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Smith WJ, Tran H, Griffin JI, Jones J, Vu VP, Nilewski L, Gianneschi N, Simberg D. Lipophilic indocarbocyanine conjugates for efficient incorporation of enzymes, antibodies and small molecules into biological membranes. Biomaterials 2018; 161:57-68. [PMID: 29421563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Decoration of cell membranes with biomolecules, targeting ligands and imaging agents is an emerging strategy to improve functionality of cell-based therapies. Compared to covalent chemistry or genetic expression on the cell surface, lipid painting (i.e., incorporation of lipid-conjugated molecules into the cell bilayer) is a fast, non-damaging and less expensive approach. Previous studies demonstrated excellent incorporation and retention of distearyl indocarbocyanine dye DiI in membranes of cells in vitro and in vivo. In order to exploit the membrane stability of DiI, we synthesized an amino-DiI derivative, to which we subsequently conjugated an antibody (cetuximab), an enzyme (superoxide dismutase), and a small molecule (DyLight 800). Red blood cells have long been used as drug delivery vehicles so they were utilized as a model to study the incorporation of DiI conjugates in the plasma membrane. All the DiI constructs demonstrated fast and efficient ex vivo incorporation in the membrane of mouse RBCs, resulting in millions of exogenous molecules per RBC. Following an intravenous injection into mice, the molecules were detected on circulating RBCs for several days. DiI anchored molecules showed longer residence time in blood and significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) compared to free non-conjugated molecules. Thus, cetuximab, SOD and DyLight painted on RBC showed 5.5-fold, 6.5-fold and 78-fold increase in the AUC, respectively, compared to the non-modified molecules. Lipophilic indocarbocyanine anchors are a promising technology for incorporation of biomolecules and small molecules into biological membranes for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston J Smith
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA; Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Huy Tran
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Undergraduate Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - James I Griffin
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Jessica Jones
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Vivian P Vu
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Lizanne Nilewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Nathan Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA; Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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Walton RM, Brown DE, Hamar DW, Meador VP, Horn JW, Thrall MA. Mechanisms of echinocytosis induced by Crotalus atrox venom. Vet Pathol 1997; 34:442-9. [PMID: 9381655 DOI: 10.1177/030098589703400508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transient echinocytosis has been reported in association with snake envenomation in humans and dogs. An in vitro model of echinocytosis induced by venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) was established to characterize erythrocyte morphologic changes and to investigate potential mechanisms of echinocytic transformation. Erythrocyte morphologic changes produced after the addition of venom to canine, feline, equine, and human blood were characterized by dose-dependent echinocytosis. Type III echinocytosis were consistently induced in vitro at a dose comparable to in vivo envenomation; higher venom doses produced spheroechinocytic and spherocytic transformations. The changes could not be induced in vitro in the presence of ethylenediaminetraacetic acid but were observed in heparinized and citrated blood samples, suggesting the participation of calcium or a metalloprotein in echinocytic change. These findings suggest that phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a calcium-dependent enzyme in snake venom, may be responsible for echinocytic transformation via the production of lysolecithin, a known echinocytic agent. Purified PLA2 from C. atrox venom induced dose-dependent echinocytic change in vitro in canine blood. Other potential mechanisms of echinocytic change evaluated in canine blood included erythrocyte cation loss and erythrocyte ATP depletion. In canine blood mixed with venom, erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations were consistently less than those of controls, likely as a result of membrane alteration produced by the actions of PLA2. There was no difference in blood ATP concentrations from dogs with snakebite when compared with normal controls; however, the power of this comparison was low. Echinocytosis induced by rattlesnake venom is related to the degree of venom exposure and may correlate clinically with the amount of venom absorbed. Echinocytic transformation in vitro is induced by PLA2 present in venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Walton
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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