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Bandaru LJM, Ayyalasomayajula N, Murumulla L, Challa S. Mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of mitochondrial function due to lead exposure and possible implications on the development of Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 2022; 35:1-25. [PMID: 35048237 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a multimedia contaminant with various pathophysiological consequences, including cognitive decline and neural abnormalities. Recent findings have reported an association of Pb toxicity with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathological characteristic of AD. According to toxicology reports, Pb promotes mitochondrial oxidative stress by lowering complex III activity in the electron transport chain, boosting reactive oxygen species formation, and reducing the cell's antioxidant defence system. Here, we review recent advances in the role of mitochondria in Pb-induced AD pathology, as well as the mechanisms associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction, such as the depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening; mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics and mitochondrial dynamics alterations; and mitophagy and apoptosis. We also discuss possible therapeutic options for mitochondrial-targeted neurodegenerative disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jaya Madhuri Bandaru
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Neelima Ayyalasomayajula
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Lokesh Murumulla
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Suresh Challa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
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Stockburger C, Eckert S, Eckert GP, Friedland K, Müller WE. Mitochondrial Function, Dynamics, and Permeability Transition: A Complex Love Triangle as A Possible Target for the Treatment of Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S455-S467. [PMID: 29504539 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because of the failure of all amyloid-β directed treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the concept of mitochondrial dysfunction as a major pathomechanism of the cognitive decline in aging and AD has received substantial support. Accordingly, improving mitochondrial function as an alternative strategy for new drug development became of increasing interest and many different compounds have been identified which improve mitochondrial function in preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, very few if any have been investigated in clinical trials, representing a major drawback of the mitochondria directed drug development. To overcome these problems, we used a top-down approach by investigating several older antidementia drugs with clinical evidence of therapeutic efficacy. These include EGb761® (standardized ginkgo biloba extract), piracetam, and Dimebon. All improve experimentally many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial dynamics and also improve cognition and impaired neuronal plasticity, the functionally most relevant consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction. All partially inhibit opening events of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) which previously has mainly been discussed as a mechanism relevant for the induction of apoptosis. However, as more recent work suggests the mPTP as a master regulator of many mitochondrial functions, our data suggest the mPTP as a possible relevant drug target within the love triangle between mPTP regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial function including regulation of neuronal plasticity. Drugs interfering with mPTP function will improve not only mitochondrial impairment in aging and AD but also will have beneficial effects on impaired neuronal plasticity, the pathomechanism which correlates best with functional deficits (cognition, behavior) in aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Stockburger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Schamim Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Eckert SH, Gaca J, Kolesova N, Friedland K, Eckert GP, Muller WE. Mitochondrial Pharmacology of Dimebon (Latrepirdine) Calls for a New Look at its Possible Therapeutic Potential in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2018; 9:729-744. [PMID: 30090660 PMCID: PMC6065284 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimebon (latrepirdine), an old antihistaminic drug, showed divergent results in two large clinical trials in Alzheimer disease (AD), which according to our review might be related to the specific pharmacological properties of the drug and the different patient populations included in both studies. Out of the many pharmacological effects of Dimebon, improvement of impaired mitochondrial function seeems to be most relevant for the substantial effects on cognition and behaviour reported in one of the studies, as these effects are already present at the low concentrations of dimebon measured in plasma and tissues of patients and experimental animals. Since impaired mitochondrial function seems to be the major driving force for the progression of the clinical symptoms and since most of the clinical benefits of dimebon originate from an effect on the symptomatic deterioration, mitochondrial improvement can also explain the lack of efficacy of this drug in another clinical trial where symptoms of the patiets remained stable for the time of the study. Accordingly, it seems worthwhile to reevaluate the clinical data to proof that clinical response is correlated with high levels of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms as these show a good relationship to the individual speed of symptomatic decline in AD patients related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schamim H Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janett Gaca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathalie Kolesova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Deparment of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Erlangen, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Nutricional Sciences, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Walter E Muller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Alessenko A, Bachurin S, Gurianova S, Karatasso Y, Shevtsova E, Shingarova L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - potential target for neuroprotector dimebon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 62:418-25. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166204418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dimebon (Dimebolin) is an antihistamine drug which has been used in Russia since 1983. Recently Dimebolin has attracted renewed interest after being shown to have positive effects on persons suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Animal studies have shown that dimebon acts through multiple mechanisms, both blocking the action of neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptides and inhibiting L-type calcium channels, modulating the action of AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors. Our experiments with cell culture L929 and mice have shown that dimebon may exert its neuroprotective effect by blocking cytotoxic signals induced by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a which are believed to play a central role in Alzheimer's disease. Dimebon (10 mg/ml) protected mouse fibroblasts L929 against the toxic action of TNF-a. Our study included 65 male mice. TNF-a (10 mg per mouse), dimebon (0,2 mg/kg) and their combination were injected intraperitonealy. Changes in the level of molecular species of sphingomyelin and galactosyl ceramide in hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex within 30 min, 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h after injection were detected by chromato-mass-spectrometry. Maximal changes in sphingomyelin and galactosyl ceramides contents of different molecular species after single TNF-a administration were found in the hippocampus, and were less expressed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum after 24 h. Dimebon itself did not induce changes in the sphingolipid spectrum in brain sections, but protected them against disorders induced by TNF-a in the brain. Modern strategies in the search of new therapeutic approaches are based on the multitarget properties of new drugs. According to our results TNF-a may serve as a new target for dimebon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Alessenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S.O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - S.V. Gurianova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y.O. Karatasso
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.F. Shevtsova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - L.N. Shingarova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Kumar A, Singh A. A review on mitochondrial restorative mechanism of antioxidants in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological conditions. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:206. [PMID: 26441662 PMCID: PMC4585235 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are intricate in nature because of the involvement of the multiple pathophysiological events including mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease explained by extracellular amyloid β deposits, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and mitochondrial dysfunction. Increasing evidence has indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction displays significant role in the pathophysiological processes of AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction involves alterations in mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complex activities, oxidative stress, opening of permeability transition pore, and enhanced apoptosis. Various bioenergetics and antioxidants have been tried or under different investigational phase against AD and other neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) because of their complex and multiple site of action. These mitochondrial-targeting bioenergetics and antioxidant compounds such as coenzyme Q10, idebenone, creatine, mitoQ, mitovitE, MitoTEMPOL, latrepirdine, methylene blue, triterpenoids, SS peptides, curcumin, Ginkgo biloba, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with potential efficacy in AD have been identified. Present review is intent to discuss mitochondrial restorative mechanisms of these bioenergetics and antioxidants as a potential alternative drug strategy for effective management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University , Chandigarh, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University , Chandigarh, India
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The age-related gliosis and accompanying deficit in spatial learning are unaffected by dimebon. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:1190-5. [PMID: 23011205 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A non-selective antihistamine, dimebon, has recently emerged as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Dimebon exerts several effects in addition to its anti-histaminergic effect, and of particular interest is its ability to enhance cognitive function in several models. The mechanism underlying this is unknown though it has been suggested that it may be associated with its anti-cholinergic action. Dimebon has also been reported to be neuroprotective, perhaps as a result of its ability to stabilize mitochondria. We considered that these effects might impact on the well-described age-related impairment in spatial learning and therefore examined the effect of repeated administration of dimebon on performance of young and aged animals in the Morris water maze. Whereas a clear age-related deficit was observed, dimebon failed to exert any effect on performance. Similarly, dimebon exerted no effect on the age-related increase in hippocampal expression of several markers of microglial and astroglial activation. We conclude that, despite its cognitive enhancing effects in some models, dimebon failed to modulate the deficit in spatial learning in aged rats and the evidence suggests that the drug does not possess anti-inflammatory properties.
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Qiao DL, Zhang SQ, Giunta B. Is vitamin D beneficial to Alzheimer disease? A surprising dilemma. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:601-3. [PMID: 22591405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Eckert GP, Renner K, Eckert SH, Eckmann J, Hagl S, Abdel-Kader RM, Kurz C, Leuner K, Muller WE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction—A Pharmacological Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:136-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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