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Wikander YM, Knights K, Coffee C, Vernau W, Biller DS, Higginbotham ML, Springer NL. CD4 and CD8 double-negative immunophenotype of thymoma-associated lymphocytes in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:918-922. [PMID: 32814519 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720948628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent small-cell lymphocytosis in dogs with a concurrent mediastinal mass has been associated with both thymoma and small-cell lymphoma. In thymomas, neoplastic thymic epithelial cells induce overproduction and release of polyclonal lymphocytes, whereas thymic lymphoma results in thymic effacement by a clonal expansion of neoplastic lymphocytes and subsequent leukemic phase of lymphoma. Flow cytometry has been used to differentiate these 2 entities by immunophenotyping mediastinal mass aspirates. It has been reported that cases with mediastinal masses in which ≥ 10% of the associated small-cell lymphocytes were double positive for CD4 and CD8 were thymomas, whereas masses associated with < 10% were suggestive of lymphoma. We report a unique case of thymoma-associated lymphocytosis lacking the classic CD4+CD8+ immunophenotype. Our findings suggest that there may be more diversity in the thymoma-associated lymphocyte immunophenotype than has been identified previously; immunophenotyping alone might not be sufficient to differentiate thymic small-cell lymphoma from thymoma-associated lymphocytosis. In dogs with mediastinal masses and peripheral lymphocytosis, employing a variety of testing modalities to avoid misdiagnosis is prudent. These modalities include cytologic and/or histologic evaluation, immunophenotyping, and clonality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Wikander
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
| | - Kaori Knights
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
| | - Calli Coffee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Health Center
| | - William Vernau
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - David S Biller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Health Center
| | | | - Nora L Springer
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
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Childress MO. Letter to editor regarding Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:9-10. [PMID: 31693754 PMCID: PMC6979108 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Harel M, Touzet C, Barthélemy A, Ségard-Weisse EM. Prevalence and diagnostic value of the ultrasonographic honeycomb appearance of the spleen in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:186-192. [PMID: 30896332 PMCID: PMC8689103 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19837336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of a honeycomb appearance of the spleen in a population of referral cats presented for ultrasound examination, and to determine the diagnostic value of this finding vs the definitive diagnosis, the splenic cytological and haematological results. Methods Data were obtained from the medical records (2016–2018) of cats that had an ultrasonographic honeycomb appearance of the spleen, a splenic cytological diagnosis and a complete blood count. Results Twenty-five cats were included. Prevalence of the honeycomb pattern was 6.8%. None of the spleen was considered normal on cytology and four types of lesions were found: lymphoid hyperplasia (64%), neoplasia (16%), extramedullary haematopoiesis (12%) and splenitis (8%). A honeycomb pattern was successfully identified with a linear high-frequency probe in all cats, but only in 36% of cases with the micro-convex probe. Follow-up information was available for four cats, in which the honeycomb appearance persisted up to 105 days after the first examination; there was persistence of the honeycomb pattern in all cases. Cats with a splenic cytological diagnosis of extramedullary haematopoiesis had the lowest haemoglobin plasma concentration (P = 0.011). Conclusions and relevance Honeycomb appearance of the spleen is uncommon in cats and, in our study, was systematically associated with cytological alterations; most of the time it was benign (84%). The use of a high-frequency linear probe improves its detection rate. No epidemiological, ultrasonographic or clinical criteria allow differentiation between the different types of infiltration and fine-needle aspiration is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Harel
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Chloe Touzet
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Emilie M Ségard-Weisse
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Priest HL, Hume KR, Killick D, Kozicki A, Rizzo VL, Seelig D, Snyder LA, Springer NL, Wright ZM, Robat C. The use, publication and future directions of immunocytochemistry in veterinary medicine: a consensus of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:868-880. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. L. Priest
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - K. R. Hume
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - D. Killick
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital; University of Liverpool; Wirral UK
| | - A. Kozicki
- Blue Pearl, Specialty and Emergency Medicine; Southfield MI USA
| | - V. L. Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - D. Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
| | | | - N. L. Springer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Field of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | | | - C. Robat
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
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Schöpper I, Ohmura S, Rütgen B, Tsujimoto H, Weber K, Hirschberger J. Melting curve analysis in canine lymphoma by calculating maximum fluorescence decrease. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:563-575. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Schöpper
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - S. Ohmura
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - B. Rütgen
- Department of Pathobiology, Clinical Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - H. Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - J. Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
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Advanced Diagnostic Techniques. CANINE AND FELINE CYTOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7158337 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4083-3.00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
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Bonnefont-Rebeix C, Fournel-Fleury C, Ponce F, Belluco S, Watrelot D, Bouteille SE, Rapiteau S, Razanajaona-Doll D, Pin JJ, Leroux C, Marchal T. Characterization of a novel canine T-cell line established from a spontaneously occurring aggressive T-cell lymphoma with large granular cell morphology. Immunobiology 2016; 221:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Granum L, Gorman E, Ruaux C, Vernau W. Biphenotypic B-cell lymphoma in 2 cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:320-5. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Granum
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR USA
| | - Elena Gorman
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR USA
| | - Craig Ruaux
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR USA
| | - William Vernau
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California at Davis; Davis CA USA
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Hematopoietic Tumors. WITHROW AND MACEWEN'S SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161412 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Histopathology. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152035 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kol A, Christopher M, Skorupski K, Tokarz D, Vernau W. B-cell lymphoma with plasmacytoid differentiation, atypical cytoplasmic inclusions, and secondary leukemia in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kol
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis; CA; USA
| | - M.M. Christopher
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis; CA; USA
| | - K.A. Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis; CA; USA
| | - D. Tokarz
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis; CA; USA
| | - W. Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis; CA; USA
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Wilkerson MJ. Principles and Applications of Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting in Companion Animal Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:53-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Morrison WB. Inflammation and cancer: a comparative view. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:18-31. [PMID: 22151229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rudolph Virchow first speculated on a relationship between inflammation and cancer more than 150 years ago. Subsequently, chronic inflammation and associated reactive free radical overload and some types of bacterial, viral, and parasite infections that cause inflammation were recognized as important risk factors for cancer development and account for one in four of all human cancers worldwide. Even viruses that do not directly cause inflammation can cause cancer when they act in conjunction with proinflammatory cofactors or when they initiate or promote cancer via the same signaling pathways utilized in inflammation. Whatever its origin, inflammation in the tumor microenvironment has many cancer-promoting effects and aids in the proliferation and survival of malignant cells and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis. Mediators of inflammation such as cytokines, free radicals, prostaglandins, and growth factors can induce DNA damage in tumor suppressor genes and post-translational modifications of proteins involved in essential cellular processes including apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle checkpoints that can lead to initiation and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Weiss A, Klopfleisch R, Gruber A. T-Cell Receptor γ Chain Variable and Joining Region Genes of Subgroup 1 are Clonally Rearranged in Feline B- and T-Cell Lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Weiss A. FeLV-associated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:995; author reply 996. [PMID: 21126679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Stefanello D, Valenti P, Zini E, Comazzi S, Gelain M, Roccabianca P, Avallone G, Caniatti M, Marconato L. Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma in 5 Dogs (2001-2008). J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:90-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Facchini RV, Bertazzolo W, Zuliani D, Bonfanti U, Caldin M, Avallone G, Roccabianca P. Detection of biclonal gammopathy by capillary zone electrophoresis in a cat and a dog with plasma cell neoplasia. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:440-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Vail DM, Michels GM, Khanna C, Selting KA, London CA. Response evaluation criteria for peripheral nodal lymphoma in dogs (v1.0)--a Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) consensus document. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 8:28-37. [PMID: 20230579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Standardized assessment of response to therapy for lymphoma in dogs is lacking, making critical comparisons of treatment protocols difficult. This Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) consensus document, based on the recommendations of a subcommittee of ACVIM board-certified veterinary oncologists, was unanimously adopted at the 29th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society (VCS) by the VCOG membership. It has integrated guidance from the response assessment criteria established for lymphoma in human patients using standards available in routine veterinary oncology practices that are simple, repeatable and consistently applicable. These guidelines are intended only for use in dogs, where peripheral lymphadenopathy represents the principal component of their disease and as such do not critically assess extranodal disease (e.g., primary cutaneous, central nervous system, gastrointestinal). It is hoped these guidelines will be widely adopted and serve to facilitate the comparison of current and future treatment protocols used in the therapy of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Vail
- The School of Veterinary Medicine and The Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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21
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Gelain ME, Rossi G, Giori L, Comazzi S, Paltrinieri S. Identification of neoplastic cells in blood using the Sysmex XT-2000iV: a preliminary step in the diagnosis of canine leukemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:169-79. [PMID: 20230575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classification of leukemias requires specialized diagnostic techniques. Automated preliminary indicators of neoplastic cells in blood would expedite selection of appropriate tests. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the capacity of the Sysmex XT-2000iV hematology analyzer to identify neoplastic cells in canine blood samples. METHODS Blood samples (n=160) were grouped into 5 categories: acute leukemia (n=30), chronic leukemia (n=15), neoplasia without blood involvement (n=41), non-neoplastic reactive conditions (n=31), and healthy dogs (n=43). WBC counts, WBC flags, scattergrams, percentages of cells with high fluorescence intensity, and percentages of cells in the lysis-resistant region were evaluated alone or in combination to establish a "leukemic flag." Sensitivity, specificity, negative (LR-) and positive (LR+) likelihood ratios, and the number of false-negative (FN) and false-positive (FP) results were calculated, and receiver operating characteristic curves were designed for numerical values. RESULTS Among single measurements and parameters, only the evaluation of scattergrams minimized FN and FP results (sensitivity 100%, specificity 94.8%, LR+ 19.17, and LR- 0.00), although their interpretation was subjective. The more objective approach based on the generation of a "leukemic flag" had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 87.0%, LR- of 0.00, and LR+ of 7.67. CONCLUSION Using a novel gating strategy the Sysmex XT-2000iV may be used effectively to screen canine blood for hematopoietic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Neravanda D, Kent M, Platt S, Gruenenfelder F, Shelton G, Schatzberg S. Lymphoma-Associated Polymyositis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:1293-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yagihara H, Uematsu Y, Koike A, Tamura K, Isotani M, Yamaguchi T, Ono K, Washizu T, Bonkobara M. Immunophenotyping and gene rearrangement analysis in dogs with lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by small-cell lymphocytosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:197-202. [PMID: 19286497 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytosis caused by neoplastic proliferation of small lymphocytes is occasionally difficult to distinguish by morphological examination from nonneoplastic lymphocytosis. To examine the clinical utility of gene rearrangement analysis for demonstrating neoplastic proliferation of small lymphocytes, gene rearrangement analysis was performed in comparison with immunophenotyping using peripheral lymphocytes in dogs with small lymphocytosis. Thirty-one dogs with small-cell lymphocytosis (8,100-884,300/microl) were enrolled. By immunophenotyping, lymphocytosis of all dogs was suggested to be neoplastic in nature based on the detection of marked expansion of phenotypically homogeneous lymphocytes or the presence of an aberrant antigen-expressing population of lymphocytes. In contrast, gene rearrangement analysis represented clonality in 27 dogs (detection rate of 87%). From the present study, gene rearrangement analysis was considered to be worthwhile to strengthen the evidence of neoplastic proliferation of small lymphocytes when coupled with immunophenotyping and to be a suitable diagnostic substitute if immunophenotyping is not available in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yagihara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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KANEKO N, YAMAMOTO Y, WADA Y, SHIMOKAWA MIYAMA T, HIRAOKA H, ITAMOTO K, MIZUNO T, NAKAICHI M, TAKAHASHI T, WATARI T, OKUDA M. Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Analysis of Antigen Receptor Rearrangements to Support Endoscopic Diagnosis of Canine Alimentary Lymphoma. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:555-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki KANEKO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Yoshifumi YAMAMOTO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Yuko WADA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Hiroko HIRAOKA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Kazuhito ITAMOTO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Takuya MIZUNO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Munekazu NAKAICHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Tomoko TAKAHASHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Toshihiro WATARI
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Masaru OKUDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
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Gentilini F, Calzolari C, Turba ME, Bettini G, Famigli-Bergamini P. GeneScanning analysis of Ig/TCR gene rearrangements to detect clonality in canine lymphomas. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 127:47-56. [PMID: 18963006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of canine lymphoma is achieved using morphological and immunological methods. In a certain percentage of cases, difficulties in making a definitive diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders may occur despite extensive immunophenotyping. Therefore, additional diagnostics, such as molecular assessment of Ig/TCR gene rearrangements clonality, may confirm the final diagnosis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and heteroduplex analysis have already been proven to be suitable for detecting clonality but are cumbersome and labor-intensive. In the present study, GeneScanning analysis of PCR products originating from different primer sets targeting different regions of Ig and TCR was validated in improving sensitivity as well as in reducing the turnaround time of gene rearrangement assays. GeneScanning exploits 5' fluorescently labelled primers for the automated and fast analysis of PCR products either as singleplex or multiplex runs. Initially, the assay was set up using DNA purified from normal tissues (n=6), hyperplastic/reactive tissues (n=10) and a small set of immunophenotyped lymphoma samples (n=12). The optimized methods were then used in a large set of 96 canine lymphoma samples. Normal and hyperplastic/reactive lymphoid tissues showed typically polyclonal or, occasionally, oligoclonal PCR products. Lymphoma samples showed monoclonal peaks arranged as a single or, occasionally, a double narrow base peak sometimes embedded in a polyclonal background. In all immunophenotyped cases, an Ig or TCR clonal finding corresponded to B- and T-cell lymphomas, respectively. Overall, 94/96 (97.9%) samples showed clonal Ig/TCR clonal rearrangements among which clonal Ig was found in 61/96 (63.5%) of samples and clonal TCR in 33/35 Ig negative samples (34.4% of all cases). In one out of ten randomly chosen cases, both Ig and TCR clonal gene rearrangements were found. Among the factors affecting assay accuracy, DNA quality has been shown to be critical and the amplification of DNA controls of different size are recommended to evaluate DNA integrity. Frozen material such as that which remained inside the hub of the needle used for diagnostic procedures is optimal for the analysis herein described. In conclusion, GeneScanning represents a versatile tool for routinely assessing Ig/TCR clonal rearrangements and supporting the diagnostic protocol of canine lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gentilini
- Veterinary Clinical Department, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Dickinson RM. Canine lymphosarcoma: overcoming diagnostic obstacles and introduction to the latest diagnostic techniques. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2008; 49:305-6, 308. [PMID: 18390105 DOI: 10.4141/cjas69-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid milk replacera with or without added sawdust, purified wood cellulose or oat hulls (3% of dry replacer), or whole milk were fed to dairy calves in metabolism cages to study growth, digestibility, physical, chemical and enzymatic changes in the digestive tract, and incidence of diarrhea. In a relatively draft-free room at 21–22 °C bulk tended to increase1 fecal dry matter (19.6 vs. 17.1%). Bulk, especially oat hulls, also tended to reduce incidence of diarrhea compared with milk replacer fed alone. Bulk had no effect on calf growth, digestibility of milk replacer nutrients or nitrogen retention. Oat hulls were the only bulk source which entered the rumen, causing development of this organ, and increasing the percent dry matter and lowering the pH of abomasal contents. It was concluded that bulk, especially in the rumen, may exert a beneficial effect on the digestive tract of calves consuming only milk replacer.
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Weiss ATA, Hecht W, Henrich M, Reinacher M. Characterization of C-, J- and V-region-genes of the feline T-cell receptor gamma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:63-74. [PMID: 18456341 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphomas and leukemias are important neoplasias of domestic cats and human beings. In some cases it can be difficult to differentiate these tumors from reactive lymphatic hyperplasia. To overcome this problem, the diagnosis of lymphomas and leukemias in man is often supported by molecular techniques. To be able to establish such a technique in the cat we had to sequence the genes coding for the antigen receptors. As primary target in this study we choose the T-cell receptor gamma. Using 5'-and 3'-RACE techniques we were able to clone and sequence four different V-region genes, which can be clustered into two subgroups as well as six variants of the C-region gene. Additionally, we found eight J-region genes which can be classified into three subgroups. One of the V-region genes, six of the J-region genes and all C-region genes had not been described previously. All together we analysed 112 clones containing V- and J-region genes and 31 clones containing C-region genes. Sixty-six of these clones were full length containing the L-region as well as the 5'-UTR of the feline T-cell receptor gamma. The sequences of the V-region- and J-region-genes show sufficiently homologous areas that can be used to establish a small number of consensus-primers to be applied in molecular diagnosis of feline lymphomas and leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Th A Weiss
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
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28
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Kisseberth WC, Nadella MVP, Breen M, Thomas R, Duke SE, Murahari S, Kosarek CE, Vernau W, Avery AC, Burkhard MJ, Rosol TJ. A novel canine lymphoma cell line: a translational and comparative model for lymphoma research. Leuk Res 2007; 31:1709-20. [PMID: 17532464 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel canine lymphoma cell line, OSW, was established from the malignant pleural effusion of a dog with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The immunoprofile as determined by flow cytometry was as follows: positive for CD45, CD49d, CD18, CD11a; weakly positive for CD11b, CD11c, CD11d; and negative for CD45RA, CD1a, CD1c, CD3, TCRalphabeta, TCRgammadelta, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD8b, CD90(Thy1), CD21, MHCII, CD14(TUK4), CD34, and MPO. Immunocytochemistry of cytospin preparations was negative for cytoplasmic CD3, CD79a, and MPO, but was positive for CD20. The cell line had an oligoclonal T-cell receptor gamma (TCRgamma) gene rearrangement. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and single locus probe (SLP) analysis showed that there were copy number increases of loci on dog chromosome 13 (CFA 13), and copy number decreases were evident for regions of CFA 11, 22, 26, 30 and 32, which include several of the more common chromosomal aberrations reported previously in canine lymphoma. The OSW cell line grows rapidly in vitro and is tumorigenic as a xenograft in SCID/NOD mice. OSW represents one of only a few reported canine lymphoma cell lines and is the most thoroughly characterized. This cell line and xenograft represent significant in vitro and in vivo models, respectively, for comparative and translational lymphoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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29
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Ballegeer EA, Forrest LJ, Dickinson RM, Schutten MM, Delaney FA, Young KM. Correlation of ultrasonographic appearance of lesions and cytologic and histologic diagnoses in splenic aspirates from dogs and cats: 32 cases (2002–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230:690-6. [PMID: 17331053 DOI: 10.2460/javma.230.5.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of cytologic diagnosis, compared with histologic diagnosis, in determination of disease in ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates of splenic lesions. DESIGN Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION Splenic specimens from 29 dogs and 3 cats. PROCEDURES Records were searched for dogs and cats that had undergone ultrasound-guided splenic aspiration. Criteria for inclusion were ultrasonographic identification of splenic lesions and cytologic and histologic evaluation of tissue from the same lesion. Cytologic samples were obtained by fine-needle aspiration, and histologic specimens were obtained via surgical biopsy, ultrasound-guided biopsy, or necropsy. RESULTS Cytologic diagnoses corresponded with histologic diagnoses in 19 of 31 (61.3%) cases and differed in 5 of 31(16.1%) cases, and 1 aspirate was inadequate for evaluation. In 7 of 31 (22.6%) cases, histologic evaluation of tissue architecture was required to distinguish between reactive and neoplastic conditions. On the basis of histologic diagnosis in 14 animals with nonneoplastic conditions, the cytologic diagnosis was correct in 11 cases, not definitive in 2 cases, and incorrect in 1 case. In 17 animals with malignant neoplastic diseases, the cytologic diagnosis was correct in 8 cases, not definitive but consistent with possible neoplasia in 5 cases, and incorrect in 4 cases. Multiple similar-appearing nodules were significantly associated with malignancy, whereas single lesions were more often benign. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasound-guided aspiration of splenic lesions is a minimally invasive tool for obtaining specimens for cytologic evaluation. Although cytologic diagnoses often reflect histologic results, if missampling or incomplete sampling occurs or tissue architecture is required to distinguish between reactive and neoplastic conditions, accurate diagnosis with fine-needle aspiration may not be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ballegeer
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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30
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Avery AC, Avery PR. Determining the Significance of Persistent Lymphocytosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 37:267-82, vi. [PMID: 17336675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The authors provide a review of current knowledge of lymphocytosis in nonneoplastic conditions. They conclude that the list of major differentials for persistent nonneoplastic lymphocyte expansion in dogs and cats is short and that most of these conditions are relatively uncommon. Persistent lymphocytosis of small, mature, or reactive lymphocytes is most commonly the result of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. The first step in distinguishing nonneoplastic from neoplastic lymphocytosis is immunophenotyping by flow cytometry to determine the phenotypic diversity of the circulating cells. Clonality testing using the polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangements assay is a useful second step in cases in which the phenotype data are equivocal. Once the diagnosis of malignancy has been established, the immunophenotype also provides prognostic information in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Avery
- Clinical Immunopathology Service, 300 West Drake Street, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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31
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Comazzi S, Gelain ME, Riondato F, Paltrinieri S. Flow cytometric expression of common antigens CD18/CD45 in blood from dogs with lymphoid malignancies: A semi-quantitative study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 112:243-52. [PMID: 16698089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is useful to study lymphoid malignancies since it allows both immunophenotyping of neoplastic cells and quantification of antigen expression. CD18 and CD45 are commonly exposed membrane antigens with different levels of expression on blood leukocyte and neoplastic cells. The aim of this retrospective study was to semi-quantitatively evaluate the expression of CD18 and CD45 in dogs with different lymphoid malignancies with blood involvement and to compare results with those from healthy dogs and dogs with reactive diseases. Blood samples from 13 dogs with precursor lymphoid malignancies, 20 with mature neoplasms (either chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or lymphoma), of different immunophenotypes, were compared with 24 healthy dogs and 12 dogs with different reactive diseases. The median fluorescence intensity (MFI) for CD18 and CD45 was recorded on lymphoid and granulocytic populations using dual colour flow cytometry, and the ratio between MFI for lymphoid and granulocytic populations (L/N ratio) was calculated to compare the results obtained in different sessions using an internal control (granulocyte fluorescence intensity). Significant decreases in the L/N ratio were detected in neoplastic samples for both CD18 (either precursors or mature versus controls) and CD45 (either precursors or mature versus control), while using MFI only slight differences were detectable in CD45 between precursors and controls. Neoplastic cells often exhibited lower expression of the L/N ratio for CD18, and mainly for CD45, most likely due to a less mature pattern than normal cells and/or to an aberrant quantitative expression of surface antigen. Moreover, more than 50% of neoplastic lymphoid cells exhibited L/N ratios that were not within the values observed in controls for at least one antigen. Altered L/N ratios, in particular decreases of CD45, were mainly observed in precursor neoplasms and in T-cell neoplasms. Detection of altered expression of common antigens, and in particular a L/N ratio for CD45 lower than a value of 103% may be useful as a confirmation of pseudo-clonality thus helping in differentiating reactive and neoplastic lymphocyte expansions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD18 Antigens/analysis
- CD18 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Dog Diseases/blood
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dogs
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/veterinary
- Immunophenotyping/veterinary
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/veterinary
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/veterinary
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/veterinary
- Male
- ROC Curve
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Retrospective Studies
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- S Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Health, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, Milan 20133, Italy.
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Wilkerson MJ, Dolce K, Koopman T, Shuman W, Chun R, Garrett L, Barber L, Avery A. Lineage differentiation of canine lymphoma/leukemias and aberrant expression of CD molecules. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:179-96. [PMID: 15963817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry analysis and specific cluster differentiation (CD) molecules were used to determine the expression profiles of B- and T-cell antigens on lymph node preparations from 59 dogs with generalized or multisystemic lymphoma. Lymph node samples from 11 healthy dogs were labeled to validate the specificity of antibodies and to formulate guidelines for interpretation of the results obtained from lymphoma samples. In normal lymph nodes, T-lymphocytes expressing CD3, CD4, or CD8 beta represented 59+/-11%, 43+/-8%, or 16+/-5% of the total cells, whereas B-lymphocytes expressing either CD21 or surface IgM (IgM) represented 37+/-9% or 14+/-5%, respectively. Small lymphocytes could be distinguished from large lymphocytes by forward light scatter. Of the patient samples 29 different breeds were represented with Golden and Labrador retriever being the most common. The lymphoma samples segregated into three groups based on CD antigen expression. Thirty cases predominantly expressed one or more combinations of CD79a, IgM, and CD21 representing a B-cell lineage. Three B-cell cases also expressed the stem cell antigen, CD34. Sixteen cases expressed one or more combinations of CD3, CD4, and CD8 consistent with a T-cell lineage and CD3+CD4+CD8--phenotype was the most common. Thirteen cases showed a mixed expression profile for T- and B-cell antigens and in three cases CD14 was highly expressed. Clinical response was poorest for T-cell lymphomas. Leukemic states occurred in all three phenotypes; but mixed cell cases had the greatest proportion. Dual immunofluorescence staining confirmed co-expression of T-cell (CD3) and B-cell antigens (CD79a or CD21) on neoplastic lymphocytes of six mixed cell cases. In one mixed cell case, dual immunostaining identified lymphocyte populations that stained mutually exclusive for CD79a and CD3. Six mixed cell lymphomas tested by PCR showed clonality for rearranged antigen receptor. Four cases that were CD79a+CD3+ had TCRgamma chain gene rearrangements, whereas two cases that were CD3+CD8+CD21+ had Ig heavy chain rearrangement. One case expressing multiple CD molecules (CD3+CD8+CD21+CD14+) was PCR negative for both Ig and TCRgamma gene rearrangement and could not be classified into a B- or T-cell lineage. We show for the first time co-expression of B- and T-cell markers on lymphoma cells that had specific T- or B-cell gene rearrangements. These findings suggest that aberrant CD molecule expression is not an uncommon finding in canine lymphomas and is a useful diagnostic marker for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wilkerson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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