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Wang J, Ning J, Qian X, Zhang T, Yao M, Wang J, Chen X, Lu F. Deletion of Golgi protein 73 delayed hepatocyte proliferation of mouse in the early stages of liver regeneration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:1346-1356. [PMID: 33119928 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Golgi protein 73 (GP73) is a transmembrane protein that can promote the proliferation of cancer cells. However, the roles of GP73 in the proliferation of non-malignant hepatocytes have rarely been investigated. METHODS The wild-type (GP73+/+ ) and GP73 gene knockout mice (GP73-/- ) were subject to 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) to explore the involvement of GP73 in liver regeneration. RESULTS After PHx, a significant increase of GP73 expression was observed in GP73+/+ mouse liver. Noticeably, promoted recovery of liver mass was observed in GP73-/- mouse at Day 1 after PHx, as showed by the liver/body weight ratio. RNA sequencing revealed that genes relevant to cell cycle and inflammation response in the residual liver tissues were severely suppressed with the deletion of GP73, particularly the inactivation of NF-κB signal pathway in early phase of liver regeneration. In line with this, we do see the downregulation of cell cycle-related protein including cyclin D1, p-cyclin D1, β-catenin, as well as interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, CCl2, and CXCl10. In contrast, activation of mTOR signaling pathway was documented, accompanied with the histological hypertrophy of hepatocytes in GP73-/- mouse. CONCLUSIONS Golgi protein 73 deletion leads to delayed response of liver regeneration and inflammation in the early stages of liver regeneration after PHx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Yang N, Liang G, Lin J, Zhang S, Lin Q, Ji X, Chen H, Li N, Jin S. Ginsenoside Rd therapy improves histological and functional recovery in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3019-3028. [PMID: 32468636 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rd (GRd) is a biologically active component of ginseng that stimulates the proliferation of endogenous stem cells. The objective of our research was to evaluate the utility of GRd in gastrointestinal mucosal regeneration in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to clarify whether GRd exerts its pharmacological effects by modulating endogenous intestinal stem cells. The IBD rat model was established via subcutaneous injection of indomethacin, and 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg GRd or an equal volume of physiological saline was then administered orally to rats in different groups every day for seven consecutive days. We observed that GRd treatment, especially 20 mg/kg GRd, significantly reduced indomethacin-induced damage compared with that in the control group. By measuring the mRNA and protein levels of the intestinal stem cell markers Bmi and Msi-1 and the intestinal epithelial cell marker CDX-2 as well as by double-labelling these markers with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), we inferred that GRd could stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous intestinal stem cells in IBD model rats, leading to improved recovery of intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guoying Liang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuchi Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuechun Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haoyuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shizhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Balaphas A, Meyer J, Perozzo R, Zeisser-Labouebe M, Berndt S, Turzi A, Fontana P, Scapozza L, Gonelle-Gispert C, Bühler LH. Platelet Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Induces Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells to Secrete Interleukin-6. Cells 2020; 9:E1311. [PMID: 32466100 PMCID: PMC7290849 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles and interactions of platelets and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver regeneration are unclear, and the trigger that initiates hepatocyte proliferation is unknown. We aimed to identify the key factors released by activated platelets that induce liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to produce interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine implicated in the early phase of liver regeneration. We characterized the releasate of activated platelets inducing the in vitro production of IL-6 by mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and observed that the stimulating factor was a thermolabile protein. Following gel filtration, a single fraction of activated platelet releasate induced a maximal IL-6 secretion by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (90.2 ± 13.9 versus control with buffer, 9.0 ± 0.8 pg/mL, p < 0.05). Mass spectroscopy analysis of this fraction, followed by in silico processing, resulted in a reduced list of 18 candidates. Several proteins from the list were tested, and only recombinant transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) resulted in an increased IL-6 production up to 242.7 ± 30.5 pg/mL, which was comparable to non-fractionated platelet releasate effect. Using neutralizing anti-TGF-β1 antibody or a TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor, IL-6 production by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells was dramatically reduced. These results support a role of platelet TGF-β1 β1 in the priming phase of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Balaphas
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Unit of Surgical Research, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Meyer
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Unit of Surgical Research, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Remo Perozzo
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.Z.-L.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magali Zeisser-Labouebe
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.Z.-L.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Berndt
- Regen Lab SA, En Budron b2, 1052 Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Antoine Turzi
- Regen Lab SA, En Budron b2, 1052 Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Geneva Platelet Group, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.Z.-L.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (C.G.-G.); (L.H.B.)
| | - Leo H. Bühler
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (C.G.-G.); (L.H.B.)
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Meyer K, Morales‐Navarrete H, Seifert S, Wilsch‐Braeuninger M, Dahmen U, Tanaka EM, Brusch L, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M. Bile canaliculi remodeling activates YAP via the actin cytoskeleton during liver regeneration. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e8985. [PMID: 32090478 PMCID: PMC7036714 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20198985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of organ size control remain poorly understood. A key question is how cells collectively sense the overall status of a tissue. We addressed this problem focusing on mouse liver regeneration. Using digital tissue reconstruction and quantitative image analysis, we found that the apical surface of hepatocytes forming the bile canalicular network expands concomitant with an increase in F-actin and phospho-myosin, to compensate an overload of bile acids. These changes are sensed by the Hippo transcriptional co-activator YAP, which localizes to apical F-actin-rich regions and translocates to the nucleus in dependence of the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. This mechanism tolerates moderate bile acid fluctuations under tissue homeostasis, but activates YAP in response to sustained bile acid overload. Using an integrated biophysical-biochemical model of bile pressure and Hippo signaling, we explained this behavior by the existence of a mechano-sensory mechanism that activates YAP in a switch-like manner. We propose that the apical surface of hepatocytes acts as a self-regulatory mechano-sensory system that responds to critical levels of bile acids as readout of tissue status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Meyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | | | - Sarah Seifert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | | | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation SurgeryDepartment of General, Visceral and Vascular SurgeryJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular PathologyVienna BioCenterViennaAustria
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Center for Information Services and High Performance ComputingTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Faculty of Bioengineering and BioinformaticsMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
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Wu YZ, Sun J, Yang H, Zhao X, He D, Pu M, Zhang G, He N, Zeng X. Biosynthetic Mechanism of Luminescent ZnO Nanocrystals in the Mammalian Blood Circulation and Their Functionalization for Tumor Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:105-113. [PMID: 29281248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of nanoparticles in bioreactors using microbial, plant, or animal cells is at the forefront of nanotechnology. We demonstrated for the first time that luminescent, water-soluble ZnO nanocrystals (bio-ZnO NCs) can be spontaneously biosynthesized in the mammalian blood circulation, not in cells, when animals were fed with Zn(CH3COO)2 aqueous solution. Serum albumin, rather than metallothioneins or glutathione, proved to play the pivotal role in biosynthesis. The bio-ZnO NCs were gradually taken up in the liver and degraded and excreted in the urine. Thus, we propose that in mammals such as rodents, bovinae, and humans, excess metal ions absorbed into the cardiovascular system via the intestine can be transformed into nanoparticles by binding to serum albumin, forming a "provisional metal-pool", to reduce the toxicity of free metal ions at high concentration and regulate metal homeostasis in the body. Furthermore, the bio-ZnO NCs, which showed favorable biocompatibility, were functionalized with the anticancer drug daunorubicin and effectively achieved controlled drug release mediated by intracellular glutathione in tumor xenograft mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining 810001, China
| | - Dacheng He
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | | | | | - Nongyue He
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 210004, China
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Minocha S, Villeneuve D, Rib L, Moret C, Guex N, Herr W. Segregated hepatocyte proliferation and metabolic states within the regenerating mouse liver. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:871-885. [PMID: 29404499 PMCID: PMC5721458 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian partial hepatectomy (PH) induces an orchestrated compensatory hyperplasia, or regeneration, in remaining tissue to restore liver mass; during this process, liver functions are maintained. We probed this process in mice with feeding- and light/dark-entrained animals subjected to sham or PH surgery. Early on (i.e., 10 hours), irrespective of sham or PH surgery, hepatocytes equidistant from the portal and central veins (i.e., midlobular) accumulated the G1-phase cell-division-cycle marker cyclin D1. By 24 hours, however, cyclin D1 disappeared absent PH but was reinforced in midlobular hepatocytes after PH. At 48 hours after PH and 2 hours fasting, synchronously mitotic hepatocytes possessed less glycogen than surrounding nonproliferating hepatocytes. The differential glycogen content generated a conspicuous entangled pattern of proliferating midlobular and nonproliferating periportal and pericentral hepatocytes. The nonproliferating hepatocytes maintained aspects of normal liver properties. Conclusion: In the post-PH regenerating mouse liver, a binary switch segregates midlobular cells to proliferate side-by-side with nonproliferating periportal and pericentral cells, which maintain metabolic functions. Our results also indicate that mechanisms of liver regeneration display evolutionary flexibility. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:871-885).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Minocha
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dominic Villeneuve
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Leonor Rib
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland.,Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Génopode Lausanne Switzerland.,Present address: Present address for Leonor Rib is the Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology & Biotech Research and Innovation Center University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Catherine Moret
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Génopode Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Winship Herr
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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Selective estrogen receptor modulator: A novel polysaccharide from Sparganii Rhizoma induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 163:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wu YZ, Sun J, Zhang Y, Pu M, Zhang G, He N, Zeng X. Effective Integration of Targeted Tumor Imaging and Therapy Using Functionalized InP QDs with VEGFR2 Monoclonal Antibody and miR-92a Inhibitor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13068-13078. [PMID: 28358188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis and targeted drug treatment require agents that possess multiple functions. Nanomaterials that facilitate optical imaging and direct drug delivery have shown great promise for effective cancer treatment. In this study, we first modified near-infrared fluorescent indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) monoclonal antibody to afford targeted drug delivery function. Then, a miR-92a inhibitor, an antisense microRNA that enhances the expression of tumor suppressor p63, was attached to the VEGFR2-InP QDs via electrostatic interactions. The functionalized InP nanocomposite (IMAN) selectively targets tumor sites and allows for infrared imaging in vivo. We further explored the mechanism of this active targeting. The IMAN was endocytosed and delivered in the form of microvesicles via VEGFR2-CD63 signaling. Moreover, the IMAN induced apoptosis of human myelogenous leukemia cells through the p63 pathway in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that the IMAN may provide a new and promising chemotherapy strategy against cancer cells, particularly by its active targeting function and utility in noninvasive three-dimensional tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nongyue He
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Maternal and Child Health Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital , Nanjing 210029, China
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Marongiu F, Marongiu M, Contini A, Serra M, Cadoni E, Murgia R, Laconi E. Hyperplasia vs hypertrophy in tissue regeneration after extensive liver resection. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1764-1770. [PMID: 28348481 PMCID: PMC5352916 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i10.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To address to what extent hypertrophy and hyperplasia contribute to liver mass restoration after major tissue loss.
METHODS The ability of the liver to regenerate is remarkable on both clinical and biological grounds. Basic mechanisms underlying this process have been intensively investigated. However, it is still debated to what extent hypertrophy and hyperplasia contribute to liver mass restoration after major tissue loss. We addressed this issue using a genetically tagged system. We were able to follow the fate of single transplanted hepatocytes during the regenerative response elicited by 2/3 partial surgical hepatectomy (PH) in rats. Clusters of transplanted cells were 3D reconstructed and their size distribution was evaluated over time after PH.
RESULTS Liver size and liver DNA content were largely recovered 10 d post-PH, as expected (e.g., total DNA/liver/100 g b.w. was 6.37 ± 0.21 before PH and returned to 6.10 ± 0.36 10 d after PH). Data indicated that about 2/3 of the original residual hepatocytes entered S-phase in response to PH. Analysis of cluster size distribution at 24, 48, 96 h and 10 d after PH revealed that about half of the remnant hepatocytes completed at least 2 cell cycles. Average size of hepatocytes increased at 24 h (248.50 μm2 ± 7.82 μm2, P = 0.0015), but returned to control values throughout the regenerative process (up to 10 d post-PH, 197.9 μm2 ± 6.44 μm2, P = 0.11). A sizeable fraction of the remnant hepatocyte population does not participate actively in tissue mass restoration.
CONCLUSION Hyperplasia stands as the major mechanism contributing to liver mass restoration after PH, with hypertrophy playing a transient role in the process.
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Fausto N, Campbell JS, Riehle KJ. Liver regeneration. J Hepatol 2012; 57:692-4. [PMID: 22613006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Fausto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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