cells. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Primary explantation of human melanocytic cells Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of keratinocyte feeder cells for use in the primary culture of mouse melanocytes Basic Protocol 3: Primary culture of melanocytes from mouse skin Basic Protocol 4: Transfection of human melanocytes and melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Goff
- Cell Biology Research Section, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna T Castle
- Cell Biology Research Section, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaskaren S Kohli
- Cell Biology Research Section, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Current address: Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Cell Biology Research Section, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Cell Biology Research Section, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Alhazmi R, Tong S, Darwish S, Khanjani E, Khungar B, Chawla S, Zheng Z, Chamberlin R, Parang K, Yang S. Bis-Cinnamamide Derivatives as APE/Ref-1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Human Melanoma. Molecules 2022; 27:2672. [PMID: 35566022 PMCID: PMC9103902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malignant melanoma exhibits imbalances in redox status, leading to activation of many redox-sensitive signaling pathways. APE/Ref-1 is a multifunctional protein that serves as a redox chaperone that regulates many nuclear transcription factors and is an important mechanism in cancer cell survival of oxidative stress. Previous studies showed that APE/Ref-1 is a potential druggable target for melanoma therapy. In this study, we synthesized a novel APE/Ref-1 inhibitor, bis-cinnamoyl-1,12-dodecamethylenediamine (2). In a xenograft mouse model, compound 2 treatment (5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to the control group, with no significant systemic toxicity observed. We further synthesized compound 2 analogs to determine the structure-activity relationship based on their anti-melanoma activities. Among those, 4-hydroxyphenyl derivative (11) exhibited potent anti-melanoma activities and improved water solubility compared to its parental compound 2. The IC50 of compound 11 was found to be less than 0.1 μM. Compared to other known APE/Ref-1 inhibitors, compound 11 exhibited increased potency in inhibiting melanoma proliferation. As determined by luciferase reporter analyses, compound 2 was shown to effectively inhibit H2O2-activated AP-1 transcription activities. Targeting APE/Ref-1-mediated signaling using pharmaceutical inhibitors is a novel and effective strategy for melanoma treatment with potentially high impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Alhazmi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (R.A.); (S.T.); (S.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Shirley Tong
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (R.A.); (S.T.); (S.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Shaban Darwish
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (R.A.); (S.T.); (S.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Elina Khanjani
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (R.A.); (S.T.); (S.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Bharti Khungar
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (R.A.); (S.T.); (S.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Swati Chawla
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (R.A.); (S.T.); (S.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Zhonghui Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Z.Z.); (R.C.)
| | - Richard Chamberlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Z.Z.); (R.C.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (R.A.); (S.T.); (S.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Sun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Peres J, Damerell V, Chauhan J, Popovic A, Desprez PY, Galibert MD, Goding CR, Prince S. TBX3 Promotes Melanoma Migration by Transcriptional Activation of ID1, which Prevents Activation of E-Cadherin by MITF. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2250-2260.e2. [PMID: 33744299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In melanoma, a phenotype switch from proliferation to invasion underpins metastasis, the major cause of melanoma-associated death. The transition from radial to vertical growth phase (invasive) melanoma is characterized by downregulation of both E-cadherin (CDH1) and MITF and upregulation of the key cancer-associated gene TBX3 and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase signaling pathway. Yet, whether and how these diverse events are linked remains poorly understood. Here, we show that TBX3 directly promotes expression of ID1, a dominant-negative regulator of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, and that ID1 decreases MITF binding and upregulation of CDH1. Significantly, we show that TBX3 activation of ID1 is necessary for TBX3 to enhance melanoma cell migration, and the mechanistic links between TBX3, ID1, MITF, and invasion revealed here are reflected in their expression in human melanomas. Our results reveal that melanoma migration is promoted through a TBX3-ID1-MITF-E-cadherin axis and that ID1-mediated repression of MITF activity may reinforce maintenance of an MITFLow phenotype associated with disease progression and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Peres
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victoria Damerell
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jagat Chauhan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Ana Popovic
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pierre-Yves Desprez
- California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR6290, CNRS, University of Rennes, Rennes, France; Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Hospital University of Rennes (CHU Rennes), Rennes, France
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Atul Jani R, Nag S, Setty SRG. Visualization of Intracellular Tyrosinase Activity in vitro. Bio Protoc 2016; 6:e1794. [PMID: 27231711 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes produce the melanin pigments in melanosomes and these organelles protect the skin against harmful ultraviolet rays. Tyrosinase is the key cuproenzyme which initiates the pigment synthesis using its substrate amino acid tyrosine or L-DOPA (L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine). Moreover, the activity of tyrosinase directly correlates to the cellular pigmentation. Defects in tyrosinase transport to melanosomes or mutations in the enzyme or reduced intracellular copper levels results in loss of tyrosinase activity in melanosomes, commonly observed in albinism. Here, we described a method to detect the intracellular activity of tyrosinase in mouse melanocytes. This protocol will visualize the active tyrosinase present in the intracellular vesicles or organelles including melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Atul Jani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sudeshna Nag
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Thang ND, Nghia PT, Kumasaka MY, Yajima I, Kato M. Treatment of vemurafenib-resistant SKMEL-28 melanoma cells with paclitaxel. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:699-705. [PMID: 25684511 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vemurafenib has recently been used as drug for treatment of melanomas with BRAFV600E mutation. Unfortunately, treatment with only vemurafenib has not been sufficiently effective, with recurrence after a short period. In this study, three vemurafenib-resistant BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines, A375PR, A375MR and SKMEL-28R, were established from the original A375P, A375M and SKMEL-28 cell lines. Examination of the molecular mechanisms showed that the phosphorylation levels of MEK and ERK, which play key roles in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, were reduced in these three cell lines, with increased phosphorylation levels of pAKTs limited to SKMEL-28R cells. Treatment of SKMEL-28R cells with 100 nM paclitaxel resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased cellular proliferation, invasion and colony formation via reduction of expression levels of EGFR and pAKTs. Moreover, vemurafenib-induced pAKTs in SKMEL-28R were decreased by treatment with an AKT inhibitor, MK-2206. Taken together, our results revealed that resistance mechanisms of BRAFV600E-mutation melanoma cells to vemurafenib depended on the cell type. Our results suggested that paclitaxel should be considered as a drug in combination with vemurafenib to treat melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dinh Thang
- Department of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam E-mail :
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Adini I, Adini A, Bazinet L, Watnick RS, Bielenberg DR, D'Amato RJ. Melanocyte pigmentation inversely correlates with MCP-1 production and angiogenesis-inducing potential. FASEB J 2014; 29:662-70. [PMID: 25406462 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-255398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of certain angiogenesis-dependent diseases is higher in Caucasians than in African Americans. Angiogenesis is amplified in wound healing and cornea models in albino C57 mice compared with black C57 mice. Moreover, mouse and human melanocytes with low pigmentation stimulate endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration in vitro more than melanocytes with high pigmentation. This effect is due, in part, to the secretion of an angiogenic protein called fibromodulin (FMOD) from lowly pigmented melanocytes. Herein, we expand upon the mechanism contributing to increased angiogenesis in lighter skin and report that monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is secreted by nonpigmented mouse melanocytes by 5- to 10-fold more than pigmented melanocytes. MCP-1 protein stimulates EC proliferation and migration in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Mechanistic studies determine that FMOD is upstream of MCP-1 and promotes its secretion from both melanocytes and activated ECs via stimulation of NF-κB activity. Mice injected with FMOD-neutralizing antibodies show 2.3-fold decreased levels of circulating MCP-1. Human studies confirmed that, on average, Caucasians have 2-fold higher serum levels of MCP-1 than African Americans. Taken together, this study implicates the FMOD/MCP-1 pathway in the regulation of angiogenesis by local melanocytes and suggests that melanogenic activity may protect against aberrant angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Adini
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Avner Adini
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randolph S Watnick
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert J D'Amato
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Godwin LS, Castle JT, Kohli JS, Goff PS, Cairney CJ, Keith WN, Sviderskaya EV, Bennett DC. Isolation, culture, and transfection of melanocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 63:1.8.1-20. [PMID: 24894835 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0108s63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Located in the basal epidermis and hair follicles, melanocytes of the integument are responsible for its coloration through production of melanin pigments. Melanin is produced in lysosomal-like organelles called melanosomes. In humans, this skin pigmentation acts as an ultraviolet radiation filter. Abnormalities in the division of melanocytes are quite common, with potentially oncogenic growth usually followed by cell senescence producing benign naevi (moles), or occasionally melanoma. Therefore, melanocytes are a useful model for studying melanoma, as well as pigmentation and organelle transport and the diseases affecting these mechanisms. This chapter focuses on the isolation, culture, and transfection of human and murine melanocytes. The first basic protocol describes the primary culture of melanocytes from human skin and the maintenance of growing cultures. The second basic protocol details the subculture and preparation of mouse keratinocyte feeder cells. The primary culture of melanocytes from mouse skin is described in the third basic protocol, and, lastly, the fourth basic protocol outlines a technique for transfecting melanocytes and melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Godwin
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Actis P, Tokar S, Clausmeyer J, Babakinejad B, Mikhaleva S, Cornut R, Takahashi Y, López Córdoba A, Novak P, Shevchuck AI, Dougan JA, Kazarian SG, Gorelkin PV, Erofeev AS, Yaminsky IV, Unwin PR, Schuhmann W, Klenerman D, Rusakov DA, Sviderskaya EV, Korchev YE. Electrochemical nanoprobes for single-cell analysis. ACS NANO 2014; 8:875-84. [PMID: 24377306 DOI: 10.1021/nn405612q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of key molecules in individual cells with minimal disruption to the biological milieu is the next frontier in single-cell analyses. Nanoscale devices are ideal analytical tools because of their small size and their potential for high spatial and temporal resolution recordings. Here, we report the fabrication of disk-shaped carbon nanoelectrodes whose radius can be precisely tuned within the range 5-200 nm. The functionalization of the nanoelectrode with platinum allowed the monitoring of oxygen consumption outside and inside a brain slice. Furthermore, we show that nanoelectrodes of this type can be used to impale individual cells to perform electrochemical measurements within the cell with minimal disruption to cell function. These nanoelectrodes can be fabricated combined with scanning ion conductance microscopy probes, which should allow high resolution electrochemical mapping of species on or in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Actis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Aliwaini S, Swarts AJ, Blanckenberg A, Mapolie S, Prince S. A novel binuclear palladacycle complex inhibits melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo through apoptosis and autophagy. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1650-63. [PMID: 24099796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer and it is reported to be the most treatment-resistant human cancer. Here we describe the anti-tumour activity of a novel binuclear palladacycle complex (AJ-5) in vertical growth phase (ME1402) and metastatic (WM1158) melanoma cell lines. We show that compared to normal control cell lines, AJ-5 is more effective in inhibiting the proliferation of ME1402 and WM1158 melanoma cells with IC50 values of 0.19 and 0.20μM, respectively. Flow cytometry analyses showed that AJ-5 induced apoptosis (sub-G1 peak) which was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double-staining, nuclear fragmentation and an increase in the levels of PARP cleavage. Furthermore, AJ-5 was shown to induce both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways as measured by PUMA, Bax and active caspases. Interestingly, AJ-5 treatment also simultaneously induced the formation of autophagosomes and led to an increase in the autophagy markers LC3II and Beclin1. Inhibition of autophagy reduced AJ-5 cytotoxicity suggesting that AJ-5 induced autophagy was a cell death and not cell survival mechanism. Moreover we show that AJ-5 induces the ATM-CHK2 DNA damage pathway and that its anti-tumour function is mediated by the p38 and ERK1/2 signalling pathways. Importantly, AJ-5 treatment efficiently reduced tumour growth in melanoma bearing mice and induced high levels of autophagy and apoptosis markers. Together these findings suggest that AJ-5 may be an effective chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of melanoma, a highly aggressive and intractable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeb Aliwaini
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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