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Gu M, Liu L, Zhang C, Chen J, Li X. A simple and rapid model of vascular calcification. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:640-641. [PMID: 33693508 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Lianyong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Chaobao Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
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Dube P, DeRiso A, Patel M, Battepati D, Khatib-Shahidi B, Sharma H, Gupta R, Malhotra D, Dworkin L, Haller S, Kennedy D. Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Diversity in the Vessel Wall. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040404. [PMID: 33917965 PMCID: PMC8068383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). VC is a complex process expressing similarity to bone metabolism in onset and progression. VC in CKD is promoted by various factors not limited to hyperphosphatemia, Ca/Pi imbalance, uremic toxins, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of multiple signaling pathways in different cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), macrophages, and endothelial cells. In the current review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the various kinds of VC, the clinical significance and available therapies, significant contributions from multiple cell types, and the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms for the VC process in the setting of CKD. Thus, we seek to highlight the key factors and cell types driving the pathology of VC in CKD in order to assist in the identification of preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for patients burdened with this disease.
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Pedigo SL, Guth CM, Hocking KM, Banathy A, Li FD, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM, Guzman RJ, Komalavilas P. Calcification of Human Saphenous Vein Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction: A Pilot Histopathophysiological and Demographical Study. Front Surg 2017; 4:6. [PMID: 28232909 PMCID: PMC5298955 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While the pathophysiology and clinical significance of arterial calcifications have been studied extensively, minimal focus has been placed on venous calcification deposition. In this study, we evaluated the association between calcium deposition in human saphenous vein (HSV), endothelial function, and patient demographic risk factors. Fifty-four HSV segments were collected at the time of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The presence or absence of calcium deposits was visualized using the Von Kossa staining method. Endothelial function was determined by measuring muscle tissue contraction with phenylephrine and relaxation with carbachol in a muscle bath. Additional segments of vein underwent histologic evaluation for preexisting intimal thickness and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Patient demographics data were obtained through our institution’s electronic medical record, with patient consent. Calcium was present in 16 of 54 samples (29.6%). Veins with calcium deposits had significantly greater intimal-to-medial thickness ratios (p = 0.0058) and increased extracellular collagen deposition (p = 0.0077). Endothelial relaxation was significantly compromised in calcified veins vs. those without calcium (p = 0.0011). Significant patient risk factors included age (p = 0.001) and preoperative serum creatinine (p = 0.017). Calcified veins can be characterized as having endothelial dysfunction with increased basal intimal thickness and increased ECM deposition. Patient risk factors for calcium deposits in veins were similar to those for arteries, namely, advanced age and kidney disease. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of preexisting vein calcification on short- and long-term graft patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney L Pedigo
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Christy M Guth
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Kyle M Hocking
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Alex Banathy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Fan Dong Li
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Joyce Cheung-Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Colleen M Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Raul J Guzman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Padmini Komalavilas
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Matrix Gla protein (MGP) in rheumatoid arthritis patients: Relation to disease activity. THE EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang J, Huang H, Wu M, Li J, Xie H, Zhou H, Liao E, Peng Y. Connective tissue growth factor induces osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through ERK signaling. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:423-9. [PMID: 23722620 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by promoting vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth, migration, apoptosis, adhesion and the secretion of matrix components. The osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs is essential in the development of vascular calcification. However, the role of CTGF in the transdifferentiation and calcification of VSMCs is unclear. In the present study, we examined whether CTGF stimulates VSMC transdifferentiation. Primary VSMCs were obtained from mouse thoracic aortas by enzymatic digestion and identified by immunostaining for smooth muscle specific α-actin antibody (α-SMA). VSMC calcification was induced by the addition of CTGF to the osteogenic mediaum containing 5-10% FBS in the presence of 0.25 mM ascorbic acid and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate for 14 days. Calcified cells were determined by Alizarin Red S staining. Our results revealed that CTGF induced the expression of several bone markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and core-binding factor subunit α1 (Cbfα1)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), as well as calcification. However, the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity using the ERK-specific inhibitor, PD98059, blocked the induction of these proteins and VSMC calcification. Based on these data, we conclude that CTGF stimulates the transdifferentiation of VSMCs into osteoblasts and that the ERK signaling pathway appears to play a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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Chua GT, Chan YC, Cheng SW. Vitamin D status and peripheral arterial disease: evidence so far. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2011; 7:671-5. [PMID: 22140318 PMCID: PMC3225350 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s24876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency has recently been implicated as a contributory factor in the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods A review of the published literature on PAD and vitamin D was undertaken using Medline, PubMed, and Embase, and cross-referenced. All relevant published papers on the subject were reviewed. Results Published studies have shown that there is a significant association between vitamin D and PAD. Populations with lower vitamin D levels are more likely to develop PAD in a graded manner. Higher amputation rates are also observed among patients with PAD and lower vitamin D levels. In addition, vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events. This was also observed in the mouse model where low vitamin D led to the development of atherosclerosis. Conclusion This study shows that vitamin D deficiency could be an independent risk factor for the development of PAD and that this risk factor is easily correctable. Further studies should look into the effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Chua
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Zhu B, Bailey SR, Agrawal CM. Calcification of primary human osteoblast cultures under flow conditions using polycaprolactone scaffolds for intravascular applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:687-95. [PMID: 21932279 DOI: 10.1002/term.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Total atherosclerotic occlusion is a leading cause of death. Recent animal models of this disease are devoid of cell-mediated calcification and arteries are often not occluded gradually. This study is part of a project with the objective of developing a new model featuring the above two characteristics, using a tissue-engineering scaffold. The amount and distribution of calcium deposits in primary human osteoblast (HOB) cultures on polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds under flow conditions were investigated. HOBs were cultured on PCL scaffolds with TGF-β1 loadings of 0 (control), 5 and 50 ng. HOB-PCL constructs were cultured in spinner flasks. Under flow conditions, cell numbers present in HOB cultures on PCL scaffolds increased from day 7 to day 14, and most calcification was induced at day 21. TGF-β1 loadings of 5 and 50 ng did not show a significant difference in ALP activity, cell numbers and amount of calcium deposited in HOB cultures, but calcium staining showed that 50 ng TGF-β1 had higher calcium deposited on both days 21 and 28 under flow conditions compared with 5 ng of loading. Amount of calcium deposited by HOBs on day 28 showed a decrease from their levels on day 21. PCL degradation may be a factor contributing to this loss. The results indicate that cell-induced calcification can be achieved on PCL scaffolds under flow conditions. In conclusion, TGFβ1-HOB loaded PCL can be applied to create a model for total atherosclerotic occlusion with cell-deposited calcium in animal arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beili Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steven R Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA.,Janey Briscoe Center for Cardiovascular Research, Janey and Dolph Briscoe Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C Mauli Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
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