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Kaye S, Stokol T. Hemostatic Testing in Companion Exotic Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:613-630. [PMID: 36122943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hemostatic system is highly conserved, and companion exotic mammals are commonly used as biomedical models for normal and disordered hemostasis. Challenges associated with sample collection, test validation, and test interpretation have limited the use of these tests in clinical exotic animal practice. However, evaluation of platelet counts, coagulation screening times, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products can be valuable for monitoring exotic patients with a range of disease presentations including intoxications, anemia, systemic viral disease, hepatopathy, and endocrinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Kaye
- Staten Island Zoo, 614 Broadway, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA.
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Cornell University, Upper Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
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Török-Nagy B, Vajdovich P, Balogh L, Thuróczy J, Dénes B. Evaluation of the performance of a human D-dimer test in dogs with neoplasia. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:242-250. [PMID: 33151164 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a commercially available D-dimer assay as a diagnostic tool for testing dogs. This assay is an immunoturbidimetric diagnostic test, capable of determining the D-dimer levels in human plasma by using 2B9 monoclonal antibody. Plasma samples of clinically healthy (n = 20) and tumour-bearing (n = 50) dogs were measured. The tumours were grouped on the basis of histological type and aggressiveness, and then the measured D-dimer concentrations of these groups were compared to those of the control group. The differences were analysed statistically. For benign tumours, we did not find alterations in the D-dimer levels. However, in the case of malignant tumours (lymphoma, sarcoma, and carcinoma) and in the presence of metastases, significantly elevated D-dimer levels were measured. The assay proved to be suitable for measuring the D-dimer levels in plasma samples of dogs. The calculated reference range for dogs was confirmed to be between 0.06 and 0.69 µg/mL fibrinogen equivalent unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Török-Nagy
- 1Doctoral School of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Vajdovich
- 2Department of Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Balogh
- 3National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Béla Dénes
- 5Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
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Zoia A, Drigo M, Piek CJ, Calcini H, Caldin M, Simioni P. Enhanced fibrinolysis detection in a natural occurring canine model with intracavitary effusions: Comparison and degree of agreement between thromboelastometry and FDPs, D-dimer and fibrinogen concentrations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225089. [PMID: 31725761 PMCID: PMC6855488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs with intracavitary effusion have coagulative abnormalities indicative of primary fibrinolysis/hyperfibrinolysis. The aim of this case control study was to investigate by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and standard coagulation tests (fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products, D-dimer and fibrinogen) fibrinolysis in dogs with intracavitary effusions. Thirty-two dogs with intracavitary effusion and 32 control sick dogs without effusion were studied. Frequency of fibrinolysis grade of severity (i.e., hypofibrinolysis/basal fibrinolysis vs increased fibrinolysis vs hyperfibrinolysis) by ROTEM and standard coagulation tests were compared between groups. Pattern of fibrinolysis by ROTEM (i.e., late vs intermediate vs fulminant) and type of fibrinolysis by standard coagulation tests (i.e., hypofibrinolysis/basal fibrinolysis vs primary fibrinolysis vs secondary fibrinolysis vs primary hyperfibrinolysis vs secondary hyperfibrinolysis) were also compared between groups. Dogs with intracavitary effusion had a lesser degree of hypofibrinolysis and basal fibrinolysis and a higher degree of increased fibrinolysis and hyperfibrinolysis compared to controls, both by ROTEM and by standard coagulation tests (P = 0.042 and P = 0.017, respectively). Nevertheless, there was a poor agreement between the two classification schemes (34.4%, K = 0.06, 95% CI = -0.14 ‒ +0.26). Dogs with intracavitary effusion showed, by ROTEM, a lesser degree of hypofibrinolysis and basal fibrinolysis and a higher degree of late, intermediate, and fulminant fibrinolysis compared to controls (P = 0.044). Finally, dogs with intracavitary effusion had, by standard coagulation tests, a higher frequency of primary fibrinolysis and primary hyperfibrinolysis and a lower frequency of secondary fibrinolysis compared to controls. Dogs with intracavitary effusion showed an increased frequency and a different and more severe pattern of fibrinolysis compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zoia
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Padua University, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Christine J. Piek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Calcini
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Caldin
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Laboratorio d’Analisi Veterinarie San Marco, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
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Shipov A, Milgram J, Shalev N, Aroch I, Segev G. Changes in D-dimer concentration after soft tissue and orthopedic surgery in dogs. Vet Surg 2018; 47:406-411. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shipov
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| | - Josh Milgram
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| | - Nitzan Shalev
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
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Hemostatic findings of pleural fluid in dogs and the association between pleural effusions and primary hyperfibrino(geno)lysis: A cohort study of 99 dogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192371. [PMID: 29462172 PMCID: PMC5819782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to determine if activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis occurs in canine pleural effusions. Thirty-three dogs with pleural effusions of different origin were studied. Pleural effusion fibrinogen concentrations were significantly lower, while pleural fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs) and D-dimer concentrations were significantly higher than those in plasma (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). These results show that, in canine pleural fluids, there is evidence of coagulation activation and fibrinolysis. The secondary aims of the current study were to determine if primary hyperfibrinolysis ([PHF] i.e., elevated plasma FDPs with a normal D-dimer concentrations), occurs in dogs with pleural effusion, and whether the presence of a concurrent inflammatory process may have activated the hemostatic cascade, with its intrinsically linked secondary hyperfibrinolysis, masking the concurrent PHF. The previously 33 selected dogs with pleural effusion (group 1) were compared to two control groups of 33 healthy (group 2) and 33 sick dogs without pleural effusion (group 3). Serum fibrinogen, FDPs, D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen/CRP ratio, and frequency of PHF were determined. Fibrinogen, FDPs, D-dimer and CRP concentrations in group 1 were significantly increased compared to group 2 (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). FDPs and CRP concentrations in group 1 were also significantly increased compared to group 3 (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The fibrinogen/CRP ratio was significantly decreased in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.001 for both comparison). The frequency of PHF was significantly higher in group 1 compared to groups 2 (P = 0.004), but not compared to group 3. These results support the hypothesis that PHF occurs significantly more often in dogs with pleural effusion compared to healthy dogs. Nevertheless, the decrease in the fibrinogen/CRP ratio in group 1 compared to group 3, considering the higher FDPs and similar D-dimer concentrations, would suggest that PHF is also more frequent in dogs with pleural effusion compared to sick control dogs, and that this phenomenon is hidden due to concurrent secondary hyperfibrinolysis.
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Association between ascites and primary hyperfibrinolysis: A cohort study in 210 dogs. Vet J 2017; 223:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zoia A, Drigo M, Piek C, Simioni P, Caldin M. Hemostatic Findings in Ascitic Fluid: A Cross-Sectional Study in 70 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:43-50. [PMID: 27862300 PMCID: PMC5259633 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascitic fluids of horses and humans have fibrinolytic activity, independent of the underlying mechanism of fluid formation. OBJECTIVE To determine whether coagulation and fibrinogenolytic/fibrinolytic activity (ie, low fibrinogen and increased fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products [FDPs], D-dimer, or both) occur in all types of ascitic fluid in dogs. ANIMALS A total of 70 client-owned dogs with ascites. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, dogs were categorized based on the pathophysiology of fluid formation into 4 groups: transudates due to decreased osmotic pressure, transudates due to increased hydrostatic pressure, exudates, and hemorrhagic ascites. Fibrinogen, FDPs, and D-dimer concentrations were measured and then compared in both ascitic fluid and plasma. RESULTS Ten dogs had transudates due to decreased colloid osmotic pressure, 18 had transudates due to increased hydrostatic pressure, 13 had exudates, and 29 had hemorrhagic ascites. Ascitic fibrinogen concentrations (n = 70) were significantly lower (median = 59 mg/dL; range: 59-122 mg/dL) than those in the plasma (median = 168 mg/dL, range: 59-879 mg/dL; P < .0001). Ascitic FDPs concentrations (n = 70) were significantly higher (<5 μg/mL: 3/70 dogs, ≥5 to <20 μg/mL: 11/70 dogs, ≥20 μg/mL: 56/70 dogs) than those in the plasma (<5 μg/mL: 17/70 dogs, ≥5 to <20 μg/mL: 28/70 dogs, ≥20 μg/mL: 25/70 dogs; P < .0001). Ascitic D-dimer concentrations (n = 70) were significantly higher (median = 3.98 μg/mL, range: 0.02-9.19) than those in the plasma (median = 0.11 μg/mL, range: 0.01-4.08; P < .0001). Analysis of the data for each of the 4 different types of ascites showed similar results to those of all the data analyzed together. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Ascitic fluid of dogs has evidence of coagulation activation and fibrinogenolytic/fibrinolytic activity and that this phenomenon occurs independent of the underlying mechanism that leads to the formation of ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Zoia
- San Marco Veterinary ClinicPaduaItaly
| | - M. Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and HealthVeterinary Padua UniversityAgripolisPaduaItaly
| | - C.J. Piek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - P. Simioni
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular SciencesUniversity of Padua Medical SchoolPaduaItaly
| | - M. Caldin
- Laboratorio d'Analisi Veterinarie San MarcoPaduaItaly
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Jeffery U, Staber J, LeVine D. Using the laboratory to predict thrombosis in dogs: An achievable goal? Vet J 2016; 215:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zoia A, Augusto M, Drigo M, Caldin M. Evaluation of hemostatic and fibrinolytic markers in dogs with ascites attributable to right-sided congestive heart failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 241:1336-43. [PMID: 23113526 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.10.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether dogs with ascites secondary to right-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) have bleeding disorders associated with hypofibrinogenemia and discordant plasma fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs) and D-dimer assay results (ie, a circulating concentration of FDPs higher than the reference range and a circulating concentration of D-dimer within the reference range). DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 80 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs with ascites secondary to right-sided CHF (group 1; n = 20), unhealthy dogs without cardiac disease (group 2; 40), and dogs with left-sided CHF (group 3; 20) were included in the study. Urine bile acids-to-creatinine concentration ratios were calculated as a marker of liver function. Differences among groups regarding coagulation profile analysis results and prevalence of discordant FDPs and D-dimer assay results were determined. RESULTS No significant differences were detected among the 3 groups regarding urine bile acids-to-creatinine concentration ratios. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was significantly lower for group 1 versus groups 2 or 3. Prevalence of discordant FDPs and D-dimer assay results was significantly higher for group 1 versus groups 2 or 3. Eighteen group 1 dogs had discordant FDPs and D-dimer assay results. Ten of these dogs had concurrent hypofibrinogenemia, 2 of which had clinical signs of bleeding. Only 10 dogs in groups 2 or 3 had discordant FDPs and D-dimer assay results; none of these dogs had hypofibrinogenemia or clinical signs of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs with right-sided CHF and ascites may be at increased risk for primary hyperfibrinogenolysis (ie, hypofibrinogenemia and discordant FDPs and D-dimer assay results).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zoia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Study, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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MIURA N, FURUKAWA M, MAGARI Y, MOMOI Y. Cross-Reactivity of the Anti-Human D-dimer Monoclonal Antibody 1C9-6F10 to Canine Fibrin Degradation Products. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:963-6. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki MIURA
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1–21–24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
| | - Makoto FURUKAWA
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1–21–24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
| | - Yasuo MAGARI
- Q-may Laboratory Corporation, 11–4 Hanazono Furugou, Oita 870–0846, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki MOMOI
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1–21–24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
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Machida T, Kokubu H, Matsuda K, Miyoshi K, Uchida E. Clinical use of D-dimer measurement for the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1301-6. [PMID: 20467203 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the plasma D-dimer (DD) concentration in 205 dogs. Simultaneously, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDPs) concentration, platelet (PLT) count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and plasma concentrations of fibrinogen (Fib) were measured in the same dogs. From these results, we were able to divide the animals into four groups: control (healthy dogs, n=18), pre-disseminated intravascular coagulation (preDIC) (n=20), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (n=21), and other (n=146). Significant differences in plasma DD concentration were found among the four groups: control, 0.45 ± 0.46 µg/ml (reference range, 0-1.37); preDIC, 5.0 ± 4.8 µg/ml; DIC, 16.3 ± 12.2 µg/ml; and other, 1.5 ± 2.7 µg/ml. A weak positive correlation (r=0.62) was found between FDPs and DD concentrations in the DIC group. As a DIC diagnostic test, the PLT/APTT/FDPs/DD combination had the highest accuracy of 100%, with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 97%. We propose the use of FDPs and DD concentrations as part of the DIC diagnostic test panel, with DD and FDPs to provide accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Machida
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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Günzel-Apel AR, Höftmann T, Nottorf S, Politt E, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Hoppen HO, Einspanier A, Knijn HM, Mischke R. Influence of progesterone withdrawal on pregnancy-related parameters during post-implantation early pregnancy loss. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 44 Suppl 2:174-81. [PMID: 19754562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologically-induced luteolysis or treatment with an antiprogestin in early post-implantation pregnancy in dogs results in asynchronous death and resorption of conceptuses, indicating variable rates of response of individual conceptuses towards progesterone deficiency. This variability also seems to occur in bitches showing pregnancy failure in response to spontaneous luteal deficiency. In a total of 10 beagle pregnancies (two consecutive pregnancies of five bitches), abortifacient treatments beginning on day 24 after ovulation (ov) involved either administration of a progestin antagonist (total of six pregnancies, in three bitches) or a luteolytic regimen of prostaglandin F(2alpha)-analogue together with a dopamine agonist (total of four pregnancies, in two bitches). The outcomes were evaluated in relation to four control pregnancies in two bitches by assay of serum progesterone, prolactin and relaxin at selected time points or within selected time periods, by ultrasound of conceptuses including measurement of uterine blood flow, and parameters of the blood fibrinolytic system including plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen. The process of embryonic death and conceptus resorption was variable in onset and duration both in bitches that received the progesterone antagonist aglepristone (AGLE) and in those under the luteolytic treatment (cloprostenol combined with cabergoline). Pregnancy termination (death of all embryos or foetuses, respectively) occurred as early as day 29 and as late as day 41 after ov in AGLE-treated bitches, and not earlier than day 37 after ov in luteolytic-treatment bitches. Impending embryonic death was not predicted by changes in relaxin concentration, parameters of the fibrinolytic system, or in the perfusion of small uteroplacental vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Günzel-Apel
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics - Small Animal Clinic, Hannover, Germany.
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Tholen I, Weingart C, Kohn B. Concentration of D-dimers in healthy cats and sick cats with and without disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:842-6. [PMID: 19539510 PMCID: PMC11135504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this prospective study was to measure concentrations of D-dimers in 48 cats with various diseases and in 20 healthy cats to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity for D-dimers to diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The cats were classified as having DIC if an underlying disease and at least three of the following criteria were present: thrombocytopenia, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time or thrombin time, schistocytes and/or a reduced antithrombin activity. D-dimer concentrations were measured using a semi-quantitative latex agglutination (LA) test (Accuclot D-Dimer, Sigma Diagnostics). The D-dimer test was positive for 8/12 cats with DIC and for 16/36 sick cats without DIC. D-dimers were negative for all healthy control cats. The comparison of the sick cats with DIC and those without DIC revealed a specificity and sensitivity of the D-dimer test of 56% and 67%; a comparison of the results for healthy cats and cats with DIC revealed a specificity and sensitivity of 100% and 67%, respectively. The D-dimer LA test is only of limited value for the diagnosis of DIC in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Tholen
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Weingart
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Boutet P, Heath F, Archer J, Villiers E. Comparison of quantitative immunoturbidimetric and semiquantitative latex-agglutination assays for D-dimer measurement in canine plasma. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:78-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2008.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Dewhurst E, Cue S, Crawford E, Papasouliotis K. A retrospective study of canine D-dimer concentrations measured using an immunometric "Point-of-Care" test. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:344-8. [PMID: 18638058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the D-dimer concentrations in both healthy dogs and dogs with and without evidence of thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation using a "Point-of-Care" test. METHODS Sixty-seven clinical cases and 26 healthy dogs were included in this retrospective study. D-dimer was measured using the NycoCard D-dimer test. Clinical conditions were categorised based on clinical findings, laboratory results, imaging, cytology, histopathology, necropsy or a combination of these tests. RESULTS There were no dogs for which the NycoCard D-dimer test did not produce a result. The D-dimer range in clinically healthy dogs was 0.1 to 0.5 mg/l (median 0.2 mg/l). In eight of nine cases with thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation and 43 of 58 of the cases without thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation , the D-dimer concentrations were greater than those of healthy dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The NycoCard D-dimer test card required no specialised equipment and could therefore facilitate rapid screening for thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation in first opinion practice. Elevations in D-dimer concentration can be found in a number of clinical conditions apart from thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation and should not therefore be used as the sole basis of diagnosis. D-dimer may be considered a good screening test for thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation as only one case with histopathological evidence of thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation had a D-dimer concentration in the range seen in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dewhurst
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU
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Cerón JJ, Carli E, Tasca S, Martinez-Subiela S, Caldin M. Evaluation of EDTA hematology tubes for collection of blood samples for tests of secondary hemostasis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1141-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.9.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wiinberg B, Jensen AL, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Rojkjaer R, Johansson PI, Gade LP, Gram DX, Kristensen AT. Study on biological variation of haemostatic parameters in clinically healthy dogs. Vet J 2007; 174:62-8. [PMID: 16815052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thromboelastography (TEG) may be a valuable supplement to the coagulation assays activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen, antithrombin (AT) and D-Dimer currently used in most clinical pathology laboratories. Allowable imprecision and bias reference limits for analytical tests can be calculated based on measurements of biological variation. No studies to date have examined the effect of biological variation on these haemostasis parameters in the same group of dogs. Plasma samples were collected after a set protocol once weekly for five consecutive weeks from eight healthy dogs (four males and four females) and stored at -80 degrees C until analysis. Randomized duplicate coagulation tests and TEG analyses were performed on all plasma samples within one run. The data were analyzed for outliers and subsequently subjected to nested analysis of variance to obtain the coefficient of analytical, intra-individual and inter-individual variation. From these objective analytical performance standards for imprecision, critical difference, total error and the index of individuality were calculated to assess the utility of conventional population-based reference ranges. All the clotting times (aPTT, PT and TT), fibrinogen, AT and D-Dimer showed a degree of individuality, which may make the use of population-based reference ranges alone an insensitive interpretation criterion, whereas a population-based reference interval seems to be sensitive for interpreting all TEG parameters. Analytical performance standards for imprecision were only met for one of the coagulation assays, whereas all TEG parameters except the alpha angle, alpha achieved this analytical goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wiinberg
- The Small Animal Hospital, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlaegevej 16, Frederiksberg DK-1870, Denmark.
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Gentilini F, Dondi F, Mastrorilli C, Giunti M, Calzolari C, Gandini G, Mancini D, Bergamini PF. Validation of a human immunoturbidimetric assay to measure canine albumin in urine and cerebrospinal fluid. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005; 17:179-83. [PMID: 15825501 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate an automated immunoturbidimetric assay used to quantify human albumin in urine and to accurately measure canine albumin concentrations in both urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The partial homology existing between human and canine albumin limited the accuracy of the human assays in measuring canine albumin without method modifications. Thus, the assay was modified by calibrating the analyzer with calibrators made in the laboratory containing known concentrations of canine albumin. To prepare the set of calibrators, the albumin concentration of pooled sera of healthy dogs was assessed in 5 replicates using the BromocresolGreen assay. Pooled samples were aliquoted and serially diluted to obtain the expected concentrations of albumin (0.5, 1, 5, 13, and 30 mg/dl) for establishing the canine calibration curve. Thereafter, the performance was assessed by analyzing canine urine and CSF The modified assay accurately quantified canine albumin in both specimens, as indicated by the following. Intra- and interassay variability was 0.92% and 2.74%, respectively; recovery was 99.66% and 99.07% in urine and 105.02% in CSF No interference was detected when hemolysate and glucose were added to urine. The test was linear within the verified range (0-225 mg/dl). These results demonstrate that the modified human albumin immunoturbidimetric assay can be a useful tool in the veterinary diagnostic laboratory. It is accurate and tends itself to automatization on chemistry analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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Furlanello T, Fiorio F, Caldin M, Lubas G, Solano-Gallego L. Clinicopathological findings in naturally occurring cases of babesiosis caused by large form Babesia from dogs of northeastern Italy. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134:77-85. [PMID: 16112810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are few extensive studies about clinicopathological findings of spontaneous canine babesiosis caused by a large form of the parasite found in Europe. To further characterize and describe clinicopathological findings in dogs affected with this large form of Babesia in northeastern Italy, we evaluated 23 Italian dogs with canine babesiosis by means of clinical history, physical examination, hematological, biochemical, hemostatic tests, serum electrophoresis and urinalysis. Seventeen dogs (74%) had recently traveled on a hunting trip (within 5-15 days of being presented to the clinic) to Bosnia and Herzegovina (n=7), to Croatia (n=8) and to Hungary (n=2). The duration of clinical signs ranged from 1 to 5 days prior to the arrival at the clinic. The main clinical signs were dehydration (100%), apathy (74%), anorexia or decrease appetite (70%) and fever (68%). The anemia was present in 74% of the dogs and classified as mild (35%), moderate (59%) and severe (6%). In all cases, the anemia was normocytic and normochromic. Only three dogs presented erythrocyte regeneration. Seventy percent of dogs had hemolytic anemia and 30% had non-hemolytic anemia. Sixty-nine percent of dogs showed leucopenia and 74% neutropenia. Leucocitosis, due to mature neutrophilia and lymphocytosis, was present in one dog. Activated lymphocytes were noted in 61% of dogs. In all dogs, thrombocytopenia and an elevated hyperfibrinogenemia were present. Significant prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was only found in one case. In four dogs, both plasma fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDPs) and D-Dimer were increased. Antithrombin (AT) was slightly decreased in 11 of the 23 dogs. In the majority of cases, mild elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinekinase (CK), total bilirubin and lactic acid and decrease of total iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were present. In conclusion, the main clinicopathological findings were a mild to severe thrombocytopenia, a mild to moderate hemolytic anemia, neutropenia and hyperfibrinogenemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Furlanello
- Clinica Veterinaria Privata San Marco, Laboratorio Privato d'Analisi Veterinarie San Marco, Padova, Italy
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Griffin A, Callan MB, Shofer FS, Giger U. Evaluation of a canine D-dimer point-of-care test kit for use in samples obtained from dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation, thromboembolic disease, and hemorrhage. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:1562-9. [PMID: 14672437 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a canine D-dimer point-of-care (cD-d POC) test kit for use in healthy dogs and dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thromboembolic disease (TED), and hemorrhage. ANIMALS 12 healthy dogs, 18 dogs with DIC, 23 dogs with TED (19 acute and 4 chronic), and 18 dogs with hemorrhage. PROCEDURE The cD-d POC, canine D-dimer ELISA (cD-d ELISA), human D-dimer latex agglutination (hD-d LA), and fibrin degradation product (FDP) tests were performed on citrated plasma. RESULTS All healthy dogs had negative cD-d POC test results and mean cD-d ELISA value of 0.2 U/mL. All dogs with DIC had positive cD-d POC test results and mean cD-d ELISA value of 44 U/mL. Dogs with acuteTED had a mean cD-d ELISA value of 34 U/mL, and 17 of 19 had positive cD-d POC test results. Mean cD-d ELISA value in dogs with hemorrhage was 14 units/mL, and 15 of 18 had positive cD-d POC test results. The cD-d ELISA values in dogs with hemorrhage were significantly higher than those of healthy dogs but lower than those of dogs with DIC and acute TED. The cD-d POC, cD-d ELISA, and hD-d LA tests were comparable in differentiating healthy dogs from dogs with DIC, acute TED, or hemorrhage and appeared to be superior to measurement of FDPs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The cD-d POC test kit can be quickly and easily used and reliably detects dogs with DIC or acute TED. Positive results may also be seen in dogs with internal hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Griffin
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Stokol T. Plasma D-dimer for the diagnosis of thromboembolic disorders in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33:1419-35. [PMID: 14664206 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
D-dimer is formed during thrombus formation when factor XIIIa crosslinks the terminal D-domains of fibrin. The D-dimer epitope is exposed when the thrombus is lysed by plasmin. Thus, D-dimer represents both thrombin and plasmin activation and is specific for fibrinolysis. D-dimer concentrations are increased in dogs with DIC or other thromboembolic disorders, but because D-dimer is an indicator of physiologic or pathologic fibrinolysis, values are elevated in other conditions associated with fibrinolysis, including orthopedic surgery, neoplasia, and internal hemorrhage. It can be used as an ancillary test for the diagnosis of DIC but is not recommended as a sole test for this purpose. D-dimer has the potential to be a useful laboratory test for the detection of pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs. Further studies are needed to determine the appropriate applications for this test in veterinary patients to aid in clinical decision making, treatment, and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Schurman Hall, Upper Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Monreal L. Editorial: D-dimer as a New Test for the Diagnosis of DIC and Thromboembolic Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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