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Messina ML, Quintavalla F, Giannuzzi AP, Furlanello T, Caldin M. An Evaluation of Hemostatic Dysregulation in Canine Multicentric Lymphoma. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:500. [PMID: 38338143 PMCID: PMC10854594 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple hemostatic abnormalities are associated with paraneoplastic syndrome and some malignant tumors. Lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic neoplasm in dogs, sometimes associated with hemostatic changes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the behavior of coagulation parameters in dogs with multicentric lymphoma compared with diseased dogs without lymphoma, to separately evaluate the effect of immunophenotype (B lymphoma versus T lymphoma) on the variables of interest as well as the effect of disease stage (stage II to IV versus stage V). Specifically, a cross-sectional study was performed with a matched comparison group considering 170 dogs with B or T lymphoma (group 1) and 170 dogs with no lymphoma or other neoplastic processes but other diseases (group 0). Eight coagulation parameters were evaluated: platelet count (Plt), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen, fibrin/products of fibrinogen degradation (FDPs), fibrin D-dimers, and antithrombin (AT). Dogs with lymphoma showed prolonged PT and TT, decreased fibrinogen, increased FDP, and decreased Plt compared with group 0. The effect of disease stage was evaluated separately for dogs with stage II to IV lymphoma and dogs with stage V lymphoma; patients with stage II-IV lymphoma showed no significant differences, while in dogs with stage V lymphoma, a prolongation of PT and TT, a decrease in fibrinogen, an increase in FDPs and a decrease in Plt were found compared with the group 0. Finally, the comparison between B lymphoma and T lymphoma showed no significant differences in coagulation parameters between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that low fibrinogen and platelet levels were the most significant predictors of lymphoma in a cohort of canine patients. These hemostatic abnormalities in lymphoma appeared to be associated with the stage of the disease rather than the lymphoma immunophenotype. These findings pave the way for the possible scenario of lymphoma-associated fibrinolysis and the so far undescribed pattern of hyperfibrinolysis associated with the most severe stage of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ludovica Messina
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Fausto Quintavalla
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Furlanello
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, 35030 Veggiano, Italy
| | - Marco Caldin
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, 35030 Veggiano, Italy
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2
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Bae H, Kim SK, Yu D. Comparative analysis of the aberrant immunophenotype and clinical characteristics in dogs with lymphoma: a study of 27 cases. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1254458. [PMID: 37908841 PMCID: PMC10613669 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1254458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aberrant lymphoma phenotypes are frequently found in dogs, but the clinical implications are sparse. Methods Twenty-seven dogs with aberrant lymphoma diagnosed using flow cytometry between 2017 and 2023 were analyzed. Major paraneoplastic syndromes, prognostic factors, and clinical features of lymphoma were compared to their immunophenotypes. Results Twenty-seven dogs had aberrant immunophenotypes, with MHCII- (48%) and CD3+/CD21+ (44%) being the most commonly identified aberrancies. In B-cell lymphoma, the most frequent aberrancies were MHC II- (53%), CD3+/CD21+ (41%), CD34+ (24%), and CD79a- (24%). Meanwhile, in T-cell lymphoma, CD3+/CD21+ (63%), CD4-/CD8-(50%), CD5- (50%), and CD45- (50%) were the most common. The platelet-neutrophil ratio was significantly higher in the CD3+/CD21+ group than in the other groups, where either one or both markers were not expressed (55.23 ± 39.64; 18.72 ± 14.95, respectively; p = 0.001). Serum albumin concentration was significantly lower in the MHCII-group (2.59 g/dL, 95% CI 2.31-2.87) than in the MHCII+ group (3.06 g/dL, 95% CI 2.88-3.23; p = 0.009). CD34 expression showed significant correlations with cranial mediastinal mass, WHO clinical substage, and fever (p = 0.028, p = 0.041, and p = 0.047, respectively). MHCII expression was correlated with adverse reactions to chemotherapy, cranial mediastinal masses, and fever (p = 0.009, p = 0.023, and p < 0.001, respectively). No statistically significant differences in the survival period were observed for any of the phenotypic aberrancies. Conclusion Aberrant lymphomas are common in dogs. Some clinical prognostic factors that significantly correlate with aberrant immunophenotypes have been identified and can be applied clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeona Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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3
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Capasso A, Villers E, Elliott J, Ilchyshyn N, Hopkins I, Sanchez FV, Verganti S. Retrospective Study of T Cell Leukaemia (Large Granular Lymphocyte Variant) in Dogs Associated with Suspected Immune-Mediated Cytopaenia(s) in the Absence of Peripheral Lymphocytosis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030357. [PMID: 36766246 PMCID: PMC9913808 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine chronic large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukaemia is commonly characterised by moderate to marked lymphocytosis but not neutropaenia. In humans, LGL leukaemia is often associated with autoimmune disorders, including immune-mediated cytopaenias (mainly neutropaenia). This presentation is rare in dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of dogs with chronic LGL leukaemia with suspected immune-mediated cytopaenia. Six dogs with a median age of 4.5 years (range 2-8 years) were included in the study. The most common presenting signs were pyrexia and lethargy. All dogs had severe neutropaenia (median neutrophil count 0.07 × 109/L), three had thrombocytopaenia (median platelet count 66 × 109/L), and one had anaemia (HCT 0.32 L/L). In all dogs, bone marrow cytology revealed infiltration of granular T lymphocytes; PARR analysis confirmed clonality in four, and bone marrow flow cytometry identified CD3+ CD8+ neoplastic cells in two cases. All patients received systemic chemotherapy, and the cytopaenias resolved after 1-19 weeks. Two dogs were euthanised 133 and 322 days after diagnosis, two were lost to follow-up after 224 and 357 days, and two were alive at 546 and 721 days. A subset of LGL leukaemia in dogs is associated with immune-mediated cytopaenia and has a unique clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom CB8 0UH, UK
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +44-759-6580-266
| | - Elizabeth Villers
- Department of Pathology, Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom CB8 0UH, UK
| | - James Elliott
- Department of Oncology, Southfields, Cranes Point, Gardiners Ln S, Basildon SS14 3AP, UK
| | - Nic Ilchyshyn
- Department of Pathology, Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom CB8 0UH, UK
| | - Ian Hopkins
- Oackwood Veterinary Referrals, Willows Veterinary Hospital, Chester Road, Hartford, Nortwich CW8 1LP, UK
| | - Ferran Valls Sanchez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom CB8 0UH, UK
| | - Sara Verganti
- Department of Oncology, Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom CB8 0UH, UK
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4
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SEVİM K, ÇOLAKOĞLU EÇ, KAYA U. The impact of peripheral blood cell ratios in dogs with diffuse B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma treated with CHOP protocol. ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.1075126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, pre-chemotherapy hematological values of 14 dogs diagnosed with diffuse B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma were compared with the hematological data of 26 healthy dogs. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and platelet/neutrophil ratio (PNR) were evaluated between two groups. Anemia and an increased total leukocyte count were observed in dogs with lymphoma compared to healthy ones. The PNR value was found to be significantly lower in dogs with lymphoma, It was concluded that more comprehensive studies studies are needed to clearly understand the diagnostic and prognostic importance of hematological parameters in B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma of dogs.
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5
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A bitesize introduction to canine hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4073-4084. [PMID: 35316831 PMCID: PMC9278293 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are frequently diagnosed in dogs and result in a spectrum of clinical signs associated with specific disease types. The most frequently encountered hematologic tumors in dogs include lymphoma, lymphoid and myeloid leukemias, and mast cell, plasma cell, and histiocytic neoplasias. Coupled with the heterogeneous presentations of the different categories and subtypes of canine hematologic malignancies, outcomes for these tumors are also variable. Considering this, appropriate treatment options range from active surveillance to curative intent approaches harnessing surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation-based modalities. The underlying pathology of many of these diseases bears remarkable resemblance to that of the corresponding diagnosis made in human patients. We introduce some of the pathogenic drivers of canine hematologic cancers alongside their clinical presentations. An overview of standard-of-care therapies for each of these diseases is also provided. As comparative oncology gains recognition as a valuable setting in which to investigate the pathogenesis of neoplasia and provide powerful, clinically relevant, immunocompetent models for the evaluation of novel therapies, the number of clinicians and scientists participating in cancer research involving dogs is expected to increase. This review aims at providing an introductory overview of canine hematologic malignancies.
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6
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Rout ED, Labadie JD, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Curran KM, Avery AC. Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in dogs with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1918-1928. [PMID: 33998726 PMCID: PMC8295712 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) in dogs generally is considered an indolent disease, but previous studies indicate a wide range in survival times. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that BCLL has a heterogeneous clinical course, similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia in humans. We aimed to assess presentation and outcome in dogs with BCLL and evaluate the prognostic relevance of clinical and flow cytometric factors. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-one dogs with BCLL diagnosed by flow cytometry. Three breed groups were represented: small breed dogs (n = 55) because of increased risk of BCLL; Boxers (n = 33) because of preferential use of unmutated immunoglobulin genes; and other breeds (n = 33). METHODS Retrospective study reviewing signalment, clinicopathologic data, physical examination findings, treatment, and survival of dogs with BCLL. Cellular proliferation, determined by the percentage of Ki67-expressing CD21+ B-cells by flow cytometry, was measured in 39 of 121 cases. Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated for association with survival. RESULTS The median survival time (MST) for all cases was 300 days (range, 1-1644 days). Boxers had significantly shorter survival (MST, 178 days) than non-Boxers (MST, 423 days; P < .0001), and no significant survival difference was found between small breeds and other non-Boxer breeds. Cases with high Ki67 (>40% Ki67-expressing B-cells) had significantly shorter survival (MST, 173 days) than did cases with <40% Ki67 (MST undetermined; P = .03), regardless of breed. Cases with a high lymphocyte count (>60 000 lymphocytes/μL) or clinical signs at presentation had significantly shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia had a variable clinical course and Boxer dogs and cases with high Ki67 had more aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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7
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Pinard CJ, Ludwig L, Egan R, Tatiersky L, Brooks M, Richardson D, Hocker SE, Bienzle D. Primary bone marrow T-cell lymphoma in a Golden Retriever. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:142-150. [PMID: 33759213 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A 6.2-year-old 28-kg (61.7 lb) intact female Golden Retriever was referred due to persistent and multiple cytopenias noted on a routine CBC prior to a mature ovariohysterectomy procedure. The patient's physical examination was unremarkable, and staging of the thorax and abdomen identified no abnormalities. At the referral hospital, moderate hypercalcemia, borderline anemia, and neutropenia were noted. Assessment of bone marrow samples by cytology, histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry indicated a T-cell neoplasm. The patient was treated with a multi-agent chemotherapy protocol for 6 months, which induced remission. Nine months after diagnosis, she relapsed with recurrence of hypercalcemia, cytopenias, and clinical illness. Single-agent anthracycline (mitoxantrone) in combination with prednisone therapy was initiated for 3 months. Two months after completion, the patient relapsed again, and palliative therapy with prednisone was elected. The patient was euthanized 16 months after diagnosis due to progressive disease. Post-mortem histopathologic evaluation showed extensive replacement of bone marrow by neoplastic cells, and infiltrates in multiple organs. The neoplasm was diagnosed as lymphoma rather than leukemia due to the lack of abnormal circulating cells throughout the course of disease. The neoplasm was detected only in marrow at the time of initial diagnosis, and the marrow was the most extensively effaced organ at the time of death. Therefore, leukemia or stage V lymphoma was considered unlikely. In patients with a cytopenia and lack of neoplastic leukocytosis or solid tissue masses, primary bone marrow lymphoma should be considered among the differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Egan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laetitia Tatiersky
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Brooks
- Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel E Hocker
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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8
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Stilwell CA, Florey J. Peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in a dog with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Museux K, Turinelli V, Rosenberg D, Rodriguez Piñeiro I. Chronic lymphopenia and neutropenia in a dog with large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:721-724. [PMID: 31808187 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-cell LGLL) is the most common presentation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in dogs. Aleukemic or subleukemic leukemia is a particularly rare variation in both humans and dogs, where bone marrow proliferation is either not or only sparsely translated in the peripheral blood. Neutropenia is a prominent feature in cases of human T-cell LGLL but is normally absent in canine CLL. This report describes a case of a dog presented with an almost 3-year history of asymptomatic neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia (without anemia). A bone marrow examination, the exclusion of infectious diseases, and clonality testing led to the diagnosis of subleukemic LGLL that responded well to therapy (death occurred 2.5 years later due to an unrelated cause).
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10
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Akiyoshi M, Hisasue M, Neo S, Akiyoshi M, Goto-Koshino Y. A case of hemophagocytic syndrome progressing into large granular lymphoma in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:71-77. [PMID: 30811622 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old castrated male mixed breed dog was presented with anorexia, lethargy, intermittent vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Clinicopathologic and imaging abnormalities included pancytopenia, icterus, and splenomegaly with multiple minute hypoechogenic nodules. Bone marrow (BM) smears revealed 2.5% hemophagocytic macrophages. In addition, an increased number of small to intermediate lymphocytes (16.3%) and plasma cells (3.2%) were recognized in the BM smears. More than 80% of the lymphocytes contained multiple small intracytoplasmic magenta granules. Histopathologic findings of the spleen revealed hemophagocytosis. Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) were not found on the liver cytology or splenic histopathology at this time. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) analysis showed a clonal reaction in the T-cell receptor ɤ (TCRɤ) gene in the BM sample. The dog was diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). The dog was maintained in good condition with immunosuppressive therapy. However, the dog developed hepatic LGL lymphoma 7 months later. At this time, PARR analysis showed a clonal TCRɤ gene rearrangement in the hepatic LGL lymphoma samples. The BM and liver sample clonal rearrangements showed 100% homology, indicating that the small to intermediate granular lymphocytes in the BM at the HPS stage had progressed to hepatic LGL lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of canine secondary HPS caused by the occurrence of a BM LGL lymphoma clone that progressed to hepatic LGL lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Japan.,Akiyoshi Animal Clinic, Yamato City, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hisasue
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Japan
| | - Sakurako Neo
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Japan
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11
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Parachini-Winter C, Carioto LM, Gara-Boivin C. Retrospective evaluation of anemia and erythrocyte morphological anomalies in dogs with lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:487-495. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.4.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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13
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Elliott J, Villiers E. Indolent, T-cell, large granular lymphocytic leukaemia in a dog presenting with severe neutropenia and an absence of lymphocytosis. Open Vet J 2018; 8:118-124. [PMID: 29721441 PMCID: PMC5918120 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, large granular lymphocytic leukaemia (LGLL) is a low-grade, indolent lymphoproliferative disorder of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) associated with autoimmune disorders; including rheumatoid arthritis and single or multiple cytopenias; particularly neutropenia. Therapy largely centres around immunosuppression which aims to resolve the immune-mediated secondary pathology, often without eradicating the neoplastic clone. The most effective agents appear to be cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine and methotrexate. This case report describes the presentation, diagnostics, therapeutic approach and outcome of a 6 year-old Golden Retriever presenting with severe neutropenia. Chlorambucil, prednisolone and cyclosporine failed to improve the neutropenia but subsequent cyclophosphamide resulted in a sustained albeit temporary improvement in neutrophil count and the ability to withdraw prophylactic antibacterials. This case closely mirrors the diagnostics and therapeutic response in human LGLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elliott
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Highlands Road, Solihull, B90 4NH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Villiers
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
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14
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Epperly E, Hume KR, Moirano S, Stokol T, Intile J, Erb HN, Scrivani PV. Dogs with acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoid neoplasms (large cell lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia) may have indistinguishable mediastinal masses on radiographs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:507-515. [PMID: 29726055 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is an uncommon hematopoietic neoplasm of dogs that should be differentiated from lymphoid neoplasms, such as lymphoma, because of different treatment protocols and a worse prognosis. Thoracic radiography is performed frequently in dogs with suspected hematopoietic neoplasia, and detecting a mediastinal mass often prioritizes lymphoma as the most likely diagnosis. However, we have observed a mediastinal mass in several dogs with acute myeloid leukemia and hypothesized that (1) the frequency of a mediastinal mass was higher and (2) the size of the mass was larger in dogs with acute myeloid leukemia compared to dogs with lymphoid neoplasms. In this analytical study (observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional), the sample population included 238 dogs with hematopoietic neoplasia. These dogs were divided into lymphoid (large cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and myeloid groups based on standard phenotyping tests. A mediastinal mass was detected during thoracic radiography in 73/218 (33%) and nine of 20 (45%) dogs in the lymphoid and myeloid groups (P = 0.21), respectively. The median size ratio of mediastinal mass to cardiac silhouette was 0.20 and 0.23 in the lymphoid and myeloid groups (P = 0.96), respectively. Additionally, we observed normal thoracic radiographs in 111/218 (51%) dogs in the lymphoid group and nine of 20 (45%) dogs in the myeloid group. In conclusion, acute myeloid leukemia should be considered when a mediastinal mass is detected during radiography in dogs with suspected hematopoietic neoplasia-but the presence or size of a mediastinal mass does not differentiate between myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Epperly
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Kelly R Hume
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Steven Moirano
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Tracy Stokol
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Joanne Intile
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Hollis N Erb
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Peter V Scrivani
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Meuten
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John S. Munday
- Massey School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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16
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Rout ED, Burnett RC, Labadie JD, Yoshimoto JA, Avery AC. Preferential use of unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable region genes in Boxer dogs with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191205. [PMID: 29385200 PMCID: PMC5791963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease, and immunoglobulin heavy variable region (IGHV) gene mutational status is an important prognostic marker. IGHV mutational status has not been previously examined in canine CLL. We sequenced the IGHV-D-J rearrangements from 55 canine patients with CLL, including 36 non-Boxer and 19 Boxer dogs. The majority of non-Boxers (75%) had mutated IGHV genes, whereas the majority of Boxers (79%) had unmutated IGHV genes. IGHV3-41 and IGHV3-67 gene usage was significantly higher in Boxers with CLL compared to non-Boxers. Additionally, 11 Boxers with large B-cell lymphoma and the normal IGHV repertoire of six control dogs (three Boxers and three non-Boxers) were sequenced. IGHV3-41 was preferentially used in Boxers with other forms of lymphoma and without lymphoproliferative disease. However, preferential use of unmutated IGHV genes was unique to Boxers with CLL, suggesting Boxers may be a valuable model to investigate unmutated CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Case-Control Studies
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Dog Diseases/genetics
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dogs
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/veterinary
- Male
- Mutation
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
- VDJ Exons
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert C. Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julia D. Labadie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Janna A. Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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17
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Davis LL, Hume KR, Stokol T. A retrospective review of acute myeloid leukaemia in 35 dogs diagnosed by a combination of morphologic findings, flow cytometric immunophenotyping and cytochemical staining results (2007-2015). Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:268-275. [PMID: 29239119 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an uncommon, rapidly progressive neoplasm in dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to characterize the clinical presentation, haematologic findings, diagnostic imaging results, treatment and survival time of a contemporary cohort of dogs with AML. Diagnosis was based on >20% blasts in bone marrow or blood identified as myeloid based on morphologic findings, flow cytometric immunophenotyping and cytochemical staining. Medical records of 35 dogs diagnosed with AML from 2007 to 2015 were included. Most dogs presented with inappetence (66%) and lethargy (57%) and physical examination findings of peripheral lymphadenopathy (74%) and tachypnea (62%). Common haematologic findings were quantifiable circulating blasts (85%; median blast count 35 700/μL; range: 300-276 500/μL), anaemia (median haematocrit 34%; range: 11%-52%) and thrombocytopenia (median 57 000/μL; range: 9000-252 000/μL). Bicytopenia and pancytopenia were each found in 44% of dogs. Follow-up information was available for 34 dogs. The overall median survival time from diagnosis was 19 days (range: 1-121 days). Clinical progression in some dogs was not as rapid as previously reported. Haematologic responses to various chemotherapeutics were documented in 3 dogs, with associated survival times of 62, 103 and 121 days. Dogs treated with prednisone or a combination of chemotherapy and prednisone had improved survival compared to dogs that received symptomatic care only (P < .0001). Our results show canine AML has an overlapping clinical presentation with lymphoma. The prognosis for canine AML remains extremely guarded. Further studies are needed to optimize therapeutic regimens for dogs with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - K R Hume
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - T Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
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18
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Kim S, Kim H, Lee SH, Cho I, Kang S, Bae J, Kim W, Ahn S, Choi J, Kim SK, Do Y, Yoo JG, Park J, Yu D. Diagnosis of Lymphoid Malignancy by PCR for Analysis of Antigen Receptor Rearrangement after Blood Transfusion in a Dog with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia. Immune Netw 2017; 17:269-274. [PMID: 28860956 PMCID: PMC5577304 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.4.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is uncommon lymphoid malignancy in dogs, and its diagnosis is challenging. A 14-year-old spayed female mixed breed dog was transferred to a veterinary medical teaching hospital for an immediate blood transfusion. The dog showed lethargy, pale mucous membranes, and a weak femoral pulse. Complete blood count revealed non-regenerative anemia and severe leukopenia with thrombocytopenia. ALL was tentatively diagnosed based on the predominance of immature lymphoblasts on blood film examination. For confirmation of lymphoid malignancy, PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) on a peripheral blood sample and flow cytometry analysis were performed after blood transfusion. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that lymphocyte subsets were of normal composition, but PARR detected a T-cell malignancy. The dog was diagnosed with ALL and survived 1 wk after diagnosis. In conclusion, after blood transfusion, flow cytometry was not a reliable diagnostic method for an ALL dog, whereas PARR could detect lymphoid malignancy. Our results suggest that PARR should be the first-line diagnostic tool to detect canine lymphoid malignancy after a blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Kim
- Animal Diseases and Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Companion & Laboratory Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
| | - Ilhan Cho
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Seongwoo Kang
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Junwoo Bae
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Woosun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- Department of Companion & Laboratory Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
| | - Yoonjung Do
- Animal Diseases and Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Yoo
- Animal Diseases and Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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19
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Stokol T, Nickerson GA, Shuman M, Belcher N. Dogs with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Have Clonal Rearrangements in T and B Cell Receptors. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:76. [PMID: 28620611 PMCID: PMC5449502 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonality testing for rearrangements in the complementarity-determining region 3 of the immunoglobulin heavy chain of B lymphocytes (B cell receptor) and the T cell receptor of T lymphocytes helps distinguish between clonal and non-clonal expansions of lymphocytes. There are rare reports of clonally rearranged T and B cell receptors in dogs with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our objective was to determine the frequency of clonally rearranged T and B cell receptors in dogs with AML. Archived slides from historical cases of AML (from January 2010 to June 2013) and slides or liquid specimens [blood, bone marrow (BM), body cavity fluid, or tissue aspirates] from cases of AML diagnosed between June 2013 and February 2017 were used in the study. A diagnosis of AML was made on the basis of more than 20% immature neoplastic cells ("blasts") in blood, BM, or extramedullary tissues, displaying features of myeloid differentiation. Myeloid differentiation was based on a combination of morphologic criteria, positive flow cytometric labeling for surface antigens typical of myeloid origin (e.g., CD11b, CD11c, CD14 with a general lack of expression of T or B cell markers), or positive cytochemical staining reactions for myeloid-associated enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, chloroacetate esterase). There were 63 cases of AML diagnosed during this period; however, slides or liquid specimens with sufficient DNA for testing were only obtained from 25 dogs. Affected dogs represented various breeds and were a median of 8 years old, with more male (64%) than female (36%) dogs. Common clinical signs were peripheral or internal lymphadenopathy (10/25 dogs, 40%) and hepatomegaly or splenomegaly (10/25 dogs combined, 40%). Typical hematologic findings were bi- or pancytopenia (23/25 dogs, 92%), with circulating blasts (21/25, 84%). Solitary clonal (4 B cell, 6 T cell) and biclonal (6 B and T cell) rearrangements in B or T cell receptors were found in 16 dogs (64%). Our results indicate that dogs with AML can have a high frequency of clonally rearranged T or B cell receptors, including biclonality, and clonality testing should not be used as a tool to distinguish between acute leukemia of myeloid or lymphoid origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Gabrielle A Nickerson
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Martha Shuman
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Belcher
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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20
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Rout ED, Avery PR. Lymphoid Neoplasia: Correlations Between Morphology and Flow Cytometry. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 47:53-70. [PMID: 27542692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cytology is commonly used to diagnose lymphoma and leukemia. Frequently, a diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease can be obtained via cytology, and some of the common subtypes of canine lymphoma and leukemia can have characteristic cytologic features. Flow cytometry is a critical tool in the objective diagnosis and further characterization of lymphoma and leukemia. Features of the immunophenotype, such as expression of certain cell surface proteins or cell size, can provide important prognostic information. This review describes the cytologic features, flow cytometry immunophenotype, and immunophenotypic prognostic information for 6 major types of canine lymphoma and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 314-4 Diagnostic Medicine Center, 200 West Lake Street, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 309 Diagnostic Medicine Center, 200 West Lake Street, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA.
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21
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Bennett AL, Williams LE, Ferguson MW, Hauck ML, Suter SE, Lanier CB, Hess PR. Canine acute leukaemia: 50 cases (1989-2014). Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1101-1114. [PMID: 27402031 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukaemia (AL) is a bone marrow malignancy of hematopoietic progenitors that historically is poorly responsive to treatment. With the widespread adoption of dose-intense chemotherapy, more human patients attain long-term survivals, but whether comparable progress has been made in canine AL is unknown. To investigate this question, medical records from three academic veterinary hospitals were reviewed. Fifty dogs met the criteria for AL, having excess circulating or marrow blasts, a major cytopenia(s), and no substantial lymphadenopathy. Thirty-six dogs received cytotoxic chemotherapy; 23 achieved a complete or partial response for a median of 56 days (range, 9-218). With failure or relapse, 14 dogs were rescued. Median survival with treatment was poor at 55 days (range, 1-300). Untreated (n = 6) and palliatively-treated (n = 8) dogs lived a median of 7.5 days. Most dogs developed chemoresistance within weeks of initiating treatment, and consequently, survival times for AL remain disappointingly short.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bennett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - L E Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M W Ferguson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M L Hauck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - S E Suter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - C B Lanier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - P R Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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22
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Abstract
The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous family of lymphoid malignancies that are among the most common neoplasms of both dogs and humans. Owing to shared molecular, signaling, incidence, and pathologic features, there is a strong framework supporting the utilization of canine lymphoma as a comparative, large animal model of human NHL. In alignment with the biologic similarities, the current approach towards the diagnosis and classification of canine lymphoma is based upon the human World Health Organization guidelines. While this approach has contributed to an increasing appreciation of the potential biological scope of canine lymphoma, it has also become apparent that the most appropriate diagnostic philosophy must be multimodal, namely by requiring knowledge of microscopic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features before establishing a final disease diagnosis. This review seeks to illustrate the comparative similarities and differences in the diagnosis of canine lymphoma through the presentation of the microscopic and immunophenotypic features of its most common forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis M. Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-0471
| | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology and the Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (A.C.A.); (E.J.E.)
| | - E. J. Ehrhart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology and the Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (A.C.A.); (E.J.E.)
| | - Michael A. Linden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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23
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Bromberek JL, Rout ED, Agnew MR, Yoshimoto J, Morley PS, Avery AC. Breed Distribution and Clinical Characteristics of B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:215-22. [PMID: 26740174 PMCID: PMC4913636 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common hematopoietic malignancy in humans in the developed world and the primary risk factor is genetic. Dogs also develop B-CLL, but there is no systematic description of the disease in dogs. Understanding the epidemiology of B-CLL in dogs may help practitioners recognize the disease and position the dog as a model for future genetic studies. OBJECTIVES To describe B-CLL presentation in dogs, its clinicopathologic findings, and breed predisposition. ANIMALS Four hundred and ninety-one dogs with B-CLL and 5,673 control dogs with suspicion of a lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD). METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study of dogs for which samples were submitted to the Colorado State University Clinical Immunology Laboratory for immunophenotyping between 2010 and 2014. To assess breed predilection, dogs with B-CLL were compared to those with suspicion of other LPDs using logistic regression. RESULTS The median age was 11 years with no sex predilection. Half of the dogs presented with peripheral lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly and 26% had anemia. Eleven small-breed dogs had significantly increased odds of B-CLL. In addition, English Bulldogs had an increased risk and a unique presentation: these dogs were diagnosed at a median of 6 years and expressed lower class II MHC and CD25. CONCLUSIONS B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is overrepresented in small-breed dogs. Future genetic studies of these breeds may identify genetic risk factors. The unique presentation of English Bulldogs provides evidence of multiple forms of this disease. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether presenting signs are associated with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bromberek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - E D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - M R Agnew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - J Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - P S Morley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - A C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Abstract
Spontaneous cancers in client-owned dogs closely recapitulate their human counterparts with respect to clinical presentation, histological features, molecular profiles, and response and resistance to therapy, as well as the evolution of drug-resistant metastases. In several instances the incorporation of dogs with cancer into the preclinical development path of cancer therapeutics has influenced outcome by helping to establish pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics relationships, dose/regimen, expected clinical toxicities, and ultimately the potential for biologic activity. As our understanding regarding the molecular drivers of canine cancers has improved, unique opportunities have emerged to leverage this spontaneous model to better guide cancer drug development so that therapies likely to fail are eliminated earlier and therapies with true potential are optimized prior to human studies. Both pets and people benefit from this approach, as it provides dogs with access to cutting-edge cancer treatments and helps to insure that people are given treatments more likely to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheryl A London
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
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25
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Comazzi S, Martini V, Riondato F, Poggi A, Stefanello D, Marconato L, Albonico F, Gelain ME. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia transformation into high-grade lymphoma: a description of Richter's syndrome in eight dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:366-373. [PMID: 26463596 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Richter's syndrome (RS) is the development of an aggressive lymphoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). In humans, RS occurs in 2-20% of CLL, which transform into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma but reports in dogs are scarce. This study retrospectively describes eight dogs with CLL progressing into RS. A database including 153 dogs with CLL (93T CD8+ and 55 B-CLL) was interrogated and RS was demonstrated in eight cases (representing 5.2% of total CLL): two with T-cell (2.2% of T CLL) and six with a B-cell immunophenotype (10.9% of B-CLL). When RS occurred, lymphocytes were decreased compared to CLL. Five dogs had anaemia and two dogs thrombocytopenia. Frequent clinical signs included lymph node swelling, coughing, vomiting, neurological signs and weight loss. Independently from the therapy, RS was associated with a short survival (median 41 days). RS should be considered as an unfavourable evolution in canine CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A Poggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - L Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Albonico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M E Gelain
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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26
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Bottari NB, Munhoz TD, Torbitz VD, Tonin AA, Anai LA, Semolin LMS, Jark PC, Bollick YS, Moresco RN, França RT, Lopes STA, Stefani LM, Tinucci-Costa M, Silva ASD. Oxidative stress in dogs with multicentric lymphoma: Effect of chemotherapy on oxidative and antioxidant biomarkers. Redox Rep 2015; 20:267-74. [PMID: 26274787 PMCID: PMC6837369 DOI: 10.1179/1351000215y.0000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphoma is one of the most common types of cancer in dogs, characterized by the proliferation of lymphoid cells. The treatment of this type of cancer is usually based on drugs with high toxicity, which can cause severe side effects. OBJECTIVES Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in dogs with multicentric lymphoma before and after chemotherapy. METHODS For this purpose, serum samples of 25 dogs diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma and 15 healthy dogs were used. The animals were exposed to CHOP chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisone) and serum samples were collected 5 weeks after treatment. RESULTS High levels of TBARS, AOPP, and FRAP were observed in sera of dogs with multicentric lymphoma when compared to healthy dogs (P < 0.01), and even higher levels (TBARS and AOPP) were found after chemotherapy i.e. treatment exacerbated the oxidative stress levels. On the other hand, FRAP levels did not differ statistically between animals with lymphoma before and after treatment (P > 0.05). Exacerbated oxidative stress was observed in dogs with multicentric lymphoma Group II (Stage IV-V: involvement of lymph nodes and organs) compared to those in Group I (Stage I-III: only affected lymph nodes) of the disease, as well as the dogs with clinical signs and T immunophenotype. Another important result was observed after chemotherapy, where FRAP levels were higher in dogs that showed complete disease remission compared to animals with progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, dogs with lymphoma showed protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, as well as increased total antioxidants before and after chemotherapy compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathieli B. Bottari
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil
| | - Thiago D. Munhoz
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa D. Torbitz
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Tonin
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil
| | - Letícia A. Anai
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia M. S. Semolin
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C. Jark
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Yãnaí S. Bollick
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael N. Moresco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Raqueli T. França
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil
| | - Sonia T. A. Lopes
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil
| | - Lenita M. Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Mirela Tinucci-Costa
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S. Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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27
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a pygmy hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 45:906-10. [PMID: 25632680 DOI: 10.1638/2014-0005.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A captive, 31-yr-old, intact male pygmy hippopotamus presented with nonspecific signs of weight loss, inappetence, diarrhea, and lethargy. After 5 wk of diagnostic investigation and symptomatic treatment, an acute leukemic process with concurrent polycystic kidney disease was suspected. The animal's condition continued to deteriorate prompting euthanasia. Necropsy, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical examination confirmed acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and polycystic kidneys. Acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia has not previously been documented in this species; however, polycystic kidney disease has been reported. This case report adds to the increasing number of pygmy hippopotamuses diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease and describes acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, a previously unreported disease of this species.
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28
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Novacco M, Comazzi S, Marconato L, Cozzi M, Stefanello D, Aresu L, Martini V. Prognostic factors in canine acute leukaemias: a retrospective study. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 14:409-416. [PMID: 25623886 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine acute leukaemias (ALs) have a poor prognosis, with reported survival times (ST) of only a few weeks or months. Also, clinical studies assessing prognostic factors are lacking. This study aims to retrospectively assess variables that predict ST in dogs with AL, and to identify correlations between outcome and therapeutic protocols. Diagnosis and sub-classification into AL subtypes was made based on haematological findings, morphological assessment and flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Clinical-pathological features of AL subtypes at presentation concurred with those described in the literature. A normal neutrophil count at presentation significantly prolonged ST (P = 0.027). Additionally, there was a trend for anaemic dogs to have shorter survival compared with those without anaemia, and the incorporation of cytosine in the chemotherapy protocol produced a moderate but not significant increase in median ST for dogs with AL. Further prospective studies with standardized treatments are needed to confirm and improve our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novacco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Cozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Stokol T, Schaefer DM, Shuman M, Belcher N, Dong L. Alkaline phosphatase is a useful cytochemical marker for the diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and monocytic leukemia in the dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 44:79-93. [PMID: 25546124 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunophenotyping has replaced cytochemical staining as the preferred technique for classifying acute leukemia. However, some acute myeloid leukemias (AML) lack lineage-associated markers. In our experience, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is expressed in immature canine monocytes. We hypothesized that ALP is a useful marker for monocytic AML. OBJECTIVES The objective was to compare ALP expression in neoplastic cells from dogs with lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and AML. METHODS Alkaline phosphatase results were retrieved from medical records of dogs with acute leukemia. Smears from dogs with lymphoma or leukemia were also prospectively stained for ALP activity. CLL was based on persistent lymphocytosis (10 × 10(9) /L) and acute leukemia on ≥ 20% blasts in blood or bone marrow. ALL was classified based on positive phenotyping for T- or B-lymphocyte antigens, and AML on positive phenotyping for CD11b, CD11c or CD14, or cytochemical staining for chloroacetate esterase, Sudan Black B, or myeloperoxidase. RESULTS There was no ALP activity in all 49 lymphomas and 7 CLLs. Weak ALP activity was seen in 31% of 14 ALL (all T-ALL). ALP activity was seen in all 20 AML (P < .001 vs ALL) with strong activity in 64% (vs 25% ALL) in most neoplastic cells (median 75% vs 9% ALL, P = .020). Of AML, 80% were CD34+ (vs 39% ALL, P = .027) and 100% were MHCII- (vs 43% ALL, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS ALP activity may be useful for AML confirmation in dogs, particularly if neoplastic cells only express CD34+ on immunophenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Nevitt BN, Langan JN, Adkesson MJ, Landolfi JA, Wilson R. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:1391-5. [PMID: 25459484 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.12.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION Severe lymphocytosis and leukocytosis were detected during examination of a 10-year-old sexually intact male bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) with regionally extensive alopecia. CLINICAL FINDINGS A CBC revealed severe leukocytosis (39,100 leukocytes/μL) and marked lymphocytosis (90%). A blood smear consisted predominantly of intermediate-sized lymphocytes and few large lymphocytes, with mild to moderate nuclear atypia. These findings were highly suggestive of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Cytologic evaluation of bone marrow aspirates revealed no evidence of overt malignancy, with 10% of all cells identified as small to intermediate-sized mature lymphocytes. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Treatment with chlorambucil and prednisone administered orally over a 1.8-year period decreased the leukocyte and lymphocyte counts to within reference intervals with no adverse effects. Although repeated flow cytometry revealed evidence of residual disease, the fox remained free of clinical disease, and WBC counts were within reference intervals for this species. At 22 months after initial evaluation, the fox was euthanized because of debilitating arthritis. No evidence of CLL was detected grossly or histologically during necropsy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this was the first report of CLL in a bat-eared fox and first successful treatment in a nondomestic carnivore. Treatment in accordance with a chemotherapeutic protocol successfully resolved the leukocytosis and lymphocytosis with no serious adverse effects. Description of this fox and the treatment protocol should provide a valuable reference for future cases in this and other nondomestic canine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Nevitt
- Illinois Zoological and Aquatic Animal Residency Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802
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Tan E, Abrams-Ogg A, Defarges A, Bienzle D. Automated Analysis of Bone Marrow Aspirates from Dogs with Haematological Disorders. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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García-Sancho M, Villaescusa A, Rodríguez-Franco F, Sainz Á. Comparative study of peripheral blood leukocytes in healthy dogs and in dogs with cancer and inflammatory diseases. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:282-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714522464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the peripheral blood lymphocyte subset distribution was compared between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease, dental and skin conditions, and cancer. The immunophenotype of the group with chronic gastrointestinal disease and the group with dental and skin conditions showed no statistically significant differences with other groups of healthy or diseased dogs. When compared with healthy dogs, animals with cancer showed significantly lower absolute values of T cytotoxic cells (CD3+, CD8+) and lymphocytes that express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II+) in peripheral blood. The results suggest that peripheral blood immunophenotype is mainly altered in dogs with cancer but not in other diseases. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Villaescusa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Franco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Araghi A, Nassiri SM, Atyabi N, Rahbarghazi R, Mohammadi E. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of feline bone marrow cells and haematopoietic progenitor cells using anti-human antibodies. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 16:265-74. [PMID: 24065708 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13505575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of species-specific antibodies available for feline haematopoietic conditions. The purpose of this study was to broaden the panel of antibodies available for use in the immunophenotypic characterisation of feline haematopoietic cells by testing clones of anti-human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on normal, neoplastic and cultured feline haematopoietic progenitors to determine cross-reactivity to feline counterparts. In this study, 24 clones of anti-human mAbs were tested on normal or neoplastic feline bone marrow and peripheral blood cells. Six of these mAbs, including anti-cluster of differentiation (CD)61, anti-CD18, anti-CD14, anti-CD235a, anti-CD41 and anti-CD29, cross-reacted with normal feline bone marrow cells, whereas anti-CD33 and anti-CD117 cross-reacted with the blast cells in the bone marrow of two cats with myelodysplastic syndrome, and anti-CD71, anti-235a, anti-41 and anti-42 cross-reacted with immature erythroid cells in a cat with erythroleukaemia. In a feline immunodeficiency virus-positive cat, bone marrow cells were labelled with anti-CD33, anti-14 and anti-45. Anti-CD18, anti-CD14, anti-CD41 and anti-CD61 also reacted with the peripheral blood cells of the healthy cats. The feline haematopoietic progenitors formed colonies in the methylcellulose-based semisolid medium with significant enrichment of colony-forming unit-granulocyte, monocyte and burst-forming unit-erythroid. A panel of six anti-feline mAbs (anti-CD21-like, anti-T lymphocytes, anti-CD172a, anti-granulocyte, anti-CD45-like and anti-CD18) and eight anti-human antibodies (anti-CD71, anti-CD33, anti-CD235a, anti-CD41, anti-CD61, anti-CD117, anti-CD38 and anti-CD34) were used for the immunophenotypic characterisation of the feline bone marrow progenitors. CD45, CD33, CD235a and CD18 were expressed by the feline haematopoietic progenitor cells, with the highest expression level for CD45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Araghi
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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Papakonstantinou S, Berzina I, Lawlor A, J O’Neill E, J O’Brien P. Rapid, effective and user-friendly immunophenotyping of canine lymphoma using a personal flow cytometer. Ir Vet J 2013; 66:6. [PMID: 23547828 PMCID: PMC3640923 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-66-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread use of flow cytometry for immunophenotyping in clinical veterinary medicine is limited by cost and requirement for considerable laboratory space, staff time, and expertise. The Guava EasyCyte Plus (Guava Technologies, Hayward, CA, US) is the first, personal, bench-top flow cytometer designed to address these limitations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to adapt the immunohistochemical protocol used for immunophenotyping of canine lymphoma to the personal flow cytometer for rapid, effective and user-friendly application to the diagnosis and prognosis of canine lymphoma and to demonstrate its practicality for widespread veterinary application. Performance of the personal flow cytometer for immunophenotyping T and B lymphocytes in blood and lymph nodes from normal dogs and dogs with lymphoproliferative disease, was assessed using only two monoclonal antibodies (against CD3 and CD21), and by comparison with analysis using two conventional flow cytometers. METHODS 26 dogs with lymphoproliferative disease (23 with lymphoma, 3 with lymphocytic leukaemia) were studied along with 15 controls (2 non-lymphoma lymph nodes and 13 non-leukemic bloods. Lymphocytes were immunostained with fluorescent-labeled, monoclonal antibodies against CD3 and CD21. To assess the effectiveness of the personal flow cytometer in discrimination between T and B cell immunophenotypes, T and B cell counts for half the samples (14 blood and 11 lymph node) were also determined using the same method and conventional flow cytometers (FACSCalibur, Cyan Dako). To assess the effectiveness of the personal flow cytometer in discriminating between leukocyte types, lymphocyte differential counts were determined for 21 blood samples and compared with those from automated hematology analyzers (CELL-DYN 3500, n=11 and ADVIA 2120, n=10). Quality and sub-cellular distribution of immunostaining was assessed using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The protocol for immunophenotyping took 2 to 3 hours to complete from the point of receipt of sample to reporting of immunophenotype. The personal flow cytometer differential lymphocyte counts correlated highly (n=20; r=0.97, p<0.0001) with those of automated haematology analyzers. The personal flow cytometer counts consistently, but mildly, underestimated the percentages of lymphocytes in the samples (mean bias of -5.3%.). The personal flow cytometer immunophenotype counts were indistinguishable from those of conventional flow cytometers for both peripheral blood samples (n=13; r=0.95; p<0.0001; bias of -1.1%) and lymph node aspirates (n=11,r=0.98; p<0.001; bias of 1%). All but one leukemic and one lymphomatous lymph node sample, out of 26 samples of dogs with lymphoproliferative disease analyzed, could be immunophenotyped as either B or T cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that use of only 2 monoclonal antibodies is sufficient for immunophenotyping most cases of canine lymphoma by flow cytometry and enables rapid immunophenotyping. The personal flow cytometer may be as effectively used for immunophenotyping canine lymphoma as conventional flow cytometers. However, the personal flow cytometer is more accessible and user-friendly, and requires lower sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inese Berzina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda Lawlor
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma J O’Neill
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter J O’Brien
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
A captive 3-yr-old male dhole (Cuon alpinus) was presented for poor body condition. Pancytopenia concurrent with bone marrow aspiration that revealed severe medullary infiltration by a population of initially small lymphocytes was diagnostic of an aleukemic chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chemotherapy was initiated, but euthanasia was elected after the animal's rapid deteriorating condition and sudden lymphoid organs hypertrophy several days after initial presentation. Histology revealed lymphoid organs and bone marrow infiltration by highly proliferating immature lymphocytes compatible with a blast crisis. On immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells appeared CD3 positive, confirming a T lymphoid origin. This is the first report of a lymphocytic leukemia in a wild canid species.
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Hematopoietic Tumors. WITHROW AND MACEWEN'S SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161412 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Figueiredo JF, Culver S, Behling-Kelly E, Breen M, Friedrichs KR. Acute myeloblastic leukemia with associated BCR-ABL translocation in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:362-368. [PMID: 22747755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old male neutered Labrador Retriever was referred to the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of leukemia. Hematologic abnormalities included normal neutrophil count with a left shift, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, and circulating immature mononuclear cells. Bone marrow was effaced by immature hematopoietic cells of various morphologic appearances. In addition, large multinucleated cells were observed frequently. Flow cytometric analysis of nucleated cells in blood revealed 34% CD34(+) cells, consistent with acute leukemia. By immunocytochemical analysis of cells in blood and bone marrow, some mononuclear cells expressed CD18, myeloperoxidase, and CD11b, indicating myeloid origin; some, but not all, large multinucleated cells expressed CD117 and CD42b, the latter supporting megakaryocytic lineage. The diagnosis was acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation (AML-M1). To identify genetic aberrations associated with this malignancy, cells from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded bone marrow were analyzed cytogenetically by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Co-localization of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing BCR and ABL was evident in 32% of cells. This confirmed the presence of the canine BCR-ABL translocation or Raleigh chromosome. In people, the analogous translocation or Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and is rarely reported in AML. BCR-ABL translocation also has been identified in dogs with CML; however, to our knowledge this is the first report of AML with a BCR-ABL translocation in a domestic animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josely F Figueiredo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sarah Culver
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kristen R Friedrichs
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
There is little information regarding the presentation, biologic behaviour, treatment and prognosis in cats with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and further investigation is needed to characterize this disease in cats. The goal of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, response to treatment and prognosis of feline CLL. A multi-institutional retrospective study of 18 cats diagnosed with CLL between 2000 and 2010 was performed. CLL was defined as the presence of a mature lymphocytosis (>9000 lymphocytes µL(-1) ) and confirmation of an immunophenotypically monomorphic or clonal lymphoid population. Each patient was required to also have at least one of the two following criteria: (1) concurrent cytopenia of at least one cell line and/or (2) >15% mature lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Data on signalment, history, clinical signs, clinicopathologic features and response to treatment were reviewed. Median age of the cats at initial presentation was 12.5 years (range: 5-20 years). The most common presenting complaint was chronic weight loss, which was present in 8/18 (44%) cats. Sixteen of 18 (89%) cats were treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone; four of these cats also received vincristine. Two (11%) cats were treated with multi-agent injectable chemotherapy (L-CHOP, l-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone). Eighty-eight percent of cats evaluable for response achieved a complete (nine cats) or partial (six cats) remission. Median overall remission was 15.7 months (range: 1.3-22.8 months). The median overall survival in the 17 cats with follow-up data was 14.4 months (range: 0.9-25.3 months). Results of this study suggest that CLL affects older-aged cats and responds favourably to treatment with oral chlorambucil and prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Campbell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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40
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Childress MO. Hematologic Abnormalities in the Small Animal Cancer Patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:123-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Valentini F, Tasca S, Gavazza A, Lubas G. Use of CD9 and CD61 for the characterization of AML-M7 by flow cytometry in a dog*. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:312-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gioia G, Mortarino M, Gelain ME, Albonico F, Ciusani E, Forno I, Marconato L, Martini V, Comazzi S. Immunophenotype-related microRNA expression in canine chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142:228-35. [PMID: 21663977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional regulatory noncoding RNAs used to profile human hematopoietic tumors. In this study, some mature miRNAs was quantitated in peripheral blood from dogs with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Relative expression data were normalised against four endogenous controls (let-7a, miR-17-5p, miR-26b, and miR-223) selected by geNorm analysis. The results revealed distinct miRNA patterns in CLL depending on the immunophenotype. Also in dogs, the different miRNAs expression could reflect developmental lineage and tumor differentiation. The similar genetics, physiology and exposure to environment in dogs and humans make the miRNA expression study in canine CLL attractive for comparative oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gioia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Health, Section of General Pathology and Parasitology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Diagnostic Cytology in Veterinary Medicine: A Comparative and Evidence-Based Approach. Clin Lab Med 2011; 31:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bienzle D, Vernau W. The Diagnostic Assessment of Canine Lymphoma: Implications for Treatment. Clin Lab Med 2011; 31:21-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Reggeti
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - D. Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Tasca S, Furlanello T, Caldin M. High Serum and Urine Lysozyme Levels in a Dog with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:111-5. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old, female German Shepherd Dog with facial nerve paralysis was diagnosed with acute myelomonocytic leukemia based on clinical, cytologic, and immunologic findings. Proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio = 1.5) occurred in the absence of renal failure. Qualitative assessment of proteinuria by sodium dodecyl sulfate–agarose gel electrophoresis revealed a broad band with a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa that was compatible with lysozyme (LZM). A diagnosis of tubular proteinuria was made, and a chemical evaluation of LZM in serum and urine samples was performed using a turbidimetric assay. The LZM concentrations were 24.5 mg/l (reference interval: 2.5–8.0 mg/l) and 274.5 mg/l (reference interval: <2 mg/l) in serum and urine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tasca
- San Marco private veterinary clinic, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Marco Caldin
- San Marco private veterinary clinic, Padua, Italy
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