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Mabry K, Davis MS, Gould E, Gogal RM, Steiner JM, Tolbert MK, Hill TL. Assessment of gastrointestinal health in racing Alaskan sled dogs using capsule endoscopy and inflammatory cytokines. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:574-580. [PMID: 37211353 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome occurs in dogs and people and might compromise athlete performance by increasing intestinal permeability and causing gastrointestinal erosions. Racing sled dogs often receive acid suppressant prophylaxis which decreases the incidence of gastric erosions induced by exercise. The objectives were to quantify intestinal injury by measuring serum pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations before and after exercise and to evaluate gastrointestinal mucosa using video capsule endoscopy after exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective study of 12 racing Alaskan sled dogs receiving approximately 1 mg/kg omeprazole once daily from the day before the race until race completion. Blood was drawn before and 8 to 10 hours after an endurance race for the quantification of cytokines. Gastrointestinal tract mucosa was assessed with video capsule endoscopy immediately post-race. RESULTS Eight of nine dogs (89%; 95% confidence interval 52 to 100%) had gastric erosions; all dogs (100%, 95% confidence interval 63 to 100%) had small intestinal erosions. Most of the dogs (seven of nine) had straw or foreign material present. Cytokine levels were not different from before to after the race. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Video capsule endoscopy identified gastrointestinal tract mucosal erosions after exercise in all dogs receiving once-daily omeprazole treatment, though other causes for the lesions besides exercise are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mabry
- Internal Medicine, South Carolina Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Care, Columbia, SC, 29210, USA
| | - M S Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - E Gould
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - R M Gogal
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M K Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - T L Hill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Keller A, Conradi J, Weber C, Failing K, Wergin M. Efficacy of Nx4 to Reduce Plasma Cortisol and Gastrin Levels in Norwegian Sled Dogs During an Exercise Induced Stress Response: A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Cohort Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:741459. [PMID: 34765666 PMCID: PMC8576320 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.741459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: An exercise induced stress response is commonly seen in high performance sled dogs, resulting in increased plasma cortisol. A stress induced rise of cortisol might result in increased prevalence of gastritis and gastric ulcers mediated by an increase of gastrin. Neurexan® (Nx4) is a medicinal product used for stress relief by reduction of cortisol. The aim of the study was to show that Nx4 reduces plasma cortisol and plasma gastrin in high performance sled dogs and to show tolerability of Nx4 in dogs. Material and Methods: First, a pilot study was done to validate the increase of cortisol by performance. The data from the pilot study was used for sample size estimation via an adapted power analysis as well as the identification of important variables. These were then used in the randomization procedure of the main study. Second, a prospective randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled cohort study was conducted. The main study included 45 sled dogs, assigning 23 dogs to the Nx4 group, and 22 dogs to the placebo group, to analyze plasma cortisol and plasma gastrin at four time points: before, directly after and 30 and 120 min after performance. Results: For the main target variable, area under the curve (AUC) of plasma cortisol, a significantly lower adjusted mean value in the Nx4 group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.031) was found. Plasma gastrin was also significantly reduced in the Nx4 group 30 min after performance (p = 0.023), resulting in a significantly reduced plasma gastrin AUC in the Nx4 group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.049). Discussion: Within the limitation of the study, the results carry implications for the usefulness of Nx4 to reduce exercise induced plasma cortisol and gastrin levels. The reduction of the exercise induced stress response could help to improve the welfare of high-performance sled dogs. Since activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis resulting in increased cortisol is similar for exercise induced stress and psychologic stress, the same might be true independent of the stressor, making Nx4 potentially useful in any stressful situation for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing of the Veterinary Faculty, University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Marks SL, Kook PH, Papich MG, Tolbert MK, Willard MD. ACVIM consensus statement: Support for rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants to dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1823-1840. [PMID: 30378711 PMCID: PMC6271318 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal barrier is continuously exposed to noxious toxins, reactive oxygen species, microbes, and drugs, leading to the development of inflammatory, erosive, and ultimately ulcerative lesions. This report offers a consensus opinion on the rational administration of GI protectants to dogs and cats, with an emphasis on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2 RAs), misoprostol, and sucralfate. These medications decrease gastric acidity or promote mucosal protective mechanisms, transforming the management of dyspepsia, peptic ulceration, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. In contrast to guidelines that have been established in people for the optimal treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease, effective clinical dosages of antisecretory drugs have not been well established in the dog and cat to date. Similar to the situation in human medicine, practice of inappropriate prescription of acid suppressants is also commonplace in veterinary medicine. This report challenges the dogma and clinical practice of administering GI protectants for the routine management of gastritis, pancreatitis, hepatic disease, and renal disease in dogs and cats lacking additional risk factors for ulceration or concerns for GI bleeding. Judicious use of acid suppressants is warranted considering recent studies that have documented adverse effects of long-term supplementation of PPIs in people and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L. Marks
- Department of Medicine & EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Peter H. Kook
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mark G. Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State University, College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - M. K. Tolbert
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Michael D. Willard
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexas
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4
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Leggieri LR, Marozzi A, Panebianco A, Gregorio P, Carmanchahi P. Effects of Short-Distance Recreational Mushing on Oxytocin, Gastrin, and Creatinine Kinase in Sled Dogs. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 22:320-328. [PMID: 30058379 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1500287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A considerable increase in creatinine kinase (CK) activity and gastrin hormone due to exercise has been observed in sled dogs during endurance mushing races; however, there have been no studies on sled dogs during recreational mushing. Although oxytocin hormone is involved in social behaviors and empathy, it has not been studied in sled dogs. This study aimed to assess changes in plasma CK activity, and gastrin and oxytocin concentrations in adult sled dogs used in touristic mushing in North Patagonia, Argentina. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after the winter season of 2017. Creatinine kinase activity measurement was done using an enzymatic assay. Hormone analyses were performed using commercial Enzyme-Linked InmunoSorbent Assay kits. Results showed an expected two-fold increase in CK activity during the winter, with recovering basal values after winter (< 400 UI/L), low and stable levels of gastrin (9.4 ± 8.8 pg/mL), and a slight increase in oxytocin (23%) after mushing activities. No evidence indicated gastrin alterations or muscular damage from touristic mushing, but an oxytocin increase would indicate a stimulation of the brain reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ramón Leggieri
- Wildlife Ecophysiology Research Group, INIBIOMA - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - AUSMA - National University of Comahue , San Martín de los Andes , Neuquén , Argentina
| | - Antonela Marozzi
- Wildlife Ecophysiology Research Group, INIBIOMA - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - AUSMA - National University of Comahue , San Martín de los Andes , Neuquén , Argentina
| | - Antonella Panebianco
- Wildlife Ecophysiology Research Group, INIBIOMA - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - AUSMA - National University of Comahue , San Martín de los Andes , Neuquén , Argentina
| | - Pablo Gregorio
- Wildlife Ecophysiology Research Group, INIBIOMA - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - AUSMA - National University of Comahue , San Martín de los Andes , Neuquén , Argentina
| | - Pablo Carmanchahi
- Wildlife Ecophysiology Research Group, INIBIOMA - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - AUSMA - National University of Comahue , San Martín de los Andes , Neuquén , Argentina
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Daure E, Ross L, Webster CRL. Gastroduodenal Ulceration in Small Animals: Part 2. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 53:11-23. [PMID: 27841679 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the first part of this review, we discussed the pathophysiology and epidemiology of gastric acid secretion and the epidemiology of gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs and cats. In this section, we discuss the pharmacology and evidence-based clinical use of histamine-2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evence Daure
- From the Centre Vétérinaire Daubigny, Quebec, Canada (E.D.); and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts (L.R., C.R.L.W.)
| | - Linda Ross
- From the Centre Vétérinaire Daubigny, Quebec, Canada (E.D.); and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts (L.R., C.R.L.W.)
| | - Cynthia R L Webster
- From the Centre Vétérinaire Daubigny, Quebec, Canada (E.D.); and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts (L.R., C.R.L.W.)
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Fergestad ME, Jahr TH, Krontveit RI, Skancke E. Serum concentration of gastrin, cortisol and C-reactive protein in a group of Norwegian sled dogs during training and after endurance racing: a prospective cohort study. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:24. [PMID: 27112583 PMCID: PMC4845360 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High incidences of gastritis and gastric ulceration are observed in sled dogs participating in endurance races. Exercise-induced increases in hormones like gastrin and cortisol have been suggested as possible contributing factors. An increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) has also been observed in canines during physical exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long distance racing on the serum concentration of gastrin, cortisol and CRP in a group of sled dogs, by comparing the results achieved early in the training season and after participating in a long distance race; “Femundløpet”. Dogs that only trained to the race, but did not compete in the race, were used as control dogs. Sixty-five sled dogs participated in the study; 46 competing dogs (25 completing and 21 non-completing the race) and 19 non-racing dogs (control dogs). The blood samples were collected in October 2012 and February 2013. Results The post-race serum concentration of gastrin, cortisol and CRP was significantly elevated in sled dogs participating in the race (both completing and non-completing dogs) when compared to the results from training. However, no significant differences were observed between the two sampling dates in the control dogs. Post-race results for completing and non-completing dogs were also compared. This demonstrated a significant elevation in gastrin in non-completing versus completing dogs, and a significant elevation in cortisol in completing compared to non-completing dogs. Conclusions Participation in a long distance race was associated with a significant increase in serum gastrin, cortisol and CRP in sled dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-016-0204-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Davis MS, Williamson KK. Gastritis and Gastric Ulcers in Working Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:30. [PMID: 27092307 PMCID: PMC4819149 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastritis and gastric ulcers are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in canine athletes. Although the majority of scientific work on this condition has been performed in ultraendurance racing sled dogs, this condition has been identified in other canine athletes, including sled dogs competing in shorter events and dogs performing off-leash explosive detection duties. The cause of the syndrome is unknown, but current hypotheses propose a link between exercise-induced hyperthermia and loss of gastric mucosal barrier function as an early event in the pathogenesis. Treatment is focused on prevention of clinical disease using acid secretion inhibitors, such as omeprazole, which has excellent efficacy in controlled clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK , USA
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Parkinson S, Tolbert K, Messenger K, Odunayo A, Brand M, Davidson G, Peters E, Reed A, Papich MG. Evaluation of the effect of orally administered acid suppressants on intragastric pH in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 29:104-12. [PMID: 25537303 PMCID: PMC4858072 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acid suppressant drugs are a mainstay of treatment for cats with gastrointestinal erosion and ulceration. However, clinical studies have not been performed to compare the efficacy of commonly PO administered acid suppressants in cats. Hypothesis/Objectives To compare the effect of PO administered famotidine, fractionated omeprazole tablet (fOT), and omeprazole reformulated paste (ORP) on intragastric pH in cats. We hypothesized that both omeprazole formulations would be superior to famotidine and placebo. Animals Six healthy adult DSH colony cats. Methods Utilizing a randomized, 4‐way crossover design, cats received 0.88–1.26 mg/kg PO q12h fOT, ORP, famotidine, and placebo (lactose capsules). Intragastric pH monitoring was used to continuously record intragastric pH for 96 hours beginning on day 4 of treatment. Plasma omeprazole concentrations at steady state (day 7) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. Mean percentage time that intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 were compared among groups using ANOVA with a posthoc Tukey‐Kramer test (α = 0.05). Results The mean percentage time ± SD that intragastric pH was ≥3 was 68.4 ± 35.0% for fOT, 73.9 ± 23.2% for ORP, 42.8 ± 18.6% for famotidine, and 16.0 ± 14.2% for placebo. Mean ± SD plasma omeprazole concentrations were similar in cats receiving fOT compared to those receiving ORP and in a range associated with acid suppression reported in other studies. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These results suggest that both omeprazole formulations provide superior acid suppression in cats compared to famotidine or placebo. Fractionated enteric‐coated OT is an effective acid suppressant despite disruption of the enteric coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkinson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
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9
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Parente NL, Bari Olivier N, Refsal KR, Johnson CA. Serum concentrations of gastrin after famotidine and omeprazole administration to dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1465-70. [PMID: 25056694 PMCID: PMC4895597 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The duration of antacid‐induced hypergastrinemia after cessation of administration of omeprazole and famotidine apparently has not been determined in dogs. Hypothesis That serum gastrin will return to basal concentrations by 7 days after cessation of famotidine or omeprazole administration. Animals Nine healthy, adult, male, research colony dogs. Methods Randomized, cross‐over design. Serum gastrin was determined daily for 7 days to establish baseline concentrations. Famotidine (1.0 mg/kg q24h) or omeprazole (1.0 mg/kg q24h) was administered PO for 7 days followed by a 14‐day washout. Serum concentrations of gastrin were determined daily during 7 days of administration and daily for 7 days after cessation of administration. Each drug was evaluated in 8 of the 9 dogs. Results Omeprazole caused a significant increase in serum gastrin concentration (37.2 ± 7.3 to 71.3 ± 19.0 ng/L; P = .006). Famotidine induced a transient increase in serum gastrin (37.2 ± 7.3 to 65.5 ± 38.5 ng/L; P = .02) that peaked at administration day 3 and declined thereafter. By day 7 after cessation of both drugs, there was no difference in serum gastrin concentrations compared to those before administration (famotidine P = .99; omeprazole P = .99). During or after administration, gastrin concentrations above 3 times the upper reference range were rare (12 of 224 samples). Conclusions and Clinical Importance A 7‐day withdrawal from short‐term administration of famotidine or omeprazole is sufficient for serum gastrin to return to baseline concentrations. Withholding famotidine or omeprazole for longer before investigating pathologic causes of hypergastrinemia is unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Parente
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI
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Davis M, Willard M, Bowers D, Payton M. Effect of simulated deployment patrols on gastric mucosa of explosive detection dogs. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/cep14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced gastric disease is well-recognised in dogs performing ultra-endurance racing, but has not been described in dogs performing non-competitive athletic activities. Explosive detection dogs often perform prolonged periods of exercise and are reported to have chronic inappetance and weight-loss consistent with gastric disease. Seven privately-owned Labrador Retrievers trained for off-leash explosive detection activities were used to test the hypothesis that explosive detection dogs develop exercise-induced gastric disease while performing routine duties. Gastroscopy was performed on dogs before and after a 5-day exercise challenge designed to simulate routine military deployment activities. Five days of sustained submaximal exercise resulted in substantial gastric disease. These results demonstrate that dogs performing prolonged submaximal exercise consistent with off-leash explosive detection patrols are susceptible to exercise-induced gastric disease. Exercise-induced gastric disease may explain the anecdotal reports of poor thrift in these types of dogs during military deployment, and prophylactic acid suppression therapy should be considered in dogs participating in these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - M.D. Willard
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - D. Bowers
- K2 Solutions Inc., 369 Currie Road, Jackson Springs, NC 27281, USA
| | - M.E. Payton
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Tolbert K, Bissett S, King A, Davidson G, Papich M, Peters E, Degernes L. Efficacy of oral famotidine and 2 omeprazole formulations for the control of intragastric pH in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:47-54. [PMID: 21143305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the efficacy of commonly used acid suppressants on intragastric pH in dogs. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of oral famotidine, 2 formulations of omeprazole, and placebo on intragastric pH in dogs with a catheter-free, continuous pH monitoring system. ANIMALS Six healthy adult mixed-breed colony dogs. METHODS Utilizing a randomized, 4-way cross over, open-label study, dogs were administered famotidine PO (1.0-1.3 mg/kg q12h), omeprazole tablet (1.5-2.6 mg/kg q24h), omeprazole reformulated paste (RP) (Gastrogard, 1.5-2.6 mg/kg q24h), and placebo for 7 days followed by a 10-day washout period. Radiotelemetric pH capsules were placed with gastroscopy assistance to continuously record intragastric pH for 4 days (days 4-7 of dosing). The percentage of time that intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 was compared among treatment groups using repeated measures of analysis of variance. Tukey's Studentized range test was used to determine which groups were different with α= 0.05. RESULTS Mean ± SD percent time intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 was 22 ± 8% and 14 ± 6% for famotidine, 63 ± 14% and 52 ± 17% for omeprazole tablet, 54 ± 17% and 44 ± 18% for omeprazole RP, and 6 ± 6% and 5 ± 5% for placebo. Both omeprazole formulations significantly increased intragastric pH compared with famotidine and placebo, but omeprazole tablet and RP was not significantly different from each other. CONCLUSION Oral omeprazole tablet and RP provide superior gastric acid suppression to famotidine, and should therefore be considered more effective for the treatment of acid related disorders in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tolbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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12
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Williamson K, Willard M, Payton M, Davis M. Efficacy of Omeprazole versus High-Dose Famotidine for Prevention of Exercise-Induced Gastritis in Racing Alaskan Sled Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:285-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Elwood C, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Freiche V, German AJ, Gualtieri M, Hall E, den Hertog E, Neiger R, Peeters D, Roura X, Savary-Bataille K. Emesis in dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:4-22. [PMID: 20137004 PMCID: PMC7167204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emesis is a common presenting sign in small animal practice. It requires a rational approach to management that is based upon a sound understanding of pathophysiology combined with logical decision making. This review, which assesses the weight of available evidence, outlines the physiology of the vomiting reflex, causes of emesis, the consequences of emesis and the approach to clinical management of the vomiting dog. The applicability of diagnostic testing modalities and the merit of traditional approaches to management, such as dietary changes, are discussed. The role and usefulness of both traditional and novel anti-emetic drugs is examined, including in specific circumstances such as following cytotoxic drug treatment. The review also examines areas in which common clinical practice is not necessarily supported by objective evidence and, as such, highlights questions worthy of further clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elwood
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG5 3HR
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