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Barber CEH, Marshall DA, Alvarez N, Mancini GBJ, Lacaille D, Keeling S, Aviña-Zubieta JA, Khodyakov D, Barnabe C, Faris P, Smith A, Noormohamed R, Hazlewood G, Martin LO, Esdaile JM. Development of Cardiovascular Quality Indicators for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from an International Expert Panel Using a Novel Online Process. J Rheumatol 2015; 42:1548-55. [PMID: 26178275 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a high risk of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). We developed CVD quality indicators (QI) for screening and use in rheumatology clinics. METHODS A systematic review was conducted of the literature on CVD risk reduction in RA and the general population. Based on the best practices identified from this review, a draft set of 12 candidate QI were presented to a Canadian panel of rheumatologists and cardiologists (n = 6) from 3 academic centers to achieve consensus on the QI specifications. The resulting 11 QI were then evaluated by an online modified-Delphi panel of multidisciplinary health professionals and patients (n = 43) to determine their relevance, validity, and feasibility in 3 rounds of online voting and threaded discussion using a modified RAND/University of California, Los Angeles Appropriateness Methodology. RESULTS Response rates for the online panel were 86%. All 11 QI were rated as highly relevant, valid, and feasible (median rating ≥ 7 on a 1-9 scale), with no significant disagreement. The final QI set addresses the following themes: communication to primary care about increased CV risk in RA; CV risk assessment; defining smoking status and providing cessation counseling; screening and addressing hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes; exercise recommendations; body mass index screening and lifestyle counseling; minimizing corticosteroid use; and communicating to patients at high risk of CVD about the risks/benefits of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. CONCLUSION Eleven QI for CVD care in patients with RA have been developed and are rated as highly relevant, valid, and feasible by an international multidisciplinary panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E H Barber
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Deborah A Marshall
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Nanette Alvarez
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - G B John Mancini
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Diane Lacaille
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Stephanie Keeling
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - J Antonio Aviña-Zubieta
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Dmitry Khodyakov
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Cheryl Barnabe
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Peter Faris
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Alexa Smith
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Raheem Noormohamed
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Glen Hazlewood
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - Liam O Martin
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
| | - John M Esdaile
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research, the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Cardiology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia; The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.C.E. Barber, MD, FRCPC, PhD Candidate, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; D.A. Marshall, MHSA, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Arthur J.E. Child Chair in Rheumatology Research; N. Alvarez, MD, FRCPC, BA, Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary; G.B. Mancini, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Division of Cardiology; D. Lacaille, MD, FRCPC, MHSc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Senior Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; S. Keeling, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; J.A. Aviña-Zubieta, MD, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada; D. Khodyakov, PhD, MA, Social/Behavioral Scientist, The RAND Corporation; C. Barnabe, MD, FRCPC, MSc, Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and ARC Research Sci
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