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Orciani C, Ballesteros C, Troncy E, Berthome C, Bujold K, Bennamoune N, Sparapani S, Pugsley MK, Paquette D, Boulay E, Authier S. The Spontaneous Incidence of Neurological Clinical Signs in Preclinical Species Using Cage-side Observations or High-definition Video Monitoring: A Retrospective Analysis. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:123-133. [PMID: 38063479 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231218984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
When conducting toxicology studies, the interpretation of drug-related neurological clinical signs such as convulsions, myoclonus/myoclonic jerks, tremors, ataxia, and salivation requires an understanding of the spontaneous incidence of those observations in commonly used laboratory animal species. The spontaneous incidence of central nervous system clinical signs in control animals from a single facility using cage-side observations or high definition video monitoring was retrospectively analyzed. Spontaneous convulsions were observed at low incidence in Beagle dogs and Sprague-Dawley rats but were not identified in cynomolgus monkeys and Göttingen minipigs. Spontaneous myoclonic jerks and muscle twitches were observed at low incidence in Beagle dogs, cynomolgus monkeys, and Sprague-Dawley rats but were not seen in Göttingen minipigs. Spontaneous ataxia/incoordination was identified in all species and generally with a higher incidence when using video monitoring. Salivation and tremors were the two most frequent spontaneous clinical signs and both were observed in all species. Data from the current study unveil potential limitations when using control data obtained from a single study for toxicology interpretation related to low incidence neurological clinical signs while providing historical control data from Beagle dogs, cynomolgus monkeys, Sprague-Dawley rats, and Göttingen minipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Troncy
- GREPAQ, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Universite de Montreal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dominique Paquette
- GREPAQ, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Universite de Montreal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Boulay
- Charles River, Laval, QC, Canada
- GREPAQ, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Universite de Montreal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Authier
- Charles River, Laval, QC, Canada
- GREPAQ, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Universite de Montreal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Cocostîrc V, Paștiu AI, Pusta DL. An Overview of Canine Inherited Neurological Disorders with Known Causal Variants. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3568. [PMID: 38003185 PMCID: PMC10668755 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary neurological conditions documented in dogs encompass congenital, neonatal, and late-onset disorders, along with both progressive and non-progressive forms. In order to identify the causal variant of a disease, the main two approaches are genome-wide investigations and candidate gene investigation. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals currently lists 418 Mendelian disorders specific to dogs, of which 355 have their likely causal genetic variant identified. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the canine nervous system phenes and their genetic causal variant. It has been noted that the majority of these diseases have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Additionally, the dog breeds that are more prone to develop such diseases are the Golden Retriever, in which six inherited neurological disorders with a known causal variant have been documented, and the Belgian Shepherd, in which five such disorders have been documented. DNA tests can play a vital role in effectively managing and ultimately eradicating inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Cocostîrc
- Department of Genetics and Hereditary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.P.); (D.L.P.)
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3
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Hamers MFN, Plonek M, Bhatti SFM, Bergknut N, Diaz Espineira MM, Santifort KM, Mandigers PJJ. Quality of life in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and their owners with an emphasis on breed-A pilot study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1107315. [PMID: 36713869 PMCID: PMC9874297 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1107315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy in dogs is a common chronic and serious disorder and may have an impact on the quality of life of the owners as well as the dogs themselves. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the QoL score of dogs suffering from idiopathic epilepsy and their owners and if possible, investigate whether a breed specific difference exists. Owners, either Dutch or Belgium, were asked to participate in a web based SurveyMonkey questionnaire. A total of 402 questionnaires representing 402 dogs with epilepsy were suitable for further analysis. Of the 402 dogs, 253 were males and 149 were females. Ninety-nine different breeds were represented. Fourteen breeds (177 dogs in total) were used to calculate breed specific scores; Australian Shepherd (n = 8), Beagle (n = 7), Belgian Tervuren dog (n = 9), Belgian Groenendaeler dog (n = 8), Border Collie (n = 38), Chihuahua (n = 9), Dachshund (n = 13), Drentsche Patrijshond (a Dutch partridge dog) (n = 14), French Bulldog (n = 12), Golden Retriever (n = 17), Labrador Retriever (n = 18), and Rottweiler (n = 12). For the Border Collie, there was a statistically significant correlation between "epilepsy related death," the severity of the seizures (p < 0.001) and cluster seizures (p < 0.001). The quality of life of the Border Collie was scored lower compared to all other dogs (p = 0.02). There were three breeds that had a minimal decrease in the overall quality of life score compared to all other dogs: the Chihuahua (p = 0.03), Dachshund (p = 0.001), and Golden retriever (p = 0.01). The score for "caring for my epileptic dog decreases my own QoL" was high for the Border Collie, Boxer, French Bulldog, and Rottweiler, but was only found to be statistically significantly higher in the Border Collie (p = 0.01). Scores for the Golden Retriever (p = 0.04) and Labrador (p = 0.006) were lower. In conclusion, this study reports breed specific quality of life scores of dogs with epilepsy and their owners, and underlines that breed by itself, is also an important factor when managing epilepsy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud F. N. Hamers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marta Plonek
- Evidensia Referral Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Sofie F. M. Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Paul J. J. Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Evidensia Referral Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Paul J. J. Mandigers ✉
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4
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Yu Y, Hasegawa D, Kanazono S, Saito M. Clinical characterization of epileptic seizures in Pomeranians with idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy of unknown cause. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:2113-2122. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University Tokyo Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University Tokyo Japan
- The Research Center for Animal Life Science Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichi Kanazono
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service Veterinary Specialists & Emergency Center Saitama Japan
| | - Miyoko Saito
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Kanagawa Japan
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Crasta M, Arteaga K, Barachetti L, Guandalini A. A multicenter retrospective evaluation of the prevalence of known and presumed hereditary eye diseases in Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed within a referral population in Italy (2012-2020). Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:426-433. [PMID: 35976615 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the ophthalmological findings of Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed and to report the prevalence of Known and Presumed Hereditary Eye Diseases (KP-HED). ANIMALS STUDIED Two hundred sixteen dogs were examined and included in this retrospective study. PROCEDURES Medical records of Lagotto Romagnolo dogs between 2012 and 2020 were included. Data about the ocular status were collected through ocular screening examinations (OSE) or clinical ophthalmic examinations (COE). The prevalence of each KP-HED was expressed as a function of the total number of the KP-HED in this referral population. RESULTS A total of 85 dogs (39.35%) were ophthalmologically healthy, ocular diseases presumably not hereditary were found in 43 dogs (19.91%), and 88 dogs (40.74%) were affected by one KP-HED. The most common KP-HEDs diagnosed were cataract (28/88; 31.82%), corneal endothelial dystrophy (17/88; 19.32%), retinal dysplasia (9/88; 10.23%), lens instability (7/88; 7.95%), progressive retinal atrophy (6/88, 6.82%), and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (6/88, 6.82%). Most of dogs with a KP-HED (77.27%, 68/88) were identified within COE group. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the prevalence of ocular disease in the Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed within a referral population in Italy. This study suggests a relatively high prevalence of KP-HED, with a characteristic late-onset presentation in some diseases. Many of these KP-HED's, lead to ocular pain and irreversible blindness, for this reason, the authors highlight the importance of aiming for an early diagnosis. Breeder's efforts and breeding programs should be directed at limiting such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Barachetti
- Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Adolfo Guandalini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Rome, Italy
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Mínguez JJ, El Bouyafrouri Y, Godoy JA, Rivas A, Fernández J, Asensio V, Serra R, Perez-Aspa MJ, Lorenzo V. Benign juvenile idiopathic epilepsy in captive Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in the ex situ conservation program (2005-2019). BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:165. [PMID: 33858406 PMCID: PMC8047521 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benign juvenile idiopathic epilepsy has been described in humans but rarely in animals. The objectives of the study were to describe the clinical signs, clinical data, imaging findings, genetic examinations, treatment, long-term outcome and prognosis in Iberian lynx with juvenile epilepsy. Medical records, video recordings and diagnostic data from 2005 to 2019 were reviewed. Results Twenty lynx cubs with early onset of epileptic seizures (ES) from the conservation program were included. The average age at seizure onset was 75 days. Isolated and cluster ES were recorded. Focal ES, focal ES evolving into generalized ES with a stereotypical pattern and generalized ES were observed. All the cubs were normal between episodes, had a normal neurological examination and unremarkable investigations. Phenobarbital was used as a first line antiepileptic drug (AED). ES halted 10 days (0–34) after starting treatment in eight out of twenty cubs (40%). Treatment was discontinued in this group after a mean of 578 days and no further ES were reported (mean follow-up longer than 5 years). Eleven animals (55%) continued on AED treatment for a mean of 1306 days (70–3466). An adult-onset was observed for one lynx (5%). Polytherapy was necessary in seven lynxes (35%). The inheritance pattern observed was compatible with an autosomal recessive condition. Based on this assumption, mating between two identified carriers has been avoided since 2012, which may have contributed to the subsequent decrease in prevalence, with no further cases detected in 2018 and 2019. Conclusions Lynx pardinus may have an early onset self-limiting ES syndrome characteristic of benign juvenile idiopathic epilepsy. Information obtained from this study strongly suggests a genetic basis for the here presented epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Mínguez
- Hospital Veterinario Guadiamar, Sanlúcar la Mayor, Seville, Spain. .,Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK.
| | - Yasmin El Bouyafrouri
- Centro de cría del lince ibérico El Acebuche-OAPN/Tragsatec. Parque Nacional de Doñana, Huelva, Spain
| | - José A Godoy
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivas
- Centro de cría del lince ibérico El Acebuche-OAPN/Tragsatec. Parque Nacional de Doñana, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Asensio
- Centro de Cría en cautividad de Lince ibérico (CCLI) de Zarza de Granadilla, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Serra
- Centro Nacional de Reprodução de Lince Ibérico, Silves, Portugal
| | - María J Perez-Aspa
- Centro de Cría en cautividad de Lince ibérico (CCLI) la Olivilla. Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucia, Jaen, Spain
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7
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Mínguez JJ, Martinez F, Vargas A, Wessmann A, Lorenzo V. Benign juvenile focal epilepsy in a captive Iberian lynx (
Lynx pardinus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Mínguez
- Neurology & Neurosurgery DepartmentHospital Veterinario GuadiamarSanlucar la MayorSevillaSpain
- Neurology & Neurosurgery DepartmentNeurologia VeterinariaGetafeMadridSpain
| | - Fernando Martinez
- Veterinary Medicine DepartmentCentro de Cría de Lince Ibérico El AcebucheAlmonteSpain
| | - Astrid Vargas
- Veterinary Medicine DepartmentCentro de Cría de Lince Ibérico El AcebucheAlmonteSpain
| | | | - Valentina Lorenzo
- Neurology & Neurosurgery DepartmentNeurologia VeterinariaGetafeMadridSpain
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8
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Frank L, Lüpke M, Kostic D, Löscher W, Tipold A. Grey matter volume in healthy and epileptic beagles using voxel-based morphometry - a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:50. [PMID: 29463250 PMCID: PMC5819682 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common chronic neurological disorders in dogs is idiopathic epilepsy (IE) diagnosed as epilepsy without structural changes in the brain. In the current study the hypothesis should be proven that subtle grey matter changes occur in epileptic dogs. Therefore, magnetic resonance (MR) images of one dog breed (Beagles) were used to obtain an approximately uniform brain shape. Local differences in grey matter volume (GMV) were compared between 5 healthy Beagles and 10 Beagles with spontaneously recurrent seizures (5 dogs with IE and 5 dogs with structural epilepsy (SE)), using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). T1W images of all dogs were prepared using Amira 6.3.0 for brain extraction, FSL 4.1.8 for registration and SPM12 for realignment. After creation of tissue probability maps of cerebrospinal fluid, grey and white matter from control images to segment all extracted brains, GM templates for each group were constructed to normalize brain images for parametric statistical analysis, which was achieved using SPM12. RESULTS Epileptic Beagles (IE and SE Beagles) displayed statistically significant reduced GMV in olfactory bulb, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and cortex, especially in temporal and occipital lobes. Beagles with IE showed statistically significant decreased GMV in olfactory bulb, cortex of parietal and temporal lobe, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, Beagles with SE mild statistically significant GMV reduction in temporal lobe (p < 0.05; family- wise error correction). CONCLUSION These results suggest that, as reported in epileptic humans, focal reduction in GMV also occurs in epileptic dogs. Furthermore, the current study shows that VBM analysis represents an excellent method to detect GMV differences of the brain between a healthy dog group and dogs with epileptic syndrome, when MR images of one breed are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Frank
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Matthias Lüpke
- Department of General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Draginja Kostic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Wielaender F, James FMK, Cortez MA, Kluger G, Neßler JN, Tipold A, Lohi H, Fischer A. Absence Seizures as a Feature of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy in Rhodesian Ridgeback Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:428-432. [PMID: 29194766 PMCID: PMC5787207 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoclonic epilepsy in Rhodesian Ridgeback (RR) dogs is characterized by myoclonic seizures occurring mainly during relaxation periods, a juvenile age of onset and generalized tonic‐clonic seizures in one‐third of patients. An 8‐month‐old female intact RR was presented for myoclonic seizures and staring episodes that both started at 10 weeks of age. Testing for the DIRAS1 variant indicated a homozygous mutant genotype. Unsedated wireless video‐electroencephalography (EEG) identified frequent, bilaterally synchronous, generalized 4 Hz spike‐and‐wave complexes (SWC) during the staring episodes in addition to the characteristic myoclonic seizures with generalized 4–5 Hz SWC or 4–5 Hz slowing. Photic stimulation did not evoke a photoparoxysmal response. Repeat video‐EEG 2 months after initiation of levetiracetam treatment disclosed a >95% decrease in frequency of myoclonic seizures, and absence seizures were no longer evident. Absence seizures represent another seizure type in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) in RR dogs, which reinforces its parallels to JME in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wielaender
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F M K James
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M A Cortez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Kluger
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Epilepsy Center, Schoen Klinik, Vogtareuth, Germany.,Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J N Neßler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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10
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Syrjä P, Anwar T, Jokinen T, Kyöstilä K, Jäderlund KH, Cozzi F, Rohdin C, Hahn K, Wohlsein P, Baumgärtner W, Henke D, Oevermann A, Sukura A, Leeb T, Lohi H, Eskelinen EL. Basal Autophagy Is Altered in Lagotto Romagnolo Dogs with an ATG4D Mutation. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:953-963. [PMID: 28583040 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817712793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A missense variant in the autophagy-related ATG4D-gene has been associated with a progressive degenerative neurological disease in Lagotto Romagnolo (LR) dogs. In addition to neural lesions, affected dogs show an extraneural histopathological phenotype characterized by severe cytoplasmic vacuolization, a finding not previously linked with disturbed autophagy in animals. Here we aimed at testing the hypothesis that autophagy is altered in the affected dogs, at reporting the histopathology of extraneural tissues and at excluding lysosomal storage diseases. Basal and starvation-induced autophagy were monitored by Western blotting and immunofluorescence of microtubule associated protein 1A/B light chain3 (LC3) in fibroblasts from 2 affected dogs. The extraneural findings of 9 euthanized LRs and skin biopsies from 4 living affected LRs were examined by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry (IHC), using antibodies against autophagosomal membranes (LC3), autophagic cargo (p62), and lysosomal membranes (LAMP2). Biochemical screening of urine and fibroblasts of 2 affected dogs was performed. Under basal conditions, the affected fibroblasts contained significantly more LC3-II and LC3-positive vesicles than did the controls. Morphologically, several cells, including serous secretory epithelium, endothelial cells, pericytes, plasma cells, and macrophages, contained cytoplasmic vacuoles with an ultrastructure resembling enlarged amphisomes, endosomes, or multivesicular bodies. IHC showed strong membranous LAMP2 positivity only in sweat glands. The results show that basal but not induced autophagy is altered in affected fibroblasts. The ultrastructure of affected cells is compatible with altered autophagic and endo-lysosomal vesicular traffic. The findings in this spontaneous disease provide insight into possible tissue-specific roles of basal autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Syrjä
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tahira Anwar
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Jokinen
- 3 Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Kyöstilä
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,4 Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,5 Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karin Hultin Jäderlund
- 6 Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cecilia Rohdin
- 8 Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.,9 Anicura, Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Hahn
- 10 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- 10 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 10 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Henke
- 11 Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- 11 Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antti Sukura
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- 12 Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,4 Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,5 Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Uriarte A, Maestro Saiz I. Canine versus human epilepsy: are we up to date? J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:115-21. [PMID: 26931499 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we analyse and compare features of canine and human epilepsy and we suggest new tools for better future understanding of canine epilepsy. The prevalence of epileptic seizures in dogs ranges between 0.5% and 5.7% and between 1% and 3% in the human population. Studies on human epilepsy provide a ready-made format for classification, diagnosis and treatment in veterinary epilepsy. Human studies highlight the value of a thorough seizure classification. Nevertheless, a matter of concern in canine epilepsy is the limited information regarding seizure description and classification because of the lack of EEG-video recording. Establishment of a consensus protocol for ambulatory home video-recording in dogs who suffer from epilepsy, mainly considering indications, duration of monitoring, the sufficient essential training for an optimal interpretation of ictal semiology and the methodology of recordings is needed. The ultimate goal is that the information gathered by these videos will be analysed to describe the epileptic seizures thoroughly, recognize patterns and move towards a better understanding and therefore classification of canine epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uriarte
- North Down Specialist Referrals, Surrey, RH1 4QP
| | - I Maestro Saiz
- Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Biscay, 48903, Spain
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12
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Berendt M, Farquhar RG, Mandigers PJJ, Pakozdy A, Bhatti SFM, De Risio L, Fischer A, Long S, Matiasek K, Muñana K, Patterson EE, Penderis J, Platt S, Podell M, Potschka H, Pumarola MB, Rusbridge C, Stein VM, Tipold A, Volk HA. International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:182. [PMID: 26316133 PMCID: PMC4552272 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs with epilepsy are among the commonest neurological patients in veterinary practice and therefore have historically attracted much attention with regard to definitions, clinical approach and management. A number of classification proposals for canine epilepsy have been published during the years reflecting always in parts the current proposals coming from the human epilepsy organisation the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). It has however not been possible to gain agreed consensus, "a common language", for the classification and terminology used between veterinary and human neurologists and neuroscientists, practitioners, neuropharmacologists and neuropathologists. This has led to an unfortunate situation where different veterinary publications and textbook chapters on epilepsy merely reflect individual author preferences with respect to terminology, which can be confusing to the readers and influence the definition and diagnosis of epilepsy in first line practice and research studies.In this document the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) discusses current understanding of canine epilepsy and presents our 2015 proposal for terminology and classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. We propose a classification system which reflects new thoughts from the human ILAE but also roots in former well accepted terminology. We think that this classification system can be used by all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Robyn G Farquhar
- Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Paul J J Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3583 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sam Long
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Karen Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Edward E Patterson
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Jacques Penderis
- Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, UK.
| | - Simon Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Podell
- Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60618, USA.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Martí Batlle Pumarola
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, Surrey, UK.
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
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13
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Matiasek K, Pumarola I Batlle M, Rosati M, Fernández-Flores F, Fischer A, Wagner E, Berendt M, Bhatti SFM, De Risio L, Farquhar RG, Long S, Muñana K, Patterson EE, Pakozdy A, Penderis J, Platt S, Podell M, Potschka H, Rusbridge C, Stein VM, Tipold A, Volk HA. International veterinary epilepsy task force recommendations for systematic sampling and processing of brains from epileptic dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:216. [PMID: 26324339 PMCID: PMC4595046 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, histological investigations of the epileptic brain are required to identify epileptogenic brain lesions, to evaluate the impact of seizure activity, to search for mechanisms of drug-resistance and to look for comorbidities. For many instances, however, neuropathological studies fail to add substantial data on patients with complete clinical work-up. This may be due to sparse training in epilepsy pathology and or due to lack of neuropathological guidelines for companion animals.The protocols introduced herein shall facilitate systematic sampling and processing of epileptic brains and therefore increase the efficacy, reliability and reproducibility of morphological studies in animals suffering from seizures.Brain dissection protocols of two neuropathological centres with research focus in epilepsy have been optimised with regards to their diagnostic yield and accuracy, their practicability and their feasibility concerning clinical research requirements.The recommended guidelines allow for easy, standardised and ubiquitous collection of brain regions, relevant for seizure generation. Tissues harvested the prescribed way will increase the diagnostic efficacy and provide reliable material for scientific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Martí Pumarola I Batlle
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Francisco Fernández-Flores
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Department of Animal and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Eva Wagner
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Animal and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Robyn G Farquhar
- Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Sam Long
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Karen Muñana
- North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Edward E Patterson
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jacques Penderis
- Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, UK.
| | - Simon Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Podell
- Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60618, USA.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, Surrey, UK.
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
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14
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International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force's current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:175. [PMID: 26316206 PMCID: PMC4552344 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine idiopathic epilepsy is a common neurological disease affecting both purebred and crossbred dogs. Various breed-specific cohort, epidemiological and genetic studies have been conducted to date, which all improved our knowledge and general understanding of canine idiopathic epilepsy, and in particular our knowledge of those breeds studied. However, these studies also frequently revealed differences between the investigated breeds with respect to clinical features, inheritance and prevalence rates. Awareness and observation of breed-specific differences is important for successful management of the dog with epilepsy in everyday clinical practice and furthermore may promote canine epilepsy research. The following manuscript reviews the evidence available for breeds which have been identified as being predisposed to idiopathic epilepsy with a proven or suspected genetic background, and highlights different breed specific clinical features (e.g. age at onset, sex, seizure type), treatment response, prevalence rates and proposed inheritance reported in the literature. In addition, certain breed-specific diseases that may act as potential differentials for idiopathic epilepsy are highlighted.
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15
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Pakozdy A, Patzl M, Zimmermann L, Jokinen TS, Glantschnigg U, Kelemen A, Hasegawa D. LGI Proteins and Epilepsy in Human and Animals. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:997-1005. [PMID: 26032921 PMCID: PMC4895363 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated (LGI) protein was first thought to have a suppressor effect in the formation of some cancers. Developments in physiology and medicine made it possible to characterize the function of the LGI protein family and its crucial role in different conditions more precisely. These proteins play an important role in synaptic transmission, and dysfunction may cause hyperexcitability. Genetic mutation of LGI1was confirmed to be the cause of autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. The LGI2 mutation was identified in benign familial juvenile epilepsy in Lagotto Romagnolo (LR) dogs. Cats with familial spontaneous temporal lobe epilepsy have been reported, and the etiology might be associated with LGI protein family dysfunction. In addition, an autoimmune reaction against LGI1 was detected in humans and cats with limbic encephalitis. These advances prompted a review of LGI protein function and its role in different seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pakozdy
- University Clinic of Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Patzl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Zimmermann
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - T S Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - U Glantschnigg
- University Clinic of Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Kelemen
- Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Hasegawa
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashinoshi, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Jokinen TS, Tiira K, Metsähonkala L, Seppälä EH, Hielm-Björkman A, Lohi H, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O. Behavioral Abnormalities in Lagotto Romagnolo Dogs with a History of Benign Familial Juvenile Epilepsy: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1081-7. [PMID: 25945683 PMCID: PMC4895370 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lagotto Romagnolo (LR) dogs with benign juvenile epilepsy syndrome often experience spontaneous remission of seizures. The long‐term outcome in these dogs currently is unknown. In humans, behavioral and psychiatric comorbidities have been reported in pediatric and adult‐onset epilepsies. Hypothesis/Objectives The objectives of this study were to investigate possible neurobehavioral comorbidities in LR with a history of benign familial juvenile epilepsy (BFJE) and to assess the occurrence of seizures after the remission of seizures in puppyhood. Animals A total of 25 LR with a history of BFJE and 91 control dogs of the same breed. Methods Owners of the LR dogs in the BFJE and control groups completed an online questionnaire about each dog's activity, impulsivity, and inattention. Principal component analysis (PCA) served to extract behavioral factors from the data. We then compared the scores of these factors between the 2 groups in a retrospective case–control study. We also interviewed all dog owners in the BFJE group by telephone to inquire specifically about possible seizures or other neurological problems after remission of seizures as a puppy. Results Lagotto Romagnolo dogs with BFJE showed significantly higher scores on the factors Inattention and Excitability/Impulsivity than did the control group (P = .003; P = .021, respectively). Only 1 of the 25 BFJE LR exhibited seizures after remission of epilepsy in puppyhood. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Although the long‐term seizure outcome in BFJE LR seems to be good, the dogs exhibit behavioral abnormalities resembling attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in humans, thus suggesting neurobehavioral comorbidities with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Tiira
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Metsähonkala
- Epilepsy Unit, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E H Seppälä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Heske L, Nødtvedt A, Jäderlund KH, Berendt M, Egenvall A. A cohort study of epilepsy among 665,000 insured dogs: Incidence, mortality and survival after diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 202:471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Ekenstedt KJ, Oberbauer AM. Inherited epilepsy in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2014; 28:51-8. [PMID: 24070682 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurologic disease in dogs and many forms are considered to have a genetic basis. In contrast, some seizure disorders are also heritable, but are not technically defined as epilepsy. Investigation of true canine epilepsies has uncovered genetic associations in some cases, however, many remain unexplained. Gene mutations have been described for 2 forms of canine epilepsy: primary epilepsy (PE) and progressive myoclonic epilepsies. To date, 9 genes have been described to underlie progressive myoclonic epilepsies in several dog breeds. Investigations into genetic PE have been less successful, with only 1 causative gene described. Genetic testing as an aid to diagnosis, prognosis, and breeding decisions is available for these 10 forms. Additional studies utilizing genome-wide tools have identified PE loci of interest; however, specific genetic tests are not yet developed. Many studies of dog breeds with PE have failed to identify genes or loci of interest, suggesting that, similar to what is seen in many human genetic epilepsies, inheritance is likely complex, involving several or many genes, and reflective of environmental interactions. An individual dog's response to therapeutic intervention for epilepsy may also be genetically complex. Although the field of inherited epilepsy has faced challenges, particularly with PE, newer technologies contribute to further advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Ekenstedt
- Department of Animal and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Wisconsin - River Falls, River Falls, WI, USA.
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19
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Guevar J, De Decker S, Van Ham LM, Fischer A, Volk HA. Idiopathic head tremor in english bulldogs. Mov Disord 2013; 29:191-4. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guevar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hatfield England
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hatfield England
| | - Luc M.L. Van Ham
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximillians-University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hatfield England
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20
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Jokinen TS, Haaparanta-Solin M, Viitmaa R, Grönroos TJ, Johansson J, Bergamasco L, Snellman M, Metsähonkala L. FDG-PET in healthy and epileptic Lagotto Romagnolo dogs and changes in brain glucose uptake with age. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 55:331-41. [PMID: 24354474 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional cerebral metabolism and blood flow can be measured noninvasively with positron emission tomography (PET). 2-[(18) F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) widely serves as a PET tracer in human patients with epilepsy to identify the seizure focus. The goal of this prospective study was to determine whether juvenile or adult dogs with focal-onset epilepsy exhibit abnormal cerebral glucose uptake interictally and whether glucose uptake changes with age. We used FDG-PET to examine six Lagotto Romagnolo dogs with juvenile epilepsy, two dogs with adult-onset epilepsy, and five control dogs of the same breed at different ages. Three researchers unaware of dog clinical status visually analyzed co-registered PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Results of the visual PET analyses were compared with electroencephalography (EEG) results. In semiquantitative analysis, relative standard uptake values (SUV) of regions of interest (ROI) drawn to different brain regions were compared between epileptic and control dogs. Visual analysis revealed areas of hypometabolism interictally in five out of six dogs with juvenile epilepsy in the occipital, temporal, and parietal cortex. Changes in EEG occurred in three of these dogs in the same areas where PET showed cortical hypometabolism. Visual analysis showed no abnormalities in cerebral glucose uptake in dogs with adult-onset epilepsy. Semiquantitative analysis detected no differences between epileptic and control dogs. This result emphasizes the importance of visual analysis in FDG-PET studies of epileptic dogs. A change in glucose uptake was also detected with age. Glucose uptake values increased between dog ages of 8 and 28 weeks and then remained constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja S Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lavely
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, VCA Animal Care Center of Sonoma, 6470 Redwood Drive, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
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22
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Martlé V, Van Ham L, Raedt R, Vonck K, Boon P, Bhatti S. Non-pharmacological treatment options for refractory epilepsy: an overview of human treatment modalities and their potential utility in dogs. Vet J 2013; 199:332-9. [PMID: 24309438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Refractory epilepsy is a common disorder both in humans and dogs and treatment protocols are difficult to optimise. In humans, different non-pharmacological treatment modalities currently available include surgery, the ketogenic diet and neurostimulation. Surgery leads to freedom from seizures in 50-75% of patients, but requires strict patient selection. The ketogenic diet is indicated in severe childhood epilepsies, but efficacy is limited and long-term compliance can be problematic. In the past decade, various types of neurostimulation have emerged as promising treatment modalities for humans with refractory epilepsy. Currently, none of these treatment options are used in routine daily clinical practice to treat dogs with the condition. Since many dogs with poorly controlled seizures do not survive, the search for alternative treatment options for canine refractory epilepsy should be prioritised. This review provides an overview of non-pharmacological treatment options for human refractory epilepsy. The current knowledge and limitations of these treatments in canine refractory epilepsy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Martlé
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luc Van Ham
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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23
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24
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Abstract
The development and function of the vertebrate nervous system depend on specific interactions between different cell types. Two examples of such interactions are synaptic transmission and myelination. LGI1-4 (leucine-rich glioma inactivated proteins) play important roles in these processes. They are secreted proteins consisting of an LRR (leucine-rich repeat) domain and a so-called epilepsy-associated or EPTP (epitempin) domain. Both domains are thought to function in protein–protein interactions. The first LGI gene to be identified, LGI1, was found at a chromosomal translocation breakpoint in a glioma cell line. It was subsequently found mutated in ADLTE (autosomal dominant lateral temporal (lobe) epilepsy) also referred to as ADPEAF (autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features). LGI1 protein appears to act at synapses and antibodies against LGI1 may cause the autoimmune disorder limbic encephalitis. A similar function in synaptic remodelling has been suggested for LGI2, which is mutated in canine Benign Familial Juvenile Epilepsy. LGI4 is required for proliferation of glia in the peripheral nervous system and binds to a neuronal receptor, ADAM22, to foster ensheathment and myelination of axons by Schwann cells. Thus, LGI proteins play crucial roles in nervous system development and function and their study is highly important, both to understand their biological functions and for their therapeutic potential. Here, we review our current knowledge about this important family of proteins, and the progress made towards understanding their functions.
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25
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Potschka H, Fischer A, von Rüden EL, Hülsmeyer V, Baumgärtner W. Canine epilepsy as a translational model? Epilepsia 2013; 54:571-9. [PMID: 23506100 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dogs with spontaneous diseases can exhibit a striking similarity in etiology, clinical manifestation, and disease course when compared to human patients. Therefore, dogs are intensely discussed as a translational model of human disease. In particular, genetic studies in selected dog breeds serve as an excellent tool to identify epilepsy disease genes. In addition, canine epilepsy is discussed as a translational platform for drug testing. On one hand, epileptic dogs might serve as an interesting model by allowing the evaluation of drug efficacy and potency under clinical conditions with a focus on chronic seizures resistant to standard medication, preventive strategies, or status epilepticus. On the other hand, several limitations need to be considered including owner-based seizure monitoring, species differences in pharmacokinetics and drug interactions, as well as cost-intensiveness. The review gives an overview on the current state of knowledge regarding the etiology, clinical manifestation, pathology, and drug response of canine epilepsy, also pointing out the urgent need for further research on specific aspects. Moreover, the putative advantages, the disadvantages, and limitations of antiepileptic drug testing in canine epilepsy are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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26
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Schwartz M, Muñana KR, Nettifee-Osborne J. Assessment of the prevalence and clinical features of cryptogenic epilepsy in dogs: 45 cases (2003–2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:651-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.5.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Williams D, Aleman M, Tharp B, Fletcher D, Kass P, Steffey E, LeCouteur R, Holliday T. Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Horses After Sedation. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:645-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D.C. Williams
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis; CA; 95616
| | - M. Aleman
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis; CA; 95616
| | - B. Tharp
- Department of Neurology; University of California Davis Medical Center; Sacramento; CA
| | - D.J. Fletcher
- Section of Emergency and Critical Care; Cornell University; Ithaca; NY
| | - P.H. Kass
- Population Health and Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis; CA
| | - E.P. Steffey
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis; CA; 95616
| | - R.A. LeCouteur
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis; CA; 95616
| | - T.A. Holliday
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis; CA; 95616
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28
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Arrol L, Penderis J, Garosi L, Cripps P, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Gonçalves R. Aetiology and long-term outcome of juvenile epilepsy in 136 dogs. Vet Rec 2012; 170:335. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Arrol
- Department of Veterinary Science; Small Animal Teaching Hospital; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Chester High Road Neston CH64 7TE UK
| | - J. Penderis
- School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - L. Garosi
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park Higham Gobion Hertfordshire SG5 3HR UK
| | - P. Cripps
- Department of Veterinary Science; Small Animal Teaching Hospital; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Chester High Road Neston CH64 7TE UK
| | - R. Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - R. Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Science; Small Animal Teaching Hospital; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Chester High Road Neston CH64 7TE UK
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Seppälä EH, Koskinen LLE, Gulløv CH, Jokinen P, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Bergamasco L, Baranowska Körberg I, Cizinauskas S, Oberbauer AM, Berendt M, Fredholm M, Lohi H. Identification of a novel idiopathic epilepsy locus in Belgian Shepherd dogs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33549. [PMID: 22457775 PMCID: PMC3311644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder in dogs, with an incidence ranging from 0.5% to up to 20% in particular breeds. Canine epilepsy can be etiologically defined as idiopathic or symptomatic. Epileptic seizures may be classified as focal with or without secondary generalization, or as primary generalized. Nine genes have been identified for symptomatic (storage diseases) and one for idiopathic epilepsy in different breeds. However, the genetic background of common canine epilepsies remains unknown. We have studied the clinical and genetic background of epilepsy in Belgian Shepherds. We collected 159 cases and 148 controls and confirmed the presence of epilepsy through epilepsy questionnaires and clinical examinations. The MRI was normal while interictal EEG revealed abnormalities and variable foci in the clinically examined affected dogs. A genome-wide association study using Affymetrix 50K SNP arrays in 40 cases and 44 controls mapped the epilepsy locus on CFA37, which was replicated in an independent cohort (81 cases and 88 controls; combined p = 9.70×10−10, OR = 3.3). Fine mapping study defined a ∼1 Mb region including 12 genes of which none are known epilepsy genes or encode ion channels. Exonic sequencing was performed for two candidate genes, KLF7 and ADAM23. No variation was found in KLF7 but a highly-associated non-synonymous variant, G1203A (R387H) was present in the ADAM23 gene (p = 3.7×10−8, OR = 3.9 for homozygosity). Homozygosity for a two-SNP haplotype within the ADAM23 gene conferred the highest risk for epilepsy (p = 6.28×10−11, OR = 7.4). ADAM23 interacts with known epilepsy proteins LGI1 and LGI2. However, our data suggests that the ADAM23 variant is a polymorphism and we have initiated a targeted re-sequencing study across the locus to identify the causative mutation. It would establish the affected breed as a novel therapeutic model, help to develop a DNA test for breeding purposes and introduce a novel candidate gene for human idiopathic epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija H. Seppälä
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta L. E. Koskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina H. Gulløv
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Päivi Jokinen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Karlskov-Mortensen
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luciana Bergamasco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anita M. Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Stalin K. Investigating epilepsy in dogs. Vet Rec 2012; 170:333-4. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.e2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Stalin
- Tighmonadh; Cardross Road Cardross Glasgow G82 5HD UK
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31
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Weissl J, Hülsmeyer V, Brauer C, Tipold A, Koskinen LL, Kyöstilä K, Lohi H, Sauter-Louis C, Wolf M, Fischer A. Disease progression and treatment response of idiopathic epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:116-25. [PMID: 22182230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in Australian Shepherds (ASs) occurs worldwide but there is a lack of description of the epilepsy syndrome in this breed. The ABCB1-1Δ mutation is more prevalent in ASs than in many other dog breeds. HYPOTHESIS Australian Shepherds suffer from a poorly controlled IE syndrome with prevailing severe courses. Seizure control and ABCB1-1Δ mutation might be related in this breed. ANIMALS Fifty ASs diagnosed with IE and 50 unaffected ASs. METHODS Predominant study design is a longitudinal cohort study. Pedigrees, medical records, seizure, and treatment data of ASs with IE were analyzed descriptively. Sex, color, and the ABCB1-1Δ genotype were compared between case and control groups and ASs with poorly or well-controlled seizures. Differences in survival times were assessed by logrank tests and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Idiopathic epilepsy in ASs is dominated by moderate and severe clinical courses with the occurrence of cluster seizures and status epilepticus and a high seizure frequency. Poor seizure control and a high initial seizure frequency (≥10 seizure days/first 6 months) are associated with shorter survival times (P < .05). Poor seizure control, unrelated to the ABCB1(MDR1) genotype, is evident in 56% of epileptic ASs. Pedigree analysis suggests a genetic basis. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Frequent severe clinical courses, poor seizure control unrelated to the ABCB1(MDR1) genotype, and a young age at death compromise animal welfare and warrant further genetic studies to unravel the underlaying molecular mechanisms of IE and seizure control in the breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weissl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Gulløv C, Toft N, Baadsager M, Berendt M. Epilepsy in the Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen: Prevalence, Semiology, and Clinical Phenotype. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1372-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C.H. Gulløv
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Dyrlaegevej; Frederiksberg C; Denmark
| | - N. Toft
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Grønnegårdsvej; Frederiksberg C; Denmark
| | - M.M.N. Baadsager
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Dyrlaegevej; Frederiksberg C; Denmark
| | - M. Berendt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Dyrlaegevej; Frederiksberg C; Denmark
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Wolf M, Bruehschwein A, Sauter-Louis C, Sewell AC, Fischer A. An inherited episodic head tremor syndrome in Doberman pinscher dogs. Mov Disord 2011; 26:2381-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Seppälä EH, Jokinen TS, Fukata M, Fukata Y, Webster MT, Karlsson EK, Kilpinen SK, Steffen F, Dietschi E, Leeb T, Eklund R, Zhao X, Rilstone JJ, Lindblad-Toh K, Minassian BA, Lohi H. LGI2 truncation causes a remitting focal epilepsy in dogs. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002194. [PMID: 21829378 PMCID: PMC3145619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One quadrillion synapses are laid in the first two years of postnatal construction of the human brain, which are then pruned until age 10 to 500 trillion synapses composing the final network. Genetic epilepsies are the most common neurological diseases with onset during pruning, affecting 0.5% of 2–10-year-old children, and these epilepsies are often characterized by spontaneous remission. We previously described a remitting epilepsy in the Lagotto romagnolo canine breed. Here, we identify the gene defect and affected neurochemical pathway. We reconstructed a large Lagotto pedigree of around 34 affected animals. Using genome-wide association in 11 discordant sib-pairs from this pedigree, we mapped the disease locus to a 1.7 Mb region of homozygosity in chromosome 3 where we identified a protein-truncating mutation in the Lgi2 gene, a homologue of the human epilepsy gene LGI1. We show that LGI2, like LGI1, is neuronally secreted and acts on metalloproteinase-lacking members of the ADAM family of neuronal receptors, which function in synapse remodeling, and that LGI2 truncation, like LGI1 truncations, prevents secretion and ADAM interaction. The resulting epilepsy onsets at around seven weeks (equivalent to human two years), and remits by four months (human eight years), versus onset after age eight in the majority of human patients with LGI1 mutations. Finally, we show that Lgi2 is expressed highly in the immediate post-natal period until halfway through pruning, unlike Lgi1, which is expressed in the latter part of pruning and beyond. LGI2 acts at least in part through the same ADAM receptors as LGI1, but earlier, ensuring electrical stability (absence of epilepsy) during pruning years, preceding this same function performed by LGI1 in later years. LGI2 should be considered a candidate gene for common remitting childhood epilepsies, and LGI2-to-LGI1 transition for mechanisms of childhood epilepsy remission. Major remodeling of the neuronal synaptic network occurs during childhood. The quadrillion synapses formed till the end of age two are trimmed to 500 trillion by age 10 through a selective process of strengthening of ideal connections, removal of redundant ones, and formation of new contacts. Very little is known about the basic mechanisms that direct this massive reorganization that leads to the adult brain. The most common epilepsies of humans occur in childhood and are characterized by remission prior to adulthood. Not much is known about their genetics and basic remission mechanisms. We describe here a canine equivalent disease and identify the defective gene, Lgi2. We show that the gene product is a secreted protein and interacts with neuronal ADAM receptors known to be involved in the regulation of synaptic remodeling in the developing brain. Our work sheds important light on the basic mechanisms of the most common neurological disease of children and discloses processes of epilepsy remission. The identification of the first focal epilepsy gene in dogs has also enabled the development of a genetic test to identify carriers for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija H. Seppälä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja S. Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew T. Webster
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elinor K. Karlsson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sami K. Kilpinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Steffen
- Department for Small Animals, Neurology Services, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Dietschi
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Small Animal Orthopedics and Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ranja Eklund
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Rilstone
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Berge A. Minassian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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36
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Lequarré AS, Andersson L, André C, Fredholm M, Hitte C, Leeb T, Lohi H, Lindblad-Toh K, Georges M. LUPA: a European initiative taking advantage of the canine genome architecture for unravelling complex disorders in both human and dogs. Vet J 2011; 189:155-9. [PMID: 21752675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The domestic dog offers a unique opportunity to explore the genetic basis of disease, morphology and behaviour. Humans share many diseases with our canine companions, making dogs an ideal model organism for comparative disease genetics. Using newly developed resources, genome-wide association studies in dog breeds are proving to be exceptionally powerful. Towards this aim, veterinarians and geneticists from 12 European countries are collaborating to collect and analyse the DNA from large cohorts of dogs suffering from a range of carefully defined diseases of relevance to human health. This project, named LUPA, has already delivered considerable results. The consortium has collaborated to develop a new high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Mutations for four monogenic diseases have been identified and the information has been utilised to find mutations in human patients. Several complex diseases have been mapped and fine mapping is underway. These findings should ultimately lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying complex diseases in both humans and their best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Lequarré
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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37
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Short AD, Dunne A, Lohi H, Boulton S, Carter SD, Timofte D, Ollier WER. Characteristics of epileptic episodes in UK dog breeds: an epidemiological approach. Vet Rec 2011; 169:48. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Short
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research; School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences; University of Manchester; Stopford Building Manchester M13 9PT
| | - A. Dunne
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research; School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences; University of Manchester; Stopford Building Manchester M13 9PT
| | - H. Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Program in Molecular Medicine; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics; University of Helsinki; PO Box 63 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - S. Boulton
- Vétoquinol UK, Vétoquinol House, Great Slade; Buckingham Industrial Park Buckingham MK18 1PA
| | - S. D. Carter
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZJ
| | - D. Timofte
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZJ
| | - W. E. R. Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research; School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences; University of Manchester; Stopford Building Manchester M13 9PT
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Hülsmeyer V, Zimmermann R, Brauer C, Sauter-Louis C, Fischer A. Epilepsy in Border Collies: clinical manifestation, outcome, and mode of inheritance. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:171-8. [PMID: 20391637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of data on idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in Border Collies (BCs) in the veterinary literature. HYPOTHESIS Genetic epilepsy occurs in BCs and is frequently characterized by a severe clinical course and poor response to medical treatment. ANIMALS Forty-nine BCs diagnosed with IE. METHODS Medical records, seizure data, treatment data, and pedigree information of affected dogs were collected. Cases were classified phenotypically as affected or not affected; mild, moderate, or severe clinical course; active epilepsy (AE) or remission; and drug resistant or not drug resistant. RESULTS Clinical manifestations were classified as having a moderate (33%) or severe clinical course (49%), characterized by a high prevalence of cluster seizures and status epilepticus. Survival time was significantly decreased in dogs < 2 years of age at seizure onset, and in dogs with a severe clinical course. Drug resistance was apparent in 71% of 24 dogs treated with > 2 antiepileptic drugs. The epilepsy remission rate was 18%. Median age at onset was significantly higher and initial seizure frequency was significantly lower in dogs with remission compared with dogs with AE. Pedigree analyses indicated a strong genetic founder effect in the appearance of epilepsy, resembling autosomal recessive inheritance. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The present study confirms the occurrence of genetically mediated epilepsy with a frequent severe clinical course and drug resistance in BCs. The results provide information about the long-term prognosis of IE in BCs for veterinarians and concerned owners, and may benefit breeders as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hülsmeyer
- Section of Neurology, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Raith K, Steinberg T, Fischer A. Case Series: Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring of status epilepticus in dogs and cats: 10 patients (2004-2005). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20:446-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Berendt M, Gulløv CH, Fredholm M. Focal epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd: evidence for simple Mendelian inheritance. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 50:655-61. [PMID: 19954442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the mode of inheritance and describe the clinical features of epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd, taking the outset in an extended Danish dog family (199 individuals) of Groenendael and Tervueren with accumulated epilepsy. METHODS Epilepsy positive individuals (living and deceased) were ascertained through a telephone interview using a standardised questionnaire regarding seizure history and phenomenology. Living dogs were invited to a detailed clinical evaluation. Litters more than five years of age, or where epilepsy was present in all offspring before the age of five, were included in the calculations of inheritance. results: Out of 199 family members, 66 dogs suffered from epilepsy. The prevalence of epilepsy in the family was 33%. Fifty-five dogs experienced focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation, while four dogs experienced primary generalised seizures. In seven dogs, seizures could not be classified. The mode of inheritance of epilepsy was simple Mendelian. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study identified that the Belgian shepherd suffers from genetically transmitted focal epilepsy. The seizure phenomenology expressed by family members have a strong resemblance to what has been reported for familial partial (focal) epilepsy in humans with variable foci with suggestion of linkage to chromosome 2 and chromosome 22q12.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berendt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16 DK-1870, Frb. C Copenhagen, Denmark
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Martlé VA, Caemaert J, Tshamala M, Van Soens I, Bhatti SFM, Gielen I, Piron K, Chiers K, Tiemessen I, Van Ham LM. Surgical treatment of a canine intranasal meningoencephalocele. Vet Surg 2009; 38:515-9. [PMID: 19538674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2009.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of an intranasal meningoencephalocele in a dog. STUDY DESIGN Case report. ANIMAL Female Border collie, 5 months old. METHODS A right intranasal meningoencephalocele was identified by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The lesion was approached by a modified transfrontal craniotomy. Surgical closure of the defect at the level of the cribriform plate and removal of extruded brain tissue resulted in regression of lacrimation and coincided with absence of seizuring. Treatment with phenobarbital was gradually reduced and stopped at 7 months after surgery. At 28 months the dog remained free of seizures. CONCLUSION Meningoencephalocele, although rare, can cause seizures in dogs and can be treated surgically. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A transfrontal craniotomy with excision of the meningoencephalocele and closure of the defect can be an effective treatment for an intranasal meningoencephalocele in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine A Martlé
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Veterinary Pathology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Berendt M, Gulløv CH, Christensen SLK, Gudmundsdottir H, Gredal H, Fredholm M, Alban L. Prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd variants Groenendael and Tervueren born in Denmark 1995-2004. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:51. [PMID: 19102738 PMCID: PMC2633289 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Belgian shepherd Groenendael and Tervueren is believed to be at higher risk of developing epilepsy than dogs of the common population. This epidemiological study was designed to estimate the prevalence of epilepsy in the Danish population of Groenendael and Tervueren born between 1995 and 2004. Furthermore, it was the intention to describe the clinical manifestation (seizure types and phenomenology) of epilepsy and to identify risk factors for euthanasia once the dog was diagnosed as having epilepsy. METHODS All owners of Groenendael and Tervueren dogs born between January 1995 and December 2004 and registered in the Danish Kennel Club (1,248 dogs) were contacted and asked to answer a mailed questionnaire concerning epilepsy. Positive responders were subsequently validated in a follow-up interview conducted by telephone using a standardized questionnaire. Owners were questioned about age at first seizure, seizure frequency, seizure duration, a detailed description of seizure phenomenology, post-ictal signs and if a veterinarian had diagnosed the dog with epilepsy. RESULTS Prevalence of epilepsy was estimated at 9.5%. Mean age of epilepsy debut was 3.3 years (range 0.5-8.0 years). There was an almost equal number of Groenendael (25) and Tervueren (24). The distribution of females and males was 31 and 18 respectively. Twenty-five per cent experienced focal seizures, 53% experienced focal seizures with secondary generalization and 18% experienced primary generalized seizures. In four percent seizures were unclassifiable. The most commonly reported focal seizure phenomenology included ataxia, crawling, swaying, fearful behavior, salivation, excessive attention seeking and disorientation. In 16% of the cases, epilepsy led to euthanasia. Intact dogs with epilepsy had a significantly increased risk of being euthanized because of epilepsy compared to neutered dogs with epilepsy. In 22% of the cases the owners reported that anxiety/hyperactivity/stress could act as a seizure provoking factor. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of epilepsy appears to be present in the Danish Groenendael and Tervueren population. The relatively late debut age of epilepsy in this breed contributes greatly to the increased prevalence of epileptic individuals, because dogs developing epilepsy late in life are used for breeding unintended.
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Neurology: Seizures in younger dogs and cats. COMPANION ANIMAL 2008. [PMCID: PMC7162384 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-3862.2008.tb00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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EOM KIDONG, LIM CHAEYOUNG, GU SUHYUN, KANG BYEONGTECK, KIM YOUNGBO, JANG DONGPYO, WOO EUNGJE, KIM DAEYOUNG, CHO ZANGHEE, PARK HEEMYUNG. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY FEATURES OF CANINE NECROTIZING MENINGOENCEPHALITIS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49:595-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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