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Ha DH, Crocombe LA, Khan S, Do LG. The impact of different determinants on the dental caries experience of children living in Australia rural and urban areas. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2020; 49:337-345. [PMID: 33289154 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evidence suggests there are geographical variations in child oral health and this has prompted research into determinants of that variation. This study aimed to investigate factors attributable to the difference in child oral health between urban and rural areas in Australia. METHOD Data were from the National Child Oral Health Study 2012-14, a population-based study of 5- to 14-year-old children, who underwent oral epidemiological examinations by trained examiners. Caries prevalence (dmfs/DMFS > 0) and experience (dmfs/DMFS count) in the primary dentition (5- to 8-year-old) and permanent dentition (9- to 14-year-old) were calculated. Children were grouped by residential location (urban or rural areas). A parental questionnaire collected information on family socio-economic factors, and individual health behaviours (dental access, sugar consumption and toothbrushing). Residential history was used to calculate lifetime exposure to water fluoridation (WF). Analyses were weighted to produce population-representative estimates. The primary outcomes were assessed separately for the two groups in regression models with robust standard error estimation to estimate prevalence ratios and mean ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Population Attributable Fractions were calculated using the population distribution of the exposures and their adjusted estimates. RESULTS 10 581 5- to 8-year-old and 14 041 9- to 14-year-old children were included. Caries prevalence was higher in rural than in urban areas. In multivariable models, exposure to fluoridation, reason for dental visit and consumption of sugary beverages were consistently associated with caries prevalence and experience. WF coverage attributed to differences in caries prevalence (10% vs 21%) and experience (14% vs 35%) in the permanent dentition. High consumption of sugary beverages attributed to a higher primary and permanent dental caries experience in rural than in urban areas. Dental access was also attributed to the differences between the two areas. CONCLUSION Factors at both community and individual levels attributed to the observed differences in child caries prevalence and experience between urban and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diep H Ha
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leonard A Crocombe
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Shahrukh Khan
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Loc G Do
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Freiberg A, Wienke A, Bauer L, Niedermaier A, Führer A. Dental Care for Asylum-Seekers in Germany: A Retrospective Hospital-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082672. [PMID: 32295091 PMCID: PMC7215588 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The growing immigration to Germany led to more patients whose medical needs are divergent from those of the domestic population. In the field of dental health care there is a debate about how well the German health system is able to meet the resulting challenges. Data on asylum-seekers' dental health is scarce. This work is intended to reduce this data gap. Methods: We conducted this retrospective observational study in Halle (Saale), Germany. We included all persons who were registered with the social welfare office (SWO) in 2015 and received dental treatments. From the medical records, we derived information such as complaints, diagnoses, and treatments. Results: Out of 4107 asylum-seekers, the SWO received a bill for 568 people. On average, there were 1.44 treatment cases (95%-CI: 1.34-1.55) and 2.53 contacts with the dentist per patient (95%-CI: 2.33-2.74). Among those, the majority went to the dentist because of localized (43.2%, 95%-CI: 38.7-47.7) and non-localized pain (32.0%, 95%-CI: 27.8-36.2). The most widespread diagnosis was caries (n = 469, 98.7%, 95%-CI: 97.7-99.7). Conclusion: The utilization of dental care is lower among asylum-seekers than among regularly insured patients. We assume that the low prevalence rates in our data indicate existing access barriers to the German health care system.
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Crocombe LA, Allen P, Bettiol S, Khan S, Godwin D, Barnett T, Hoang H, Goldberg LR. Geographical variation in preventable hospital admissions for dental conditions: An Australia‐wide analysis. Aust J Rural Health 2019; 27:520-526. [DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A. Crocombe
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Penny Allen
- Rural Clinical School, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania La TrobeTasmania Australia
| | - Silvana Bettiol
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Shahrukh Khan
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Diana Godwin
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Tony Barnett
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ha Hoang
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Lynette R. Goldberg
- Wicking Centre for Dementia Research and Education, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Irving M, Short S, Gwynne K, Tennant M, Blinkhorn A. ‘I miss my family, it's been a while…’ A qualitative study of clinicians who live and work in rural/remote Australian Aboriginal communities. Aust J Rural Health 2016; 25:260-267. [DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Irving
- The Poche Centre for Indigenous Health; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | - Stephanie Short
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | - Kylie Gwynne
- The Poche Centre for Indigenous Health; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | - Marc Tennant
- International Research Collaborative - Oral Health and Equity; Department of Anatomy; Physiology and Human Biology; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Anthony Blinkhorn
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
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Godwin D, Blizzard L, Hoang H, Crocombe L. Evidence of the effect of rural background on rural practise in Australian dental practitioners: Does gender play a role? Aust Dent J 2016; 62:30-38. [PMID: 27459646 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People residing outside the capital cities have poorer oral health than their city counterparts. Health workforce shortages and stability issues can have negative health effects on rural populations. There has been an increasing proportion of women entering the dental practitioner workforce in Australia. This study investigated whether dental practitioners who have a rural background are more likely to work in a rural area than those who do not have a rural background; and whether the gender of dental practitioners plays a role. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was sent to a sample of dental practitioners via their professional dental associations. Practice location was assigned as either 'urban' or 'rural' using the Australian Standard Geographical Classification - Remoteness Area categories and measured with demographic characteristics of the respondents. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RESULTS Participants with a rural background were more than twice as likely (male PR = 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.79-6.26; female PR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.35-5.87) to practise in a rural area than those with an urban background. CONCLUSIONS Dental practitioners with rural backgrounds were more than twice as likely to work in a rural practice as their urban counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Godwin
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - L Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - H Hoang
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - L Crocombe
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Godwin D, Hoang H, Crocombe L. Views of Australian dental practitioners towards rural recruitment and retention: a descriptive study. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:63. [PMID: 27251191 PMCID: PMC4888206 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite an increase in the supply of dental practitioners in Australia in recent years, there remains an unequal distribution of dental practitioners with more dental practitioners working in city areas. This is in part due to difficulties in attracting and retaining dental practitioners to rural practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of Australian dental practitioners towards what may attract them to rural areas and why they may remain in them. Method A descriptive study, utilising telephone, semi-structured interviews with dental practitioners across Australia. Dental practitioners were recruited through their professional associations. Data were analysed using content and thematic analysis. Results Fifty participants; 34 dentists, eight oral health therapists, and eight dental prosthetists working in rural and urban areas of Australia. Four main themes were identified: Business Case: concerns related to income and employment security, Differences in Clinical Practices: differences in clinical treatments and professional work, Community: fitting in and belonging in the area in which you live and work, and Individual Factors: local area provision for lifestyle choices and circumstances. The most influential of these themes were business case and individual factors. Smaller rural areas, due to low populations and being unable to provide individuals with their lifestyle needs were considered unappealing for dental practitioners to live. Previous experience of rural areas was highly influential. Conclusions The main factors influencing rural recruitment and retention were income sustainability and employment security, and individual factors. Dental practitioners felt that it was harder to earn a sustainable income and provide quality lifestyles for their family in rural areas. Previous experience of rural areas was influential towards long-term rural retention. These factors should be considered in order to develop effective strategies to address the unequal distribution of dental practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Godwin
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Ha Hoang
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Leonard Crocombe
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Crocombe LA, Brennan DS, Slade GD, Stewart JF, Spencer AJ. The effect of lifetime fluoridation exposure on dental caries experience of younger rural adults. Aust Dent J 2015; 60:30-7. [PMID: 25329426 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to confirm whether the level of lifetime fluoridation exposure is associated with lower dental caries experience in younger adults (15-46 years). METHODS Data of the cohort born between 1960 and 1990 residing outside Australia's capital cities from the 2004-2006 Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health were analysed. Residential history questionnaires were used to determine the percentage of each person's lifetime exposure to fluoridated water (<50%/50+%). Examiners recorded decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMFT). Socio-demographic variables, periodontal risk factors, and access to dental care were included in multivariable least-squares regression models. RESULTS In bivariate analysis, the higher level of fluoridation category had significantly lower DMFT (mean 6.01 [SE=0.62]) than the lower level of fluoridation group (9.14 [SE=0.73] p<0.01) and lower numbers of filled teeth (4.08 [SE=0.43], 7.06 [SE=0.62], p<0.01). In multivariate analysis, the higher number of full-time equivalent dentists per 100,000 people was associated with a lower mean number of missing teeth (regression coefficient estimate=-1.75, p=0.03), and the higher level of water fluoridation with a lower mean DMFT (-2.45, p<0.01) and mean number of filled teeth (-2.52, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The higher level of lifetime fluoridation exposure was associated with substantially lower caries experience in younger rural adults, largely due to a lower number of filled teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Crocombe
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Rural Health, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Kraatz J, Qin D, Hoang H, Godwin D, Crocombe LA. Regional use of the Australian Chronic Disease Dental Scheme. Aust J Rural Health 2014; 22:310-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kraatz
- Centre for Rural Health; School of Health Sciences; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
- Oral Health Services Tasmania; Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services; Launceston Tasmania Australia
| | - Daiyo Qin
- Centre for Rural Health; School of Health Sciences; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
| | - Ha Hoang
- Centre for Rural Health; School of Health Sciences; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
| | - Diana Godwin
- Centre for Rural Health; School of Health Sciences; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
| | - Leonard A Crocombe
- Centre for Rural Health; School of Health Sciences; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- School of Dentistry; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
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Crocombe LA. Rural dental health care and the workforce challenges. Med J Aust 2014; 201:644-5. [DOI: 10.5694/mja14.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Crocombe
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
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Arora A, Lam ASF, Karami Z, Do LG, Harris MF. How readable are Australian paediatric oral health education materials? BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:111. [PMID: 25183234 PMCID: PMC4236645 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to analyse the readability of paediatric oral health education leaflets available in Australia. METHODS Forty paediatric oral health education materials were analysed for general readability according to the following parameters: Thoroughness; Textual framework; Terminology; and Readability (Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL), Gunning Fog index (Fog) and Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG)). RESULTS Leaflets produced by the industry were among the hardest to read with an average readability at the 8th grade (8.4 ± 0.1). The readability of leaflets produced by the commercial sector was at the 7th grade (7.1 ± 1.7) and the government at the 6th grade (6.3 ± 1.9). The FKGL consistently yielded readabilities 2 grades below the Fog and SMOG indexes. In the content analyses, 14 essential paediatric oral health topics were noted and Early Childhood Caries (ECC) was identified as the most commonly used jargon term. CONCLUSION Paediatric oral health education materials are readily available, yet their quality and readability vary widely and may be difficult to read for disadvantaged populations in Australia. A redesign of these leaflets while taking literacy into consideration is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Arora
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Room 345, Level 3, AGSM Building, Gate 11, Botany Street, Randwick NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Sydney and Sydney South West Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andy SF Lam
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Zahra Karami
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Loc Giang Do
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark Fort Harris
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Room 345, Level 3, AGSM Building, Gate 11, Botany Street, Randwick NSW 2052, Australia
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Crocombe LA, Bell E, Barnett T. Is it time for an advanced rural dentist? Aust J Rural Health 2014; 22:86. [DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Crocombe LA, Stewart JF, Brennan DS, Slade GD, Spencer AJ. Is clinical oral health poorer in regional areas compared with major city areas? Aust J Rural Health 2013; 21:150-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith F. Stewart
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health; School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide; South Australia
| | - David S. Brennan
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health; School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide; South Australia
| | - Gary D. Slade
- Department of Dental Ecology; UNC School of Dentistry; The University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill; North Carolina; USA
| | - Andrew J. Spencer
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health; School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide; South Australia
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Crocombe LA, Stewart JF, Brennan DS, Slade GD, Spencer AJ. Is poor access to dental care why people outside capital cities have poor oral health? Aust Dent J 2012. [PMID: 23186574 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Why oral health status outside capital cities is poorer than that in capital cities has not been satisfactorily explained. The aim of this study was to determine if the reason was poorer access to dental care. METHODS Data were obtained from the Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health (2004-06). Oral health status was measured by DMFT Index, and numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth. A two-step analysis was undertaken: comparing the dependent variables by location, socio-demographic confounders and preventive dental behaviours, and then including six access to dental care variables. RESULTS Of the 14 123 people interviewed, 5505 were examined, and 4170 completed the questionnaire. With socio-economic parameters in the first regression model, non-capital city people had higher DMFT (regression coefficient = 1.15, p < 0.01), more decayed (0.42, p < 0.01) and missing teeth (0.85, p < 0.01), but not filled teeth (-0.11, p = 0.71), than capital city based people. In the second step analysis, non-capital city people still had a greater DMFT (1.01, p < 0.01), more decayed (0.27, p = 0.03) and missing teeth (0.74, p < 0.01), but not filled teeth (0.00, p = 0.99) than capital city based people. CONCLUSIONS Access to dental care was not the only reason why people outside capital cities have poorer oral health than people living in capital cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Crocombe
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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