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Cariani E, Roli L, Missale G, Villa E, Ferrari C, Trenti T. Interleukin 28B polymorphisms as predictors of sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C: systematic review and meta-analysis. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 16:18-29. [PMID: 25918016 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism of interleukin 28B gene represents a powerful outcome predictor for interferon-based regimens in hepatitis C virus infection. However, some studies report conflicting results. The predictive value of interleukin 28B genotype over the outcome interferon-α/ribavirin treatment was thoroughly evaluated and compared with virological predictors of response. Literature revision was performed on PubMed. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by fixed- or random-effects models. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. Sixty-two eligible papers including 20 290 patients were retrieved. Both polymorphisms (rs12979860 and rs8099917) were strongly associated with response (OR=4.09 and 4.00, respectively), however, the association was weaker for subjects infected with viral genotypes 2 and 3 (OR=1.52 and 1.49, respectively). Compared with interleukin 28B genotype, the association with response was lower for baseline viremia (OR=2.15) and higher for rapid virological response (OR=13.86). These results provide a critical evaluation of interleukin 28B genotype as a pharmacogenetic predictor in hepatitis C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cariani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology-Toxicology, Ospedale S Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - L Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology-Toxicology, Ospedale S Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - G Missale
- UO Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italy
| | - E Villa
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Ferrari
- UO Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italy
| | - T Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology-Toxicology, Ospedale S Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
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Olmedo DB, Cader SA, Porto LC. IFN-λ gene polymorphisms as predictive factors in chronic hepatitis C treatment-naive patients without access to protease inhibitors. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1702-15. [PMID: 25970604 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The single nucleotides polymorphisms analyses in the regions near the IL28B gene in patients chronically infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) are an important predictive factor for sustained virological response (SVR). The aim was to assess the predictive value of the polymorphisms of the IL28B/IFNL3 gene in patients chronically infected with genotype 1 for the viral clearance obtained after initial treatment including admixed populations. A systematic review was conducted, using a meta-analysis in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and SCIELO using MesH and DECS in 42 studies. The parameters were IL28B polymorphisms, rs12979860, rs8099917, and rs12980275, SVR ratio, and OR (odds ratio). OR and confidence Interval of 95% (95%CI), were calculated by fixed or random effects models. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were also performed. Significant differences were noted between carriers groups with the major versus minor allele at rs12979860 CC versus CT/TT-genotype (OR = 4.18; 95%CI = 3.37-5.17), rs8099917 TT versus TG/GG-genotype (OR = 4.07; 95%CI = 2.94-5.63), and rs12980275 AA versus AA/AG-genotype (OR = 5.34; 95%CI = 1.60-17.82). There was selection bias in the rs8099917 analysis (Egger's regression P = 0.049), which reversed after performing a sensitivity analysis (P = 0.510). The incorporation of SNP analyses in IL28B/IFNL3 gene during the diagnosis process in Brazil should be used as a complementary tool to determine the appropriate treatment for HCV genotype 1. Here, we confirm that the rs12979860 CC, rs8099917 TT, and rs12980275 AA genotype-carriers have favorable responses to standard therapy, including two studies with Brazilian population, and this information should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Blasquez Olmedo
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samária Ali Cader
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Cristóvão Porto
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nagaoki Y, Imamura M, Kawakami Y, Kan H, Fujino H, Fukuhara T, Kobayashi T, Ono A, Nakahara T, Naeshiro N, Urabe A, Yokoyama S, Miyaki D, Murakami E, Kawaoka T, Tsuge M, Hiramatsu A, Aikata H, Takahashi S, Hayes CN, Ochi H, Chayama K. Interferon lambda 4 polymorphism affects on outcome of telaprevir, pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E447-54. [PMID: 24690180 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The predictive value of the recently identified interferon-λ (IFNL)4 polymorphism on the outcome of telaprevir (TVR), pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C is unknown. METHODS We assessed predictive factors for sustained virological response (SVR) for TVR, PEG IFN plus RBV combination therapy in 283 genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients. IFNL4 polymorphism ss469415590 was analyzed by Invader assay. RESULTS SVR rates for patients with IFNL4 TT/TT genotype were significantly higher than for those with the IFNL4 TT/ΔG or ΔG/ΔG genotypes (93% and 59%, respectively, P < 0.0001). In a multivariate regression analysis, prior treatment history (treatment-naïve patients or patients who relapsed during prior treatment) (odds ratio [OR], 2.385; P = 0.028), rapid virological response (OR, 6.800; P < 0.0001) and ss469415590 TT/TT genotype (OR, 8.064; P < 0.0001) were identified as significant independent predictors for SVR. In patients with IFNL4 TT/ΔG or ΔG/ΔG genotypes, SVR rates for non-RVR patients were significantly lower than RVR patients (22% and 75%, respectively, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Analysis of IFNL4 polymorphism is a valuable predictor in patients receiving TVR triple therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nagaoki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Masaki N, Sugiyama M, Shimada N, Tanaka Y, Nakamuta M, Izumi N, Watanabe S, Tsubota A, Komatsu M, Masaki T, Enomoto N, Yoneda M, Murata K, Ito K, Koike K, Mizokami M. Pretreatment prediction of the outcome of response-guided peginterferon-α and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1996-2005. [PMID: 24910341 PMCID: PMC4263356 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The accuracy for predicting virological outcomes of peginterferon-α and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C is limited to approximately 80%, even with IL28B genotyping. Our in vitro study revealed that the numbers of (TA) dinucleotide repeats [(TA)n] of rs72258881, which is located in the promoter region of IL28B gene, might regulate IL28B transcription. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of these host factors for predicting virological outcomes of this therapy in response-guided clinical settings. METHODS A nationwide, multi-center prospective study in Japan determined IL28B (rs8099917) genotype, (TA)n of rs72258881, and amino acid substitutions of hepatitis C virus and used these for multivariate analysis together with other parameters at pretreatment. RESULTS After enrolling 215 patients with genotype 1 and high viral load from 23 hospitals between October 2009 and February 2011, intent-to-treat analysis identified 202 patients in whom the final virological outcomes could be determined. Non-virological response by non-TT genotype was predicted with 79.7% accuracy. When combined with the (TA)n, the incidences of virological response tended to be higher in the longer (TA)n group, regardless of rs8099917 genotype. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that rs8099917 non-TT genotype (P < 0.001), shorter (TA)n (P = 0.011), mutation of amino acid 70 in the virus core region (P = 0.029), and lower levels of serum albumin (P = 0.036) were independently associated with non-virological response. CONCLUSIONS IL28B genotype and (TA)n of rs72258881 may independently affect virological outcomes of peginterferon-α and ribavirin as host factors, even in response-guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Masaki
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and MedicineChiba, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and MedicineChiba, Japan
| | - Noritomo Shimada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General HospitalChiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamuta
- Department of Gastroenterology, NHO Kyushu Medical CenterFukuoka, Japan
| | - Namiki Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross HospitalTokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Tsubota
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, The Jikei University School of MedicineChiba, Japan
| | | | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kagawa Medical University School of MedicineKagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Enomoto
- First Department of Medicine, Yamanashi University School of MedicineYamanashi, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoneda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of MedicineAichi, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and MedicineChiba, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Ito
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and MedicineChiba, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of MedicineAichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and MedicineChiba, Japan
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Aizawa N, Enomoto H, Takashima T, Sakai Y, Iwata K, Ikeda N, Tanaka H, Iwata Y, Saito M, Imanishi H, Iijima H, Nishiguchi S. Thrombocytopenia in pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:1253-63. [PMID: 24065124 PMCID: PMC4124258 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effect and prognostic indicators of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy in thrombocytopenic patients with chronic hepatitis C, hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis, and those who underwent splenectomy or partial splenic embolization (PSE). METHODS Of 326 patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease (252 with genotype 1b and 74 with genotype 2a/2b) treated with PEG-IFN/RBV, 90 were diagnosed with cirrhosis. RESULTS Regardless of the degree of thrombocytopenia, the administration rate was significantly higher in the splenectomy/PSE group compared to the cirrhosis group. However, in patients with genotype 1b, the sustained virological response (SVR) rate was significantly lower in the cirrhosis and the splenectomy/PSE groups compared to the chronic hepatitis group. No cirrhotic patients with platelets less than 80,000 achieved an SVR. Patients with genotype 2a/2b were more likely to achieve an SVR than genotype 1b. Prognostic factors for SVR in patients with genotype 1b included the absence of esophageal and gastric varices, high serum ALT, low AST/ALT ratio, and the major homo type of the IL28B gene. Splenectomy- or PSE-facilitated induction of IFN in patients with genotype 2a/2b was more likely to achieve an SVR by an IFN dose maintenance regimen. Patients with genotype 1b have a low SVR regardless of splenectomy/PSE. In particular, patients with a hetero/minor type of IL28B did not have an SVR. CONCLUSIONS Splenectomy/PSE for IFN therapy should be performed in patients expected to achieve a treatment response, considering their genotype and IL28B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Aizawa
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Hirayuki Enomoto
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takashima
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Kazunari Iwata
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Naoto Ikeda
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Hironori Tanaka
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Iwata
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Imanishi
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Hiroko Iijima
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishiguchi
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501 Japan
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Murata K, Sugiyama M, Kimura T, Yoshio S, Kanto T, Kirikae I, Saito H, Aoki Y, Hiramine S, Matsui T, Ito K, Korenaga M, Imamura M, Masaki N, Mizokami M. Ex vivo induction of IFN-λ3 by a TLR7 agonist determines response to Peg-IFN/ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:126-37. [PMID: 23591768 PMCID: PMC3895210 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation around interleukin-28B (IL28B), encoding IFN-λ3, predict non-responders to pegylated interferon-α/ribavirin (Peg-IFN/RBV) therapy in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). However, it remains unclear the expression and the role of IL28B itself. The aim of this study is to develop easy and useful methods for the prediction of treatment outcomes. METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of IFN-λ3 induced by ex vivo stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or magnetically selected dendritic cells (DCs) with toll-like receptor agonists (TLR3; poly I:C, TLR7; R-837) were measured by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and our newly developed chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassays, respectively, and compared with the clinical data. RESULTS We found that BDCA-4(+) plasmacytoid and BDCA-3(+) myeloid DCs were the main producers of IFN-λs when stimulated with R-837 and poly I:C, respectively. Detectable levels of IFN-λs were inducible even in a small amount of PBMC, and IFN-λ3 was more robustly up-regulated by R-837 in PBMC of CHC patients with favorable genotype for the response to Peg-IFN/RBV (TT in rs8099917) than those with TG/GG. Importantly, the protein levels of IFN-λ3 induced by R-837 clearly differentiated the response to Peg-IFN/RBV treatment (p = 1.0 × 10(-10)), including cases that IL28B genotyping failed to predict the treatment response. The measurement of IFN-λ3 protein more accurately predicted treatment efficacies (95.7 %) than that of IL28B genotyping (65.2 %). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variations around IL28B basically affect IFN-λ3 production, but different amounts of IFN-λ3 protein determines the outcomes of Peg-IFN/RBV treatment. This study, for the first time, presents compelling evidence that IL28B confer a functional phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumoto Murata
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | | | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikue Kirikae
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Aoki
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiramine
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Teppei Matsui
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Ito
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Masaaki Korenaga
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Imamura
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Naohiko Masaki
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516 Japan
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Jiménez-Sousa MA, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Guzmán-Fulgencio M, García-Álvarez M, Resino S. Meta-analysis: implications of interleukin-28B polymorphisms in spontaneous and treatment-related clearance for patients with hepatitis C. BMC Med 2013; 11:6. [PMID: 23298311 PMCID: PMC3570369 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2009, several studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the gene encoding for interleukin (IL)-28 (IL28B) that are strongly associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance. Because this large amount of data includes some inconsistencies, we consider assessment of the global estimate for each SNP to be essential. METHODS Relevant studies assessing IL28B polymorphisms associated with sustained virologic response (SVR) and spontaneous clearance (SC) were identified from a literature search of PubMed up to 9 July, 2012. Studies were eligible studies if they included patients infected with HCV or HCV/HIV, or assessed any SNP located within or near the IL28B gene, SVR data available under standard treatment, and/or SC data in patients with acute HCV infection. Pooled odds ratios were estimated by fixed or random effects models when appropriate. Variables such as HCV genotype, ethnicity, and type of co-infection were studied. RESULTS Of 282 screened studies, 67 were selected for SVR and 10 for SC. In total, 20,163 patients were studied for SVR and 3,554 for SC. For SVR, we found that all SNPs showed strong associations in patients with HCV genotypes 1 and 4, whereas the pooled ORs were almost three times lower for genotypes 2 and 3 (rs12979860 and rs8099917). Regarding ethnicity, the SNP most associated with SVR was rs12979860 in white patients, whereas in East Asians it seemed to be rs8099917. The most studied SNP (rs12979860) showed similar results for patients co-infected with HCV/HIV, as for those infected with HCV only. Finally, rs12979860 and rs8099917 both appeared to be associated with SC. CONCLUSIONS IL28B polymorphisms influence both the outcome of interferon treatment and the natural clearance of HCV. However we did not identify a universal predictor SNP, as the best genetic markers differed depending on patient ethnicity, genotype, and type of infection. Nevertheless, our results may be useful for more precise treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Jiménez-Sousa
- Unit of HIV/Hepatitis Coinfection, National Center for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- Unit of HIV/Hepatitis Coinfection, National Center for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Guzmán-Fulgencio
- Unit of HIV/Hepatitis Coinfection, National Center for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica García-Álvarez
- Unit of HIV/Hepatitis Coinfection, National Center for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unit of HIV/Hepatitis Coinfection, National Center for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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