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Labib ME, Perazzo A, Manganaro JL, Tabani Y, Durham CJ, Schemehorn BR, McClure HC, Walsh LJ. Stain removal, abrasion and anticaries properties of a novel low abrasion dentifrice containing micro-fibrillated cellulose: in vitro assessments. J Dent 2024; 146:105038. [PMID: 38714242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This laboratory study assessed the performance of a novel fluoride dentifrice containing micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and entrapped silica. METHODS Removal of extrinsic stains was assessed using the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) method, and radioactive dentin abrasivity (RDA) was measured, to calculate a cleaning efficiency index (CEI). Fluoride efficacy was evaluated using widely used remineralization and fluoride uptake methods. The test product (Protegera™) was compared to common dentifrices (Crest - Cavity Protection™ and ProHealth™, Sensodyne Pronamel™, Arm & Hammer™ Advanced Whitening, Crest ProHealth™, and Colgate Optic White™). RESULTS The PCR for the MFC dentifrice (141) was comparable to three known marketed stain-removing dentifrices (Arm & Hammer™ Advanced Whitening, Crest ProHealth™, and Colgate Optic White™) but it had a significantly lower RDA (88 ± 6) than 5 other products. This gave it the highest CEI of the tested products (2.0). In a 10-day pH cycling study, the fluoride efficacy of the MFC product was comparable to Sensodyne Pronamel and Crest Cavity Protection. The MFC dentifrice was superior for promoting fluoride uptake into incipient enamel lesions compared to the USP reference dentifrice. CONCLUSION The MFC dentifrice has low abrasion, but despite this, it is highly effective in removing stained pellicle. It also is an efficacious fluoride source when compared to relevant commercially available fluoride dentifrices with high dentin abrasivity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The addition of micro-fibrillated cellulose to a fluoride dentifrice gives a low abrasive product that can effectively remove external stains, and serve as an effective fluoride source. This combination of benefits seems well suited to enamel protection and caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence J Walsh
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
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Labib ME, Perazzo A, Manganaro J, Tabani Y, Milleman KR, Milleman JL, Walsh LJ. Clinical Assessment of Plaque Removal Using a Novel Dentifrice Containing Cellulose Microfibrils. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 12:7. [PMID: 38248215 PMCID: PMC10813951 DOI: 10.3390/dj12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dentifrice performance in the removal of dental plaque is influenced by the interactions of dentifrice components with tooth surfaces. This randomized controlled clinical study assessed the effectiveness and safety of a novel fluoride dentifrice formulation that included a micro-fibrillated cellulose network with entangled microcrystalline cellulose and silica particles (ProtegeraTM), and compared this to a positive control fluoride dentifrice (Crest Cavity Protection™). Whole mouth dental plaque levels in 82 healthy adults were measured after the first supervised use, and following a week of twice daily use at home. Overall, the test dentifrice was at least three times and up to four times more effective in whole-mouth plaque reductions, with a 38.6% reduction on first use, a 30.9% reduction at day 7, and a 41.6% reduction from day 1 to day 7, compared to reductions of 12.0%, 9.6% and 11.6%, respectively for the positive control, and up to seven times more effective in lingual plaque reductions, than the reference dentifrice (p < 0.001), with a 27.7% reduction on first use, a 22.3% reduction at day 7, and a 31.0% reduction from day 1 to day 7, compared to reductions of 4.4%, 2.2%, and 4.5%, respectively, for the positive control. No safety issues arose from the use of the test dentifrice. These results indicate that including micro-fibrillated cellulose enhances plaque removal effectiveness, without causing adverse changes to oral soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E. Labib
- NovaFlux, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (A.P.); (J.M.); (Y.T.)
| | - Antonio Perazzo
- NovaFlux, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (A.P.); (J.M.); (Y.T.)
| | - James Manganaro
- NovaFlux, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (A.P.); (J.M.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yacoob Tabani
- NovaFlux, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (A.P.); (J.M.); (Y.T.)
| | | | | | - Laurence J. Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia;
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Carneiro BT, Kury M, Lopes JC, Gonçalves RS, Suzuki TYU, Picolo MZD, Giannini M, André CB. Effect of whitening toothpastes and activated charcoal powder on enamel wear and surface roughness. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e092. [PMID: 38055513 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate surface roughness (Sa), roughness profile (Rv), and enamel wear after brushing with different whitening toothpastes and charcoal powders. Sixty (n = 10) bovine enamel blocks (6 × 6 × 3 mm) were randomly distributed into six groups according to toothpaste type: regular toothpaste (CONT), toothpaste containing 2% hydrogen peroxide (HP), toothpaste containing titanium dioxide (TiO2), toothpaste containing charcoal (COAL), toothpaste containing charcoal and TiO2 (COAL+TiO2), and activated charcoal powder (COAL_PWD). Each block was subjected to 30,000 reciprocal cycles at a 1:3 proportion slurry. After brushing, the blocks were analyzed using an optical profilometer to determine Sa, Rv, and enamel wear. In addition, representative 3D images of each group and wear profiles were obtained. Sa was analyzed using generalized linear models followed by Bonferroni correction, whereas Rv was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. After brushing, COAL and COAL+TiO2 showed higher Sa values than COAL_PWD. However, no significant difference was observed in Sa between whitening toothpaste and COAL_PWD, and CONT (p > 0.05). In addition, no differences were observed among the groups in Rv (p > 0.05). Conversely, enamel wear was higher for TiO2, COAL, COAL+TiO2, and COAL_PWD than for CONT. CONT showed the least enamel wear, whereas HP showed intermediate values. Representative 3D images and line profiles showed lower step-height and lower mean surface losses for the CONT and HP groups than for the other groups. Whitening toothpastes and COAL_PWD did not increase Sa or Rv compared with CONT, while CONT demonstrated lower enamel wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Tavares Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus Kury
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jovana Cacique Lopes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Characterization and Processing of Nanomaterials, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais Yumi Umeda Suzuki
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mayara Zaghi Dal Picolo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Bosso André
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Kruzic JJ, Hoffman M, Arsecularatne JA. Fatigue and wear of human tooth enamel: A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105574. [PMID: 36473402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human tooth enamel must withstand the cyclic contact forces, wear, and corrosion processes involved with typical oral functions. Furthermore, unlike other human tissues, dental enamel does not have a significant capacity for healing or self-repair and thus the longevity of natural teeth in the oral environment depends to a large degree on the fatigue and wear properties of enamel. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our understanding of the fatigue and wear mechanisms of human enamel and how they relate to in vivo observations of tooth damage in the complex oral environment. A key finding of this review is that fatigue and wear processes are closely related. For example, the presence of abrasive wear particles significantly lowers the forces needed to initiate contact fatigue cracking while subsurface fatigue crack propagation drives key delamination wear mechanisms during attrition or attrition-corrosion of enamel. Furthermore, this review seeks to bring a materials science and mechanical engineering perspective to fatigue and wear phenomena. In this regard, we see developing a mechanistic description of fatigue and wear, and understanding the interconnectivity of the processes, as essential for successfully modelling enamel fatigue and wear damage and developing strategies and treatments to improve the longevity of our natural teeth. Furthermore, we anticipate that this review will stimulate ideas for extending the lifetime of the natural tooth structure and will help highlight where our understanding is too limited and where additional research into fatigue and wear of human tooth enamel is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Kruzic
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Mark Hoffman
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Arsecularatne
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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5
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Kim JH, Kim S, Truong VM, Lee JW, Park YS. Is whitening toothpaste safe for dental health?: RDA-PE method. Dent Mater J 2022; 41:731-740. [PMID: 35793939 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The relative dentin abrasivity-profilometry equivalent values were compared using non-contact profilometry with three subtypes of regular toothpaste and two subtypes of whitening toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate and 35% hydrogen peroxide. Bovine dentin specimens were assigned to six groups: regular toothpaste (R): R1 (BAMBOO SALT GUM OINTMENT); R2 (MEDIAN TARTAR ORIGINAL); R3 (PERIOE Alpha), Reference slurry: RS (calcium pyrophosphate), whitening toothpaste (W): W1 (NET. WT); W2 (Vussen 28 WHITENING). Relative dentin abrasion-profilometry equivalent (RDA-PE) was determined by brushing 10,000 times (n=8). The pH of the toothpaste was measured (n=5) and the abrasive constituents of the toothpaste was analyzed by FE-SEM and EDS. The RDA-PE values ranged from 26 to166, and the pH level ranges were 4.928-9.153. The RDA-PE value of the whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide was not high compared with that of the regular toothpaste. The RDA-PE values of whitening toothpaste could vary depending on the mechanism and ingredients of the whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Van Mai Truong
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Joo Won Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University.,Center future of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
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Grover V, Kumar A, Jain A, Chatterjee A, Grover HS, Pandit N, Satpathy A, Madhavan Pillai BR, Melath A, Dhruvakumar D, Thakur R, Joshi NV, Deshpande N, Dadlani H, Meenakshi AA, Ashok KP, Reddy KV, Bhasin MT, Salaria SK, Verma A, Gaikwad RP, Darekar H, Amirisetty R, Phadnaik M, Karemore V, Dhulipalla R, Mody D, Rao TS, Chakarpani S, Ranganath V. ISP Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for the management of Dentin Hypersensitivity. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2022; 26:307-333. [PMID: 35959314 PMCID: PMC9362809 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_233_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a rising concern in clinical dentistry that causes pain and discomfort and negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Indian Society of Periodontology conducted a nationwide survey, involving 3000 dentists in December 2020, which revealed significant knowledge gaps regarding DH, viz., under-diagnosis, incorrect differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies/recommendations for the management of DH patients in daily clinical practice. The current paper has been envisioned and conceptualized to update the practicing Indian dentists regarding the so-called enigma of dentistry “Dentin Hypersensitivity,” based on the best available contemporary evidence. An expert panel was constituted comprising 30 subject experts from across the country, which after extensive literature review and group discussions formulated these recommendations. The panel advocated routine screening of all dentate patients for exposed dentin areas and DH to avoid under-diagnosis of the condition and suggested an early preventive management. Consensus guidelines/recommendations for the use of desensitizing agents (DAs) at home, including the use of herbal agents, are also provided within the backdrop of the Indian context. The guidelines recommend that active management of DH shall be accomplished by a combination of at home and in-office therapies, starting with the simplest and cost-effective home use of desensitizing toothpastes. A diagnostic decision tree and a flowchart for application in daily practice are designed to manage the patients suffering from DH or presenting with exposed dentin areas in dentition. Various treatment methods to manage DH have been discussed in the paper, including the insights from previously published treatment guidelines. Further, a novel system of classification of DH patients based on specific case definitions has been developed for the first time. Explicit charts regarding the available treatment options and the chronology of institution of the agent, for the management in different case categories of DH, have been provided for quick reference. The management strategy takes into account a decision algorithm based on hierarchy of complexity of treatment options and intends to improve the quality of life of the patient by long-term maintenance with an innovatively defined triple C's or 3Cs approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Grover
- Department of Periodontology, Dr. H. S. J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Periodontology, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Institute, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Department of Periodontology, Renupriya Dental Health Care, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Nymphea Pandit
- Department of Periodontology, D. A. V Dental College and Hospital, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
| | - Anurag Satpathy
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Anil Melath
- Department of Periodontics, Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Mahe, Puducherry, India
| | - Deepa Dhruvakumar
- Department of Periodontology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roshani Thakur
- Department of Periodontics, Saraswati Dhanvantari Dental College and Hospital, Parbhani, India
| | - Nilesh V Joshi
- Department of Periodontology, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Neeraj Deshpande
- Department of Periodontology, K. M. Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Himanshu Dadlani
- Department of Periodontology, Kalka Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Archana Meenakshi
- Department of Periodontology, Ragas Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K P Ashok
- Department of Periodontics, GSL Dental College, Rajahmundry, India
| | - K Vinathi Reddy
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences, Vikarabad, Telangana, India
| | - Meenu Taneja Bhasin
- Department of Periodontics, Sudha Rustagi Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Abhishek Verma
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences, Vikarabad, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Ramesh Amirisetty
- Department of Periodontology, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College and Hospital, Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mangesh Phadnaik
- Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vaibhav Karemore
- Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindranath Dhulipalla
- Department of Periodontology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dhawal Mody
- VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tushar Shri Rao
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swarna Chakarpani
- Department of Periodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V Ranganath
- Department of Periodontics, AECS Maaruti Dental College and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Abrasion Behavior of Different Charcoal Toothpastes on Human Dentin When Using Electric Toothbrushes. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10030046. [PMID: 35323248 PMCID: PMC8947482 DOI: 10.3390/dj10030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate abrasion on human dentin after brushing with activated charcoal toothpastes. A self-designed brushing machine was used to brush five groups (Group A: Water, Group B: Sensodyne Pro Schmelz, Group C: Splat Blackwood, Group D: Curaprox Black is White, and Group E: Prokudent Black Brilliant) with electrically powered toothbrushes for 4 h. The abrasive dentin wear was calculated using profilometry data. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analyses and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composition of the toothpastes. Mean dentin loss by brushing were (71 ± 28) µm (Splat Blackwood), (44 ± 16) µm (Curaprox Black is White), (38 ± 13) µm (Prokudent Black Brilliant), (28 ± 14) µm (Sensodyne Pro Schmelz), and (28 ± 13) µm (Water). Groups A/B/D/E and group C each lie in one subset, which is statistically different from the other subset according to a post hoc Tukey test (p = 0.05). Within the limitations, it can be concluded that the content of activated charcoal in charcoal toothpastes had little influence on the observed abrasive behavior, although one of the charcoal toothpastes showed the highest abrasion on dentin.
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Thekkiniyakath Ali A, Varghese S, Shenoy R. Association between cervical abrasion, oral hygiene practices and buccolingual dimension of tooth surfaces: A cross-sectional study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2022; 14:S403-S409. [PMID: 36110652 PMCID: PMC9469408 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_692_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cervical abrasion is a multifactorial process due to the use of abrasive dentifrices along with improper brushing patterns. An extensive lesion may cause loss of structural integrity of tooth and esthetically unacceptable. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of cervical abrasion with age, gender, and oral hygiene practices among workers in a spinning mill, Kerala. The study also aimed to identify the buccolingual measurements of each abraded tooth using the Community Abrasion Index of Treatment Needs (CAITN) probe. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study where 366 subjects (257 males and 109 females) above 20 years of age were selected using a random sampling technique. Data was collected from the assessment form comprising demographic data and oral hygiene practices of the subjects. Clinical examination for abrasion and buccolingual measurements of abraded tooth recorded using CAITN probe. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 26.0. for calculating descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of abrasion was 37.2% and 97.7% of subjects with abrasion had sensitive teeth and were statistically significant. Age, gender (males) and combined horizontal and vertical method of brushing technique were strongly associated with the cervical lesion (P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age group, gender, combined horizontal and vertical method of brushing, and presence of sensitive tooth was associated with the abrasion. Conclusion: It is concluded that the severity of the abrasion is an age-related phenomenon associated with combined horizontal and vertical strokes of brushing and is common among the male population. Dentinal hypersensitivity is also more prevalent with cervical abrasion. The novel CAITN probe can be used as an effective tool to assess the cervical abrasion and its treatment needs.
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Bauler LD, Santos CSD, Lima GS, Moraes RR. Charcoal-based dentifrices and powders: analyses of product labels, Instagram engagement, and altmetrics. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:80-89. [PMID: 34614064 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified charcoal-based dentifrices and abrasive powders sold in Brazil and analyzed their label information. The products were searched in four online shopping platforms. The same products were searched on Instagram and their engagement metrics were investigated. Furthermore, a literature review of international publications assessing charcoal dentifrices and powders was conducted, and altmetrics were collected (Altmetric and PlumX). Thirty-six products were found with prices between $0.4-22 USD. Most frequent words in product description were sodium, stain, whitening, oil, xylitol, and coconut. Only 3 products contained fluoride. Bactericidal, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities were indicated, in addition to non-scientific claims such as calming teeth or increasing oral immunity. In total, 72% of products had Instagram profiles, which generally showed low engagement rates (81%) and medium audience quality scores (65%). Twenty-two articles were found in the literature, from which 21 were in vitro studies. The single clinical study was sponsored by a charcoal product and had no control group. In total, 23% of studies showed positive results and 55% reported negative results for the charcoal products, which included no whitening ability, increased roughness, surface alterations, and lower demineralization prevention ability. Altmetric scores for the included articles varied from 0 to 55, with 40.9% of studies mentioned online. In conclusion, charcoal-based products are using marketing strategies on Instagram but their current engagement with the public is not high. Consumers are being exposed to charcoal products whose potential risks to health are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Bauler
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Giana S Lima
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Moraes
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
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Salem MN, Hafez S. Aesthetic Management of Erosive Tooth Wear in a Young Egyptian Swimmer: A Case Report. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13:201-209. [PMID: 34079381 PMCID: PMC8164355 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s308045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tooth wear can have a multifactorial aetiology which requires thorough patient assessment and aesthetic management. Purpose This case report discusses the management of a young, Egyptian swimmer complaining of tooth sensitivity associated with erosive tooth wear. Anterior teeth were restored using the injection molding technique, also known as the injectable composite resin technique, to overcome the patient’s complaint and enhance the aesthetics of compromised anterior teeth. Patients and Methods Thorough patient assessment was followed by impression taking, a diagnostic wax-up and intraoral mock-up fabrication for aesthetic, functional and biological verification. Upon the patient’s agreement on the proposed treatment, an injection molding technique was carried out. Conclusion The tooth loss pattern associated with erosive tooth wear in competitive swimmers showed a very characteristic presentation. Detailed patient history is imperative for successful assessment of the risk factors contributing to the condition and treatment planning in such cases. The use of injection molding technique for restoration of anterior teeth is a simple, straightforward and aesthetically pleasing alternative for patients with erosive tooth wear requiring direct composite veneers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatallah N Salem
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Operative Division, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt.,Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Hafez
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Buzalaf MAR, Levy FM, Gomes B, Valle AD, Trevizol JS, Magalhães AC, Joiner A. Protective effect of calcium silicate toothpaste on enamel erosion and abrasion in vitro. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06741. [PMID: 33912715 PMCID: PMC8066351 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare in vitro the effect of a toothpaste containing fluoride (F), calcium silicate (CaSi) and sodium phosphate salts to conventional toothpaste (NaF) on human enamel specimens submitted to erosive and abrasive challenges. Methods 48 sound and 48 enamel samples pre-treated with 1% citric acid were divided into 4 groups (n = 12): Group 1- Non-fluoride toothpaste; Group 2- NaF toothpaste (1450 ppmF); Group 3- CaSi toothpaste (1450 ppmF; MFP); Group 4- Erosion only. The samples were subjected to pH cycling (3 cycles/day; 90s; 1% citric acid, pH 3.6) and to abrasion for 7 days. After the 1st and the last cycle, they were submitted to abrasion (15s, 1.5N load), using a brushing machine, soft toothbrush and toothpaste slurry (1:3; 15ml/sample) and then immersed in the slurry for 45s. Samples were immersed in artificial saliva between the challenges. Enamel loss was evaluated using profilometry on days 3 and 7. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results For sound enamel at baseline, mean (±SD) enamel loss (μm) for groups 1-4 on day 3 was 2.15 ± 0.35a, 1.20 ± 0.22b, 0.95 ± 0.19b and 1.98 ± 0.32a; on day 7 was 3.05 ± 0.40a, 2.07 ± 0.32b, 1.36 ± 0.33c and 3.69 ± 0.27d respectively. For acid-softened enamel at baseline, enamel loss on day 3 was 3.16 ± 0.19a, 2.17 ± 0.14b, 1.70 ± 0.11c and 3.04 ± 0.19a; on day 7 was 3.92 ± 0.25a, 3.07 ± 0.13b, 2.09 ± 0.15c and 3.87 ± 0.25a respectively. Conclusions Both F toothpastes led to significantly higher enamel protection from short-term erosion and abrasion in comparison to the non-F toothpaste and erosion only. In the longer term, CaSi toothpaste conferred significantly higher protection than NaF toothpaste. Clinical significance The results showed that for the longer term the CaSi toothpaste provided significantly higher protection than the NaF toothpaste, which indicates a good potential of the former to help prevent erosive tooth wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
| | - Flávia Mauad Levy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio Valle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sanches Trevizol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Magalhães
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew Joiner
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, United Kingdom
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West NX, He T, Zou Y, DiGennaro J, Biesbrock A, Davies M. Bioavailable gluconate chelated stannous fluoride toothpaste meta-analyses: Effects on dentine hypersensitivity and enamel erosion. J Dent 2020; 105:103566. [PMID: 33383100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of bioavailable gluconate-chelated stannous fluoride (SnF2) toothpaste with control toothpastes for treatment of dentine hypersensitivity (DH) and enamel erosion. DATA AND SOURCES A Procter & Gamble Oral Care archive of clinical studies was reviewed from 2000 to 2020. Eligible studies were Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) investigating bioavailable gluconate-chelated SnF2 toothpaste efficacy compared to controls in adult participants measured following tactile (Yeaple force) and/or evaporative stimuli (Schiff score) in-vivo, duration <2 months (DH); or by erosive toothwear (profilometry) from in-situ samples, duration 10-15 days. Two authors independently assessed eligibility and resolved disagreements by discussion. A meta-analysis was undertaken and Risk of Bias (RoB) assessed using the Cochrane collaboration RoB tool for randomized parallel-group and cross-over trials. RESULTS Fourteen RCTs (1287 participants) assessed DH relief and Six RCTs (184 participants) enamel erosion protection. For DH SnF2 toothpastes provided a 57 % (evaporative air) and 142 % (tactile) benefit versus negative controls (sodium fluoride/monofluorophosphate, 8 studies; p < 0.001). Compared to positive controls (potassium nitrate or arginine, 6 studies), a 22 % advantage (p = 0.036) was seen for evaporative air. In erosion studies, SnF2 toothpastes provided an 83 % benefit versus control toothpastes (arginine or sodium fluoride; p < 0.001) with a change (95 %CI) in average surface profilometry level (μm) of -2.02(-2.85, -1.20). CONCLUSIONS The use of these bioavailable SnF2 toothpastes, as part of a daily oral hygiene regimen, will provide patients with enamel erosion protection, combined with alleviation of DH pain when present, improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola X West
- Periodontology, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
| | - Tao He
- Research & Development, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, 45040, USA.
| | - Yuanshu Zou
- Research & Development, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, 45040, USA.
| | - Joe DiGennaro
- Research & Development, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, 45040, USA.
| | - Aaron Biesbrock
- Research & Development, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, 45040, USA.
| | - Maria Davies
- Periodontology, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
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Onwubu SC, Mdluli PS, Singh S, Nyembe S, Thakur R. Evaluating the Abrasivity of a Nanosized Eggshell-Titanium Dioxide on Tooth Enamel Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:598-604. [PMID: 32777839 PMCID: PMC7535973 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate nanosized eggshell–titanium dioxide (EB@TiO
2
) abrasiveness in comparison with calcium carbonate and hydrated silica-containing toothpaste.
Material and Methods
Thirty-five bovine tooth enamels were prepared, and specimens randomly assigned to a sample group of five (
n
= 7), namely, Colgate regular, Colgate pro-relief, Sensodyne rapid relief, Sensodyne repair, and EB@TiO
2
. Half of the enamel surface was brushed with each respective sample group, while the other half was covered with a tap.
Statistical Analysis
The mean roughness value (Ra) of the brushed and covered halves were measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). To assess the surface morphology and changes, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed. Using pair sample test and ANOVA, the Ra for the entire specimens were analyzed. A Bonferroni correction was used to identify the mean differences among the five groups (α=.05).
Results
The findings from this analysis show that all the tested toothpaste abraded the enamel significantly (
p
< 0.05). The abrasive value contained in toothpaste comprising calcium carbonate was lower than the silica toothpaste hydrated.
Conclusion
Overall, Colgate regular had the lowest toothpaste abrasivity, followed by EB@TiO2, while Sensodyne rapid relief had the most enamel wear. The prominent feature of this study suggests that EB@TiO2 is suitable for oral use, as its abrasivity is comparable with calcium carbonate-containing toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phumlane Selby Mdluli
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
| | - Shenuka Singh
- Discipline of Dentistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sanele Nyembe
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rookmoney Thakur
- Public Management and Economics, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
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Harun HA, Zainal R. Evaluation of a Thermoelectric Cooler as a Sample Pre-Treatment Method for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Analysis of Liquid Samples. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:285-294. [PMID: 31617401 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819885453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) as a simple and easy-to-assemble freezing instrument has been evaluated. Experiments were carried out using samples with different viscosity ranging from 44.07 to 16 965.80 MPa. The analysis of sodium component of the samples by direct laser irradiation of frozen samples showed emission enhancement and higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to that of liquids. This work also focused on using chemometrics methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) to compare the principal component score separation and clustering pattern between frozen and liquid samples. The PCA was constructed by dividing the samples into two different categories: (i) type (paste, cream, gel, and oil) and (ii) viscosity (more than and less than 10 000 MPa). The frozen samples showed a more established separation and clustering compared to that acquired from the liquid samples. However, poorer clustering pattern of some frozen samples could be due to the heat transfer during laser-sample interaction inducing surface melting and splashing. The average laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra were taken at as many different surface areas as possible to ensure the sample surface always maintain similar freezing temperature. This work showed that the TEC pre-treatment method had improved the LIBS measurement of the liquid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Athirah Harun
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roslinda Zainal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
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Laboratory Investigation Comparing Plaque Removal Efficacy of Two Novel-Design Toothbrushes with Different Brushing Techniques. Dent J (Basel) 2018; 6:dj6020008. [PMID: 29642427 PMCID: PMC6023390 DOI: 10.3390/dj6020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Manufacturers of manual toothbrushes have improved novel brush head designs aimed at achieving good plaque removal even with inadequate brushing technique. This study tested the plaque removal efficacy of two novel designs compared with a flat trimmed toothbrush with different brushing techniques. Two novel-design toothbrushes (Colgate® 360° Surround and Oral-B® Pro-Health™ Clinical Pro-Flex) were tested. The control toothbrush was Butler® GUM 311. Artificial plaque was applied on artificial teeth. Brushing with the modified Bass and horizontal scrub technique was then performed independently. After brushing, the remaining plaque index and Proximal Marginal Index (PMI) were evaluated. With the same brushing technique, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean of the whole mouth plaque scores or PMI among the three different toothbrush designs with neither brushing techniques (p > 0.05). When a comparison was made between the mean PMI of the two brushing techniques in each toothbrush design, Colgate® showed no statistically significant difference with either brushing technique (p > 0.05), but Butler® and Oral-B® showed statistically significantly less PMI with modified Bass technique than with horizontal scrub technique (p < 0.05). No difference in the whole mouth plaque removal efficacy was found among the three different toothbrush designs with either brushing technique.
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16
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de Moraes Rego Roselino L, Tirapelli C, de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza F. Randomized clinical study of alterations in the color and surface roughness of dental enamel brushed with whitening toothpaste. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2018; 30:383-389. [PMID: 29603865 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This clinical study evaluated the influence of whitening toothpaste on color and surface roughness of dental enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS Initially, the abrasiveness of the toothpastes used (Sorriso Dentes Brancos [SDB]; Colgate Luminous White and Close up White Now) was tested on 30 (n = 10) plexiglass acrylic plates that were submitted to mechanical tooth brushing totalizing 29,200 cycles. Subsequently, 30 participants were selected, and received a toothbrush and nonwhitening toothpaste (SDB). The participants used these products for 7 days and initial color readouts (Spectrophotometer) and surface roughness of one maxillary central incisors was performed after this period of time. For surface roughness readouts, one replica of the maxillary central incisor was obtained by a polyvinyl siloxane impression material (Express) and polyurethane resin. After baseline measurements, participants were separated into three groups (n = 10), according to the toothpaste used. The participants returned after 7, 30, and 90 days when new color readouts and surface roughness were recorded. The measured values were statistically analyzed (2-way-ANOVA, repeated measures, Tukey, P < .05). RESULTS Whitening toothpastes did not promote significant (P > .05) color alteration and nor increased the surface roughness of the dental enamel in brushing time of the study. CONCLUSIONS The abrasiveness of whitening toothpaste and the brushing trial period did not affect the surface roughness of dental enamel. However, color changes observed on enamel were above the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds reported in the literature. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The over-the-counter toothpastes tested had an effect on dental enamel color above the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds but did not change the surface roughness of the teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourenço de Moraes Rego Roselino
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Tirapelli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wood NJ, Jones SB, Chapman N, Joiner A, Philpotts CJ, West NX. An interproximal model to determine the erosion-protective effect of calcium silicate, sodium phosphate, fluoride formulations. Dent Mater 2018; 34:355-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Lippert F, Arrageg MA, Eckert GJ, Hara AT. Interaction between toothpaste abrasivity and toothbrush filament stiffness on the development of erosive/abrasive lesions in vitro. Int Dent J 2017; 67:344-350. [DOI: 10.1111/idj.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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19
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Seong J, Hall C, Young S, Parkinson C, Macdonald E, Jones SB, West N. A randomised clinical in situ study to evaluate the effects of novel low abrasivity anti-sensitivity dentifrices on dentine wear. J Dent 2017; 57:20-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Tooth wear has an increasing prevalence in the UK population. The aetiology is commonly multifactorial, and the aetiopathology is through a combination of erosion, attrition, abrasion and abfraction. Erosion is associated with intrinsic or extrinsic acids, and therefore subjects with reflux disease and eating disorders are at increased risk. Fruit juice, fruits and carbonated drink consumption, frequency of consumption and specific habits are also risk factors. Attrition is more prevalent in bruxists. Other habits need to be considered when defining the risk of tooth wear. Abrasion is usually associated with toothbrushing and toothpastes, especially in an already acidic environment. Patients with extensive lesions that affect dentin may be at higher risk, as well as those presenting with unstained lesions. Monitoring of the progress of tooth wear is recommended to identify those with active tooth wear. Indices for tooth wear are a helpful aid.
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21
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Heasman PA, Holliday R, Bryant A, Preshaw PM. Evidence for the occurrence of gingival recession and non-carious cervical lesions as a consequence of traumatic toothbrushing. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 Suppl 16:S237-55. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Heasman
- School of Dental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | | | - Andrew Bryant
- Institute of Health and Society; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Philip M. Preshaw
- School of Dental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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22
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Jones SB, Davies M, Chapman N, Willson R, Hornby K, Joiner A, West NX. Introduction of an interproximal mineralisation model to measure remineralisation caused by novel formulations containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate salts and fluoride. J Dent 2014; 42 Suppl 1:S46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(14)50007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Churchley D, Schemehorn BR. In vitro assessment of a toothpaste range specifically designed for children. Int Dent J 2014; 63 Suppl 2:48-56. [PMID: 24283284 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of a range of low abrasivity experimental toothpastes designed for use by children at different stages of their development (typically ages 0-2 years, 3-5 years and 6+ years) to promote fluoride uptake and remineralisation of artificial caries lesions. METHODS pH cycling study: demineralised human permanent enamel specimens were subjected to a daily pH cycling regime consisting of four 1-minute treatments with toothpaste slurries, a 4-hour acid challenge and remineralisation in pooled whole human saliva. Surface microhardness (SMH) was measured at baseline, 10 days and 20 days, and the fluoride content determined at 20 days. Enamel Fluoride Uptake (EFU): these studies were based on Method #40 described in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) testing procedures. Abrasivity: relative enamel abrasivity (REA) and relative dentine abrasivity (RDA) were measured using the Hefferren abrasivity test. Bioavailable fluoride: the bioavailable fluoride was determined for all experimental toothpastes from slurries of one part toothpaste plus 10 parts deionised water. RESULTS Enamel remineralisation measured by changes in SMH correlated with enamel fluoride content. A statistically significant fluoride dose response was observed for all toothpastes tested across all age groups (P < 0.05). The fluoride content of specimens in the pH cycling model correlated with the EFU testing results. The enamel and dentine abrasivities were low and the level of bioavailable fluoride was high for all experimental toothpastes. CONCLUSION A series of low abrasivity experimental toothpastes were developed which were effective at promoting fluoride uptake and remineralisation of artificial caries lesions.
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25
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Kaidonis JA. Oral diagnosis and treatment planning: part 4. Non-carious tooth surface loss and assessment of risk. Br Dent J 2013; 213:155-61. [PMID: 22918343 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-carious tooth surface loss or tooth wear is becoming an increasingly significant factor affecting the long-term health of the dentition. The adverse effects of tooth wear are becoming increasingly apparent both in young persons and, as more people retain their teeth, into old age. This situation challenges the preventive and restorative skills of dental practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kaidonis
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Dos Santos PH, Brogin FF, Catelan A, Suzuki TYU, Guedes APA, Pavan S, Assunção WG, Briso ALF. Effect of whitening and desensitizing dentifrices on composite surfaces treated with surface sealants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:101-6. [PMID: 23073986 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of different dentifrices on the microhardness and surface roughness of composite surfaces covered by surface sealants. METHODS Samples of Filtek P60 were made and divided into groups, in accordance with surface treatments: G1 - Fortify; G2 - Fortify Plus; G3 - control (none). For Knoop microhardness evaluation, the specimens were placed in a microdurometer, under a load of 50 g for 15 sec. The analyses of surface roughness were carried out individually in a profilometer. The specimens were submitted to toothbrushing using dentifrices: Colgate Maximum Protection Anti-caries, Colgate Whitening or Sensodyne, diluted in distilled water (1:3) for 30 000 cycles. RESULTS The results showed that the control group (G3) presented the highest microhardness values. The control group presented, before toothbrushing, the lowest surface roughness values, and after toothbrushing there were no differences among the experimental groups. CONCLUSION The maintenance of the lowest values of microhardness demonstrated the effectiveness of these sealant materials to support the abrasive wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17 Suppl 1:S9-19. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The paper’s aim is to review dentin hypersensitivity (DHS), discussing pain mechanisms and aetiology. Materials and methods Literature was reviewed using search engines with MESH terms, DH pain mechanisms and aetiology (including abrasion, erosion and periodontal disease). Results The many hypotheses proposed for DHS attest to our lack of knowledge in understanding neurophysiologic mechanisms, the most widely accepted being the hydrodynamic theory. Dentin tubules must be patent from the oral environment to the pulp. Dentin exposure, usually at the cervical margin, is due to a variety of processes involving gingival recession or loss of enamel, predisposing factors being periodontal disease and treatment, limited alveolar bone, thin biotype, erosion and abrasion. Conclusions The current pain mechanism of DHS is thought to be the hydrodynamic theory. The initiation and progression of DHS are influenced by characteristics of the teeth and periodontium as well as the oral environment and external influences. Risk factors are numerous often acting synergistically and always influenced by individual susceptibility. Clinical relevance Whilst the pain mechanism of DHS is not well understood, clinicians need to be mindful of the aetiology and risk factors in order to manage patients’ pain and expectations and prevent further dentin exposure with subsequent sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Choi S, Park KH, Cheong Y, Moon SW, Park YG, Park HK. Potential effects of tooth-brushing on human dentin wear following exposure to acidic soft drinks. J Microsc 2012; 247:176-85. [PMID: 22670800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2012.03630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study used scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to examine the short-term potential effects of brushing time and the start-time of tooth-brushing after demineralization on primary dentin wear in vitro. Thirty-six noncarious primary central incisors were assigned to 12 experimental groups. Exposure to cola drinks was used to initiate the demineralization process. Three brushing times (5, 15 and 30 s) and four start-times of brushing (0, 30, 60 and 120 min) after an erosive attack were used for the abrasion process. Tooth-brushing the softened dentin surface led to increases in the open tubular fraction and microstructural changes on the dentin surface. Brushing immediately after exposure to cola resulted in the greatest irreversible dentin loss, whereas brushing 60 or 120 min after pretreatment resulted in the least irreversible dentin loss. However, brushing time had no effect on the irreversible loss of dentin wear. Based on these experimental results, tooth-brushing should be performed at least 60 min after consuming a cola drink to achieve the desired tooth cleaning and avoid the introduction of surface lesions on dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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29
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Franzò D, Philpotts CJ, Cox TF, Joiner A. The effect of toothpaste concentration on enamel and dentine wear in vitro. J Dent 2010; 38:974-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Giles A, Claydon NCA, Addy M, Hughes N, Sufi F, West NX. Clinical in situ study investigating abrasive effects of two commercially available toothpastes. J Oral Rehabil 2010; 36:498-507. [PMID: 19531090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.01965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the abrasive effect on dentine of two commercially available toothpastes, known to vary in their in vitro abrasive levels, can be differentiated in an in situ model after 10 days, assessed by contact profilometry. This was a single centre, single blind, randomized, split mouth, two treatment, in situ study, in 34 healthy subjects, evaluating the abrasive effects of two marketed desensitizing toothpastes, (Colgate Sensitive Multi Protection toothpaste - C; Sensodyne Total Protection - S). Subjects wore bi-lateral, lower buccal appliances, each fitted with four dentine sections which were power brushed three times a day with the treatment regimen. Each subject received two toothpaste treatments for 10 days during the treatment period. Samples were measured at baseline and day 10 by contact and non-contact profilometry and day 5 by contact profilometry. Thirty-four subjects were included in the efficacy analysis. Results from contact profilometry showed statistically significant (P < 0.0001) dentine loss compared to baseline at day 5 and 10 for both pastes. At each time point, C showed statistically significantly greater dentine loss than S, P < 0.0001. After 10 days treatment, the difference in dentine loss between the pastes was 1.4 microm. The non-contact profilometry data showed similar trends. After 10 days of treatment, C showed statistically significantly greater dentine loss than S, with treatment difference of 0.9 microm, P = 0.0057. The methodology used has successfully differentiated between the abrasivity of the two pastes in respect of dentine surface loss over time in an in situ environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giles
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, UK
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Joiner A. Whitening toothpastes: a review of the literature. J Dent 2010; 38 Suppl 2:e17-24. [PMID: 20562012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review and summarise the whitening agents contained within tooth whitening toothpaste formulations, their mode of action in tooth whitening, and the in vitro and clinical methods used to evaluate and demonstrate their efficacy. METHODS Original scientific full papers or reviews listed in ISI Web of Science and Medline were included in this review using the search terms white*, toothpaste and dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS Due to the reported consumer and patient dissatisfaction with their perceived tooth color, toothpaste manufacturers have responded by developing a vast array of contemporary whitening toothpastes. One of the key functional ingredients in whitening toothpastes is the abrasive system. In general, these have been designed to give effective removal of extrinsic stains and help prevent tooth stains from reforming without undue abrasivity towards the dental hard tissues. Whitening toothpastes may contain additional agents that augment the abrasive cleaning by aiding the removal and/or prevention of extrinsic stains, for examples, peroxide, enzymes, citrate, pyrophosphate and hexametaphosphate, or optical agents such as blue covarine which can improve tooth whiteness following tooth brushing. In vitro methods used to evaluate tooth whitening efficacy typically determine the ability of a toothpaste formulation to remove/prevent model extrinsic stains on substrates such as enamel or hydroxyapatite or changes in the intrinsic color of tooth specimens. Clinical protocols for evaluating the efficacy of whitening toothpastes typically determine either stain removal or prevention, where changes in natural stain or chlorhexidine/tea induced stain are measured typically over 2-6 weeks. In some clinical studies the overall tooth color change was measured using techniques such as Vita shade guides, colorimeters and image analysis of digital photographs of teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Joiner
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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Bamise CT, Kolawole KA, Oloyede EO, Esan TA. Tooth sensitivity experience among residential university students. Int J Dent Hyg 2010; 8:95-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clinical study investigating abrasive effects of three toothpastes and water in an in situ model. J Dent 2010; 38:509-16. [PMID: 20307624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in situ study compared the abrasive effect of repeated brushings (over 10 days) of a low relative abrasive dentine (RDA) toothpaste with moderate and high relative abrasive dentine (RDA) toothpastes, on human dentine in situ. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study design was single centre, single blind, randomized, split mouth, two period, four-treatment cross-over, in situ study in 20 healthy subjects. Subjects wore bi-lateral lower buccal appliances each fitted with four dentine sections with treatment applied with a power toothbrush, during each 10 day study period. Samples were measured at baseline, day 5 and day 10 by contact profilometry, and baseline and day 10 with non-contact profilometry. RESULTS Nineteen subjects were included in the efficacy analysis. Results as measured by contact and non-contact profilometry from brushing with the moderate RDA paste and high RDA paste showed significantly (p<0.0001) more abrasion to dentine than brushing with the low RDA paste or water after 10 days. Dentine loss following tooth brushing with the low RDA paste was not significantly different from brushing with water, after 10 days. CONCLUSIONS The methodology successfully showed clear differentiation between the amount of dentine lost following toothbrushing with the low RDA paste compared to the moderate or high RDA pastes. Dentine loss following brushing with the low RDA paste showed a comparable degree of abrasion to brushing with water.
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Erosion and abrasion of tooth-colored restorative materials and human enamel. J Dent 2009; 37:913-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Hornby K, Evans M, Long M, Joiner A, Laucello M, Salvaderi A. Enamel benefits of a new hydroxyapatite containing fluoride toothpaste. Int Dent J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/idj.2009.59.6s1.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Joiner A, Philpotts CJ, Ashcroft AT, Laucello M, Salvaderi A. In vitro cleaning, abrasion and fluoride efficacy of a new silica based whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine. J Dent 2008; 36 Suppl 1:S32-7. [PMID: 18646368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the stain removal ability, abrasivity towards enamel and dentine, and fluoride efficacy of a new silica based blue covarine whitening toothpaste in vitro. METHODS Stain removal was assessed by brushing artificially stained bovine specimens with slurries of either the new toothpaste or one of two whitening products or a non-whitening silica product. Toothpaste abrasivity was assessed by brushing enamel/dentine specimens with slurries of either the new toothpaste, a whitening toothpaste or a non-whitening toothpaste and measuring the wear via a combination of changes in geometry of Knoop indents and surface profilometry. Fluoride efficacy was assessed using remineralisation, demineralisation and fluoride-uptake methods. RESULTS The in vitro cleaning study showed that the silica based blue covarine whitening toothpaste removed significantly (p < 0.05) more stain than the non-whitening toothpaste and was as effective as the two marketed silica based whitening toothpastes. This enhanced tooth whitening benefit did not give rise to a concomitant statistically significant increase in the level of wear to enamel and dentine compared to the non-whitening silica based toothpaste. The fluoride efficacy was superior to a non-fluoridated control and was as effective as a clinically tested formulation containing the same fluoride source. CONCLUSIONS The studies show that the new whitening toothpaste is effective in extrinsic stain removal, does not have an undue degree of abrasivity to enamel or dentine compared to other relevant commercially available products, and is an efficacious source of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Joiner
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK.
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West NX. Dentine hypersensitivity: preventive and therapeutic approaches to treatment. Periodontol 2000 2008; 48:31-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rajapakse PS, McCracken GI, Gwynnett E, Steen ND, Guentsch A, Heasman PA. Does tooth brushing influence the development and progression of non-inflammatory gingival recession? A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:1046-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Joiner A. Review of the extrinsic stain removal and enamel/dentine abrasion by a calcium carbonate and perlite containing whitening toothpaste. Int Dent J 2006; 56:175-80. [PMID: 16972390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2006.tb00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in the demand from consumers and patients for products that whiten teeth. To meet this demand, a whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite as the abrasive system and an efficacious fluoride source has recently been launched. The aim of the current paper is to review the toothpaste's stain removal efficacy and its effects on enamel and dentine wear. It has been shown to be effective at removing model extrinsic stain in vitro. Further, it has been shown to be more effective in removing naturally occurring extrinsic tooth stain than a silica non-whitening control toothpaste after two weeks of twice daily brushing in a parallel group, double-blind clinical study using 152 adult volunteers. In addition, the enhanced whitening effect did not give a clinically relevant level of wear to enamel or a significant increase in dentine wear compared to marketed non-whitening toothpaste formulations, as shown by using an in situ type model with ex vivo brushing.
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Moore C, Addy M. Wear of dentine in vitro by toothpaste abrasives and detergents alone and combined. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 32:1242-6. [PMID: 16269001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To measure in vitro the abrasion of dentine by toothpaste detergents and abrasives alone and combined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detergents used were tego betain, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), adinol and pluronic diluted to 1% w/v. Abrasives were three artificial silicas, tixosil 73 and 123 and Zeodent 113, and calcium carbonate used at 2.5% w/v. Flat human dentine specimens were brushed with aqueous detergent solutions or abrasive slurries, detergent abrasive slurries and water for 20,000 brush strokes. Dentine loss was measured by non-contacting profilometry at 10,000 and 20,000 strokes. Silica particle size distribution was measured by laser deflection. RESULTS Loss of dentine occurred with all detergents, abrasives and detergent abrasion combinations, but was not linear with number of brush strokes. Water appeared to remove the smear layer only, but all detergents exceeded the predicted smear layer thickness. The silica abrasives differed in abrasion properties despite similar particle size distribution. Different detergents modulated the abrasives actions in mainly positive or mainly negative directions. CONCLUSIONS Detergents appear able to attack the dentine surface to produce wear. Abrasives vary considerably in wear produced under similar conditions. Detergents modulate the effect of abrasives in a way that may reflect the rheological properties of the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moore
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
Evidence suggests that patients suffer the painful symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity when dentine is exposed and the dentinal tubule system is opened to the oral cavity to allow stimuli to trigger a neural response in the pulp via a hydrodynamic mechanism. The processes needed to localise lesions of dentine hypersensitivity include loss of enamel and/or gingival recession. Whilst tooth brushing with or without toothpaste appears to cause minimal wear to enamel (in the absence of acids), circumstantial evidence implicates tooth brushing with gingival recession and exposure of dentine. Other tooth wear processes notably attrition and acid erosion cause loss of enamel and can expose dentine. Therefore sensitivity may result. How lesions of dentine hypersensitivity are initiated is a matter of conjecture and based on extrapolating data from studies, mainly in vitro, to affect in vivo. Again this circumstantial type of evidence suggests that abrasion by some toothpastes and erosion by dietary acid could open the tubule system. Little is known about the actual effect of desensitising toothpastes on lesions of dentine hypersensitivity even though they are formulated to either occlude dentinal tubules or block the neural response in the pulp. Clinical studies have produced contradictory findings for the efficacy of products and there have been extremely few evidence based reviews. In conclusion, available evidence supports a probable link of tooth brushing, with or without toothpaste and an acidic diet to both tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity, and suggests also that dentine hypersensitivity is a tooth wear phenomenon. Although there is a need for more direct clinical and scientific evidence for these associations, it is recommended that they be taken into consideration when planning management strategies for the dentine hypersensitivity sufferer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Addy
- Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
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Philpotts CJ, Weader E, Joiner A. The measurement in vitro of enamel and dentine wear by toothpastes of different abrasivity. Int Dent J 2005; 55:183-7. [PMID: 16004251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2005.tb00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the in vitro enamel and dentine wear by toothpastes with a range of Relative Dentine Abrasivity (RDA) and Relative Enamel Abrasivity (REA) values. METHODS Human enamel/dentine (approximately 50:50) blocks (approximately 4 x 4 mm) were polished and the enamel indented with four Knoop indents. The step across the enamel-dentine junction was measured by interference microscopy. Specimens were brushed in vitro with toothpastes with a range of RDA/REA values using a flat trim toothbrush mounted in a Wira brushing machine for 360 s and a load of 375 g. After brushing the Knoop indent length and the enamel-dentine step were remeasured and the amount of wear to the enamel and dentine was calculated. RESULTS The mean enamel wear ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 microns, with the highest wear for the highest REA product. The mean dentine wear for all toothpaste products tested was positively correlated with RDA value (R2 = 0.897). The correlation was further improved if median wear values were used (R2 = 0.930). CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated a rapid technique for the simultaneous investigation of the abrasive wear of toothpaste on enamel and dentine. There was a good correlation between median dentine wear and RDA values.
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Ponduri S, Macdonald E, Addy M. A study in vitro of the combined effects of soft drinks and tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste on the wear of dentine. Int J Dent Hyg 2005; 3:7-12. [PMID: 16451371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2004.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure loss of dentine produced by soft drinks alone and combined with tooth brushing with and without toothpastes. Groups of flat human dentine specimens were exposed for 10 min and then 30 min to orange juice (OJ), carbonated cola (CC) or modified blackcurrant (MB) drinks alone or after the exposures brushed with a fluoride toothpaste for 10 s. Further groups were exposed to OJ as before but brushed with water or non-fluoride toothpaste or placed in slurries of fluoride paste. Five cycles of each regimen were carried out. Tissue loss was determined by profilometry. Water immersion/brushing and brushing controls were included. OJ and CC produced similar erosion and significantly more than MB. Compared with drinks alone, dentine loss was reduced by fluoride toothpaste brushing but increased by water and non-fluoride toothpaste brushing. Fluoride toothpaste slurry had no significant effect on soft drink erosion. Very little abrasion with brushing alone was recorded over the time frame of these experiments. It is concluded that fluoride toothpaste could provide protection, albeit small, against erosion. The data again support the concept of brushing before meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ponduri
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Bristol, UK
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Mair L, Joiner A. The measurement of degradation and wear of three glass ionomers following peroxide bleaching. J Dent 2004; 32 Suppl 1:41-5. [PMID: 14738834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate, for three glass ionomer dental materials, the effects of a hydrogen peroxide solution on the elution of key elements, and the effects of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel on subsequent wear rates with a toothpaste slurry. METHODS Discs specimens of three glass ionomers (ChemFlex, Fuji II and Ketac-Fil) were prepared. One set of discs was exposed to either 6% hydrogen peroxide in phosphate buffer, phosphate buffer, water, a carbonated beverage or 38% orthophosphoric acid for 60 min. The ions eluted from the discs were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emmision spectroscopy. A second set of discs were conditioned with either a 6% hydrogen peroxide gel (30 min), water (30 min), a carbonated beverage (2 min) or 38% orthophosphoric acid gel (2 min) followed by a three-body abrasive wear treatment (2 min) with a toothpaste slurry. Changes in height of the samples were measured with a digital comparitor. The conditioning and abrasive cycles were repeated thirteen times. RESULTS For the elution study, the solutions gave only minor release of sodium except orthophosphoric acid which showed increased elution levels of aluminium, silicon and sodium ions. For the wear study, the orthophosphoric acid gave the highest level of wear whilst for the other treatments there were no statistical significant differences in the level of wear (one-way ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS A 6% hydrogen peroxide solution did not cause significant dissolution, and a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel did not significantly increase the three-body wear rate of any of the materials tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mair
- Dental Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, Liverpool Dental School, University of Liverpool, UK.
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Abstract
Circumstantial evidence based on anecdote, case reports, epidemiological data and studies in vitro and in situ implicate tooth brushing with toothpaste with tooth wear, gingival recession and dentine hypersensitivity. This review attempts to assess the clinical significance of the potential harm produced by this most common oral hygiene habit. The toothbrush alone appears to have no effect on enamel and very little on dentine. Most toothpaste also has very little effect on enamel and in normal use would not cause significant wear of dentine in a lifetime of use. Wear of enamel and dentine can be dramatically increased if tooth brushing follows an erosive challenge. Gingival recession has a multi-factorial aetiology and certain individuals and specific teeth may be predisposed to trauma from tooth brushing. Tooth brushing is known to cause gingival abrasions but how these relate to gingival recession is not known. The role of toothpaste in gingival abrasion and recession surprisingly has received little if any attention. Gingival recession most commonly exposes dentine and localises sites for dentine hypersensitivity. Some toothpaste products can expose dentinal tubules but erosion is probably the more dominant factor in dentine hypersensitivity. There is no evidence to indicate that electric and manual toothbrushes differ in effects on soft and hard tissues. It is only under, over or abusive use or when combined with erosion that significant harm may be thus caused. In normal use it must be concluded that the benefits of tooth brushing far out-way the potential harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Addy
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Bristol, UK.
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