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Wrześniewska K, Madany J, Tobolski D, Żylińska B, Milczak A, Sobczyńska-Rak A. A Pilot Study of the Role of Selected Biomarkers of Kidney Injury in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1305. [PMID: 38731309 PMCID: PMC11083564 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart and kidney diseases are among the most frequent medical conditions diagnosed in small animals. Due to the functional interconnection between these organs, the concept of the cardio-renal axis has been developed. In this context, renal disease or dysfunction often occurs secondary to heart diseases, such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM is the most common cardiomyopathy and a leading cause of mortality in large-breed dogs. Traditional biomarkers like creatinine or symmetric dimethylarginine concentration are not always effective, especially in the early stages of the disease, underscoring the need for more sensitive markers of renal impairment during heart failure (HF). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of selected biomarkers as indicators for early kidney damage in dogs with stage B2 DCM. We measured serum concentrations of cystatin C, KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), and NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and their ratios to creatinine, analyzing their diagnostic values. Cystatin C was quantified using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay, while KIM-1 and NGAL were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits designed for canine diagnostics. The concentrations were indexed against serum creatinine. The study included 26 dogs: 9 with HF and 17 healthy controls. The mean ± standard deviation for healthy dogs for cystatin C, cystatin C/creatinine ratio, KIM-1, KIM-1/creatinine ratio, NGAL, and NGAL/creatinine ratio were 0.24 ± 0.04, 0.26 ± 0.07, 0.61 ± 0.07, 0.67 ± 0.13, 2.76 ± 1.8, and 2.79 ± 1.81, respectively. For DCM dogs, these values were 0.27 ± 0.1, 0.32 ± 0.12, 0.61 ± 0.08, 0.69 ± 0.17, 6.46 ± 5.22 (p = 0.02), and 7.99 ± 6.53 (p = 0.04). This study's findings suggest that during the asymptomatic phase of DCM, only NGAL concentration and the NGAL/creatinine ratio may serve as diagnostic markers for early-stage kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wrześniewska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Jacek Madany
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Dawid Tobolski
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 14 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Beata Żylińska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Milczak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Sobczyńska-Rak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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Grosso G, Tognetti R, Domenech O, Marchesotti F, Patata V, Vezzosi T. Echocardiographic reference intervals of the dimensions of the main pulmonary artery and the right pulmonary artery: a prospective study in 269 healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 50:29-38. [PMID: 37918089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No data are available on the echocardiographic reference intervals (RIs) for the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and right pulmonary artery (RPA) dimensions in a large sample of dogs. Therefore, we aimed to describe the echocardiographic RIs of the MPA and RPA dimensions in normal dogs. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Two hundred and sixty nine healthy dogs of different breeds, age and body weight (BW) were prospectively enrolled in this multicenter, observational study. The MPA diameter, RPA maximum diameter (RPAmax), and RPA minimum diameter (RPAmin) were measured from the right parasternal short axis view. Prediction intervals (PIs) for MPA, RPAmax and RPAmin were generated using allometric scales. Reference intervals (RI) of MPA indexed to the ascending aorta (MPA/AO), and RPAmax and RPAmin indexed to the aortic annulus (RPAmax/Aod and RPAmin/Aod), were defined. RESULTS A positive linear relationship between MPA, RPAmax, RPAmin and BW was evident after logarithmic transformation (R2 = 0.859, R2 = 0.787 and R2 = 0.725, respectively; P<0.0001). According to allometric scales, the PI for the MPA normalized for BW (MPA_N) was between 5.50 and 8.07, the PI for the RPAmax normalized for BW (RPAmax_N) was between 3.23 and 5.62, while the PI for the RPAmin normalized for BW (RPAmin_N) was between 1.62 and 3.30. The median MPA/AO was 0.92 (RI, 0.78-1.01), the median RPAmax/Aod was 0.70 (RI, 0.53-0.98) and the median RPAmin/Aod was 0.40 (RI, 0.29-0.61). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The reported RIs of the MPA and RPA dimensions in normal dogs could increase the diagnostic accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography in the identification of pulmonary artery enlargement in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grosso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - R Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - O Domenech
- Department of Cardiology, Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - F Marchesotti
- Department of Cardiology, Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - V Patata
- Department of Cardiology, Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - T Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Santos LD, Walker AL. The Role of Autoantibodies in Companion Animal Cardiac Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1367-1377. [PMID: 37423843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies exploring the role of autoimmune diseases in cardiac dysfunction have become increasingly common in both human and veterinary literature. Autoantibodies (AABs) specific to cardiac receptors have been found in human and canine dilated cardiomyopathy, and circulating autoantibodies have been suggested as a sensitive biomarker for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in people and Boxer dogs. In this article, we will summarize recent literature on AABs and their role in cardiac diseases of small animals. Despite the potential for new discoveries in veterinary cardiology, current data in veterinary medicine are limited and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Ashley L Walker
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 9561, USA
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Cerbu M, Cerbu C, Papuc I. M-Mode Echocardiography in Canine Veterinary Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Left Ventricular Measurements in 44 Different Dog Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2986. [PMID: 37760386 PMCID: PMC10525205 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the use of canine M-mode in veterinary medicine, specifically in assessing the left ventricle measurements in several breeds. It traces the historical development of echocardiography techniques, including A-mode, B-mode, and motion mode (M-mode), which provide accurate unidimensional records of cardiac structures. This article highlights the significance of M-mode measurements in diagnosing stage B2 of MMVD, where left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter corrected with body weight (LVIDdN) is essential for identifying cardiac enlargement. It also explains the role of M-mode in diagnosing DCM, outlining criteria such as left ventricular dilatation. The authors emphasize the importance of breed-specific reference values for echocardiographic measurements due to variations in somatotype among dogs. This review provides a comprehensive table summarizing M-mode measurements of the left ventricle for 44 different dog breeds, including interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal diameter, and left ventricular posterior wall thickness during systole and diastole. This review's methodology involves compiling data from various scientific literature sources, providing an extensive tabular representation of M-mode measurements for different breeds, ages, and sexes. Overall, this review highlights the critical role of M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing and managing cardiac diseases in dogs, underscores the importance of breed-specific reference values, and presents a comprehensive summary of M-mode measurements for various dog breeds, aiding both clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cerbu
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.C.); (I.P.)
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionel Papuc
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.C.); (I.P.)
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Agarwal D, Côté E, O'Sullivan L, Meurs KM, Steiner J. Investigation of the cardiac effects of exercise testing on apparently healthy Boxer dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1667-1678. [PMID: 37578273 PMCID: PMC10472998 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holter electrocardiographic monitoring is a cornerstone of diagnostic testing for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) in Boxer dogs, but physical activity during monitoring is not controlled. In humans, exercise testing (ExT) can identify latent tachyarrhythmias associated with cardiomyopathy, and exercise increases serum cardiac troponin-I concentrations ([hs-cTnI]). These effects have not yet been investigated in Boxer dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Subjecting Boxer dogs to brief, moderate-intensity ExT can identify changes in Holter recordings and [hs-cTnI] compared to baseline results. ANIMALS Thirty overtly healthy, client-owned Boxer dogs. METHODS Prospective interventional study. Dogs underwent baseline diagnostic testing including 24-hour Holter monitoring and [hs-cTnI], followed by brief ExT (accompanied, brisk stair-climbing and -descending for <5 minutes). RESULTS Eleven dogs (37%) had >100 premature ventricular complexes (PVCs)/24 hours at baseline (3), ExT (3), or both (5). After ExT, these dogs had more PVCs/24 hours and greater increases in [hs-cTnI] compared to those with ≤100 PVCs/24 hours. Dogs with the striatin mutation had more PVCs/24 hours and a greater increase in [hs-cTnI] after ExT than did dogs without the striatin mutation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Exercise testing may improve the binary classification of Boxer dogs with or without ACM by increasing the number of PVCs and [hs-cTnI] in affected dogs to a greater degree than in unaffected dogs. This effect also is associated with presence or absence of the striatin mutation. Exercise should be a controlled variable when screening Boxer dogs for ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Agarwal
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward Island, 550 University AvenueCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3Canada
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward Island, 550 University AvenueCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3Canada
| | - Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward Island, 550 University AvenueCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3Canada
| | - Kathryn M. Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Jörg Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratorySchool of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4474, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas 77843‐4474USA
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Szpinda O, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Czopowicz M, Jońska I, Bonecka J, Jank M. Cardiological Reference Intervals in Adult American Staffordshire Terrier Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2436. [PMID: 37570245 PMCID: PMC10417027 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine reference intervals (RI) for echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), vertebral heart score (VHS) measurement, and arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) in American Staffordshire Terrier dogs. The study population included 29 clinically healthy AST dogs of different ages, genders, and body weights. SBP measurement, ECG, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography were performed on each dog. Compared to RIs available for the general population of dogs, the duration of the P wave and QRS complex was longer and VHS was higher. Moreover, the left ventricular dimension in diastole and systole, left atrial dimension, and end point to septal separation values were higher, while the interventricular septum in diastole and systole and aortic root diameter were lower compared to general similar average body weight. The AST breed has a different heart shape, which in this breed is more rounded compared to other dog breeds, especially the deep chest. The specific body structure and the shape of the heart had an impact on the results of the cardiological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Szpinda
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabella Jońska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Michał Jank
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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Brložnik M, Nemec Svete A, Erjavec V, Domanjko Petrič A. Echocardiographic analysis of dogs before and after surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148288. [PMID: 37215476 PMCID: PMC10192610 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) are a valuable animal model for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in humans. Clinical signs of upper airway obstruction improve after surgical treatment of BOAS, but the impact of surgery on morphology and function of the heart has not been studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare the echocardiographic variables of dogs before and after surgical treatment of BOAS. We included 18 client-owned dogs with BOAS (7 French Bulldogs, 6 Boston Terriers, and 5 Pugs) scheduled for surgical correction. We performed a complete echocardiographic examination before and 6 to 12 (median 9) months after surgery. Seven non-brachycephalic dogs were included in the control group. After surgery, BOAS patients had a significantly (p < 0.05) larger left atrium to aortic ratio (LA/Ao), left atrium in the long axis index, and thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall in diastole index. They also had a higher late diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Am) and increased global right ventricular strain and left ventricular global strain in the apical 4-chamber view, as well as a higher caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVCCI). Before surgery, BOAS patients had a significantly lower CVCCI, Am, peak systolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Si), and early diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Ei) compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. After surgery, BOAS patients had a smaller right ventricular internal diameter at base index, right ventricular area in systole index, mitral annular plane systolic excursion index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index, as well as lower values of Am, Si, Ei, and late diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum, and a larger LA/Ao compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. Significant differences between BOAS patients and non-brachycephalic dogs indicate higher right heart pressures and decreased systolic and diastolic ventricular function in BOAS dogs, which is in accordance with the results of studies in OSA patients. In parallel with the marked clinical improvement, right heart pressures decreased, and right ventricular systolic and diastolic function improved after surgery.
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Brložnik M, Nemec Svete A, Erjavec V, Domanjko Petrič A. Echocardiographic parameters in French Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers with brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:49. [PMID: 36793024 PMCID: PMC9930355 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this prospective study, we hypothesized that dogs with signs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) would show differences in left and right heart echocardiographic parameters compared with brachycephalic dogs without signs of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs. RESULTS We included 57 brachycephalic (30 French Bulldogs 15 Pugs, and 12 Boston Terriers) and 10 non-brachycephalic control dogs. Brachycephalic dogs had significantly higher ratios of the left atrium to aorta and mitral early wave velocity to early diastolic septal annular velocity; smaller left ventricular (LV) diastolic internal diameter index; and lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index, late diastolic annular velocity of the LV free wall, peak systolic septal annular velocity, late diastolic septal annular velocitiy, and right ventricular global strain than non-brachycephalic dogs. French Bulldogs with signs of BOAS had a smaller diameter of the left atrium index and right ventricular systolic area index; higher caudal vena cava at inspiration index; and lower caudal vena cava collapsibility index, late diastolic annular velocity of the LV free wall, and peak systolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum than non-brachycephalic dogs. CONCLUSIONS The differences in echocardiographic parameters between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs, brachycephalic dogs with signs of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs, and brachycephalic dogs with and without signs of BOAS indicate higher right heart diastolic pressures affecting right heart function in brachycephalic dogs and those with signs of BOAS. Most changes in cardiac morphology and function can be attributed to anatomic changes in brachycephalic dogs alone and not to the symptomatic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Brložnik
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A. Nemec Svete
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - V. Erjavec
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A. Domanjko Petrič
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Isayama N, Uchimura Y, Sasaki K, Maeda E, Takahashi T, Watanabe M. Reference Values of M-mode Echocardiographic Parameter in Adult Toy Breed Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918457. [PMID: 35812853 PMCID: PMC9261867 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is one of the most common heart diseases in dogs, and there is a dearth of reports that have investigated reference values for left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter corrected for body weight (LVIDDN) exclusively in toy breeds. Animals Eighty-six client-owned healthy dogs weighing <5 kg, including Toy Poodles, Chihuahuas, Yorkshire Terriers, Papillon, and other small breeds or small mixed breeds (mixed breed, Pomeranian, dachshund, Shih Tzu, and Maltese). In this retrospective single-center study, data were collected from dogs attending clinic for annual checkup between April 2014 and March 2021. Materials and Methods Experienced echocardiographers performed transthoracic echocardiography, with reference ranges established using healthy dogs. Measurements of body weight (BW), heart rate, and several echocardiographic variables were obtained. The association between BW and echocardiographic parameters was assessed by linear regression analyses. M-mode measurements were obtained and normalized using equations developed from the regression analyses. Results The LVIDDN value for 95% of dogs weighing <5 kg was achieved by dividing the M-mode measurement by BW raised to the power 0.332. The upper limit of the prediction interval for breeds weighing <5 kg was much lower than the value currently applied. Conclusions We propose a reference LVIDDN value of ≥1.6 for the diagnosis of stage B2 MMVD in toy breed dogs. The results of our study will guide clinicians in deciding when to start treatment for MMVD in small breed dogs.
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de Lima AM, Moreira RM, Gomes MS, Ramos MT, dos Santos-Sousa CA, Souza-Júnior P, Abidu-Figueiredo M. Echocardiographic evaluation of working dogs of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro: effects of the breed and body weight. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022; 44:e001322. [PMID: 35775866 PMCID: PMC9239521 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Military Police of Rio de Janeiro state use dogs as a decisive tool for patrol and detection of drugs, weapons, and explosives. Complementary tests, such as echocardiography, are essential to maintain the integrity of these animals. This study aimed to evaluate the echocardiographic parameters of the working dogs belonging to the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro and compare them with the available data. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed on 48 healthy adult dogs from the Canine Action Battalion of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample consisted of 13 Labrador Retrievers, 12 Malinois Belgian Shepherds, 10 German Shepherds, 8 Dobermann Pinschers, and 5 Dutch Shepherds. Echocardiographic variables were correlated with body weight (BW). A positive correlation (P=0.0142, r=0.6837) between BW and the diameter of the left atrium was found in Malinois Belgian Shepherds. In German Shepherds, a positive correlation between BW and the internal diameter of the right ventricle during diastole (P=0.0320, r=0.6757) was observed; in addition, a positive correlation between BW and left ventricular internal diameter (P=0.0344, r=0.6689) during diastole was also found. Echocardiographic evaluations of these working dogs differed slightly from those previously established for similar-sized dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcia Torres Ramos
- Veterinarian, DSc. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária. Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA). Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Augusto dos Santos-Sousa
- Veterinarian, DSc. Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC). Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Souza-Júnior
- Veterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA). Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
- Correspondence
Paulo Souza-Júnior
Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa – UNIPAMPA
Rodovia BR 472, Km 585, Campus Uruguaiana
CEP 97501-970 - Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
E-mail:
| | - Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo
- Veterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Feldhütter EK, Domenech O, Vezzosi T, Tognetti R, Sauter N, Bauer A, Eberhard J, Friederich J, Wess G. Echocardiographic reference intervals for right ventricular indices, including 3-dimensional volume and 2-dimensional strain measurements in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:8-19. [PMID: 34874066 PMCID: PMC8783368 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a lack of reference intervals (RIs) for the novel measures like 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography or speckle-tracking strain for assessment of right ventricular (RV) structure and function. OBJECTIVES To generate RIs and to determine the influence of age, heart rate, and body weight (BW) on various RV function indices using a dedicated RV software for 3D RV end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), global and free wall RV longitudinal strain (RVLS), end-diastolic area (RVEDA), end-systolic area (RVESA), fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and tissue Doppler imaging (TVI)-derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S'). ANIMALS Healthy adult client-owned dogs (n = 211) of various breeds and ages. METHODS Prospective study. Reference intervals were estimated as statistical prediction intervals using allometric scaling for BW-dependent variables. Right-sided (upper limit) or left-sided (lower limit) 95% RIs were calculated for every variable. Inter- and intraobserver variability was determined. RESULTS Most variables showed clinically acceptable repeatability with coefficient of variation less than 10. Upper or respectively lower RI after allometric scaling to normalize for different BWs were: EDVn ≤ 2.5 mL/kg0.942 , ESVn ≤ 1.2 mL/kg0.962 , TAPSEn ≥ 4.5 mm0.285 , RVEDAn ≤ 1.4 cm2 /kg0.665 , RVESAn ≤ 0.8 cm2 /kg0.695 , and TVI S'n ≥ 5.6 cm/s/kg0.186 . The calculated limits for indices without allometric normalization were: EF > 42.1%, FAC > 30.0%, free wall RVLS < -20.8%, and global RVLS < -18.3%. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiographic RIs for RV structure and function are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tommaso Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Novara, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nadja Sauter
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny Eberhard
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Friederich
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
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Szpinda O, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Jank M, Garncarz M, Czopowicz M. Impact of selected individual dog traits on echocardiographic parameters obtained in 1-dimensional (M-mode) and 2-dimensional (2D) imaging. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2021; 85:112-118. [PMID: 33883818 PMCID: PMC7995538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The popularity and availability of echocardiography in veterinary practice for companion animals have substantially increased in recent years. The results obtained during the procedure are compared to reference values established for the general dog population or to standards developed for a specific dog breed. The aim of this study was to determine whether individual dog traits, such as body weight, chest structure, and level of physical activity and performance, affect the reference values for echocardiographic parameters. Published reference values for echocardiographic examination parameters for 32 dog breeds were analyzed and the relationship between individual echocardiographic parameters and body weight, chest structure, and level of physical activity and performance was then statistically analyzed. It was found that echocardiographic parameters are affected by the dog's weight and physical activity. There was no significant relationship between heart size and chest structure. The great variety of dog breeds means that echocardiographic findings should be individually interpreted rather than establishing reference ranges for each breed in population studies. This will allow for a more accurate interpretation of the results obtained in the echocardiographic examination and consequently lead to earlier diagnosis of changes in myocardial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Szpinda
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Jank
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Garncarz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Wess G, Bauer A, Kopp A. Echocardiographic reference intervals for volumetric measurements of the left ventricle using the Simpson's method of discs in 1331 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:724-738. [PMID: 33675121 PMCID: PMC7995437 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic measurements play an important role in detecting cardiac enlargement and assessing cardiac function. In human cardiology, M‐mode measurements have been widely replaced by volumetric measurements of the left ventricle (LV) using Simpson's method of disc (SMOD). In veterinary cardiology, more large‐scale studies are necessary to generate reference intervals (RIs) for SMOD LV volume measurements. Objective To generate body size independent RIs for LV volume measurements in dogs. Animals Healthy adult dogs (n = 1331) of variable size and somatotype. Methods Prospective study. The SMOD was measured from the right parasternal long axis and the left apical 4‐chamber view in clinically healthy dogs. The SMOD measurements were normalized to various allometric scales (kg, kg2/3, or kg1/3). RIs for LV end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV end‐systolic volume (LVESV) using SMOD were estimated as prediction intervals of both a linear and an additive regression model. Additionally, after normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits. Separate analyses were performed for 120 sighthound breeds and 1211 other breeds. Results Echocardiographic LV volumes correlated best with weight in kilograms. The additive model proved to be more flexible and accurate than the other 2 methods to generate RIs. Separate RIs for sighthound and all other breeds are provided. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Body size and breed‐independent RIs for LV volume measurements using SMOD were generated prospectively from a large and diverse population of dogs and are available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Kopp
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Vezzosi T, Ghinelli R, Ferrari P, Porciello F. Reference intervals for transthoracic echocardiography in the American Staffordshire Terrier. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:656-660. [PMID: 33563862 PMCID: PMC8111344 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the echocardiographic reference intervals in the American Staffordshire Terrier (AST). The echocardiographic variables obtained in 57 healthy adult AST were compared with published data from the general canine population and other breeds. In the AST, the left ventricular volumes were lower than values reported in Boxers and Dobermans (P<0.0001), but higher than in small breeds (P<0.0001). The left ventricular ejection fraction was higher than Boxers and Dobermans (P<0.0001), but lower than small breed dogs (P=0.027). The aortic peak velocity values were similar to Boxers (P=0.55) but higher than the general canine population (P<0.0001). The reference intervals presented in this study are clinically useful for an accurate echocardiographic interpretation and screening in the AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Anicura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- Clinica Veterinaria Orobica, Viale Isonzo 2/E, 24052 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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15
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Esser LC, Borkovec M, Bauer A, Häggström J, Wess G. Left ventricular M-mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population-wide and selected breed-specific values. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2242-2252. [PMID: 33009675 PMCID: PMC7694859 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is a common method to measure heart size in dogs. The heart dimensions are influenced by body weight (BW) and potentially by breed. OBJECTIVES To establish BW-dependent prediction intervals (PIs) of the left ventricular (LV) linear dimensions in a population of dogs of many breeds in multicenter environment, and to identify breeds deviating from these intervals. DOGS: Seven thousand six hundred and fifty-one dogs. METHODS Retrospectively, data from heart screens conducted between 2009 and 2016 were included. Cardiac dimensional PIs were generated using allometric scaling including all nonsighthound dogs and values were compared to previously published PIs. The values measured in dogs of respective breeds, including sighthounds, were then compared to the overall nonsighthound PIs to identify deviant breeds. The interobserver-variability of the measurements was determined using the explained residual variance. RESULTS Prediction intervals for the nonsighthound dogs were in agreement with previously published cardiac PIs, although the upper limits of the generated PIs of our study were slightly below those currently applied (except the interventricular septum in systole and the left ventricular free wall in diastole below 10.0 kg and 15.0 kg, respectively). Values measured in the nonsighthound breed Newfoundland deviated for most dimensions. Most of the sighthound breeds analyzed had greater cardiac dimensions, with the exception of the Irish Wolfhound. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE Findings of our study reinforces the value of BW-dependent PIs for cardiac dimensions in dogs and suggest that these PIs are valid for most nonsighthound breeds, but not the sighthound breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Borkovec
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLMU UniversityMunichGermany
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16
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Two-dimensional echocardiographic left- atrial-to-aortic ratio in healthy adult dogs: a reexamination of reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 26:29-38. [PMID: 31794915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Left atrial-to-aortic ratios (LA:Ao) provide a body weight independent estimate of left atrial size. However, reference intervals were established with small sample populations and for only single points in the cardiac cycle. More robust reference intervals are warranted. ANIMALS Two hundred and thirty eight apparently healthy adult dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS LA:Ao measurements were obtained at 3 points in the cardiac cycle - maximal dimension, at the closing of the aortic valve (or just before opening of the mitral valve) (LA:AoMAX); minimal dimension, at the onset of the QRS complex (LA:AoMIN) and at the onset of atrial systole (LA:AoP). LA:AoMAX was obtained from right parasternal short and long-axis views, and LA:AoMIN and LA:AoP were obtained from the right parasternal short-axis view. Dogs were excluded from analyses of reference intervals if weight-based left atrial and left ventricular diastolic dimensions exceeded reference interval limits. Effects of breed and body weight on LA:Ao measurements were examined. RESULTS Upper LA:Ao reference limits mostly agreed with previously published limits, although 10% of dogs had LA:AoMAX in the short-axis view exceeding 1.6. These dogs had smaller aortae than expected for their body weight, and included mostly boxers and English setters. Reference limits for LA:AoMIN and LA:AoP were smaller than those for LA:AoMAX in either view. No LA:Ao measurements were associated with body weight. CONCLUSIONS Reference limits were either confirmed or established for the common two-dimensional methods of assessing relative left atrial size in healthy dogs. Clinicians should use caution when diagnosing mild left atrial enlargement in certain dog breeds and should examine the weight-based aortic dimensions in such cases.
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17
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Marchesotti F, Vezzosi T, Tognetti R, Marchetti F, Patata V, Contiero B, Zini E, Domenech O. Left atrial anteroposterior diameter in dogs: reference interval, allometric scaling, and agreement with the left atrial-to-aortic root ratio. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1655-1662. [PMID: 31611490 PMCID: PMC6895628 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Left atrial enlargement (LAE) is a well-known negative prognostic factor in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) is the most commonly
used method to evaluate left atrial (LA) size in dogs, while the left atrial anteroposterior diameter (LAD) has been proposed as an additional measurement of LA size in different species.
The aim of this study was to establish a normal reference range of LAD normalized to body weight (LADn) in dogs using allometric scales, and to evaluate the agreement between LADn and LA/Ao
in the detection of LAE in dogs with MMVD. This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. We included 330 healthy dogs, 30 dogs with MMVD in ACVIM stage B1, 30 dogs in ACVIM
stage B2, and 30 dogs in ACVIM stage C. The reference range for the LAD, depending on body weight, was between 16.91 mm and 49.68 mm. The reference range for the LADn in healthy dogs was
between 10.49 and 15.72. LADn was significantly greater in dogs with MMVD compared to healthy dogs, and a significant difference in LADn was noted between different ACVIM stages
(P<0.001). The most accurate cut-off value of LADn to differentiate between dogs in groups B2 and C was 20.3 (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 83.3%). There was a
misclassification rate of 37% between LADn and LA/Ao in the detection of LAE in group B1. This study provides a normal reference range for LAD in dogs, which can be used as an additional
tool to assess LAE in dogs with MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marchesotti
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Patata
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Domenech
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
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18
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Two-dimensional, long-axis echocardiographic ratios for assessment of left atrial and ventricular size in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:330-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Cunningham S, Aona B, Antoon K, Rush J, Barton B. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic function in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:343-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Queiroz LL, Moura LR, Moura VMBD. MORPHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF CANINE HEART WITHOUT MACROSCOPICALLY VISIBLE CHANGES CAUSED BY CARDIAC DISEASE. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v19e-43748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this study was to collect data on the cardiac morphometry of thirty adult male and female dogs without macroscopic changes indicative of heart disease, regardless of animal's body weight and score. The dogs were weighed, grouped according to their body weight, and necropsied for a macroscopic evaluation of their cardiac measurements. The data obtained were included in a database. The following cardiac measures were evaluated: vertical and horizontal axes, weight, volume, thickness of the right and left atria and ventricles, and horizontal and vertical axes of the atrial and ventricular chambers. The heart weight was found to represent 0.6 to 1.1% of the animal's body weight. No differences were found in cardiac size and weight as a function of sex. The ratio between the vertical and horizontal cardiac axes was 1.11. The left ventricle was found to be 1.6 to threefold thicker than the right ventricle. The results were considered standard for dogs and can be used for macroscopic evaluations of cardiac hypertrophy or dilation.
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21
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Lichtenberger J, Meurs KM, Côté E. Preliminary Assessment of a Novel 14-Day Electrocardiographic Adhesive Patch Monitor in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:138-143. [PMID: 29558214 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias often are transient and might not be detected using conventional electrocardiographic (ECG) techniques. The adhesive patch monitor (APM) is a single-lead, lightweight, up to 14-day continuous ambulatory ECG monitor. This study aimed to prospectively assess its usability in four boxer dogs considered either to be healthy or to have arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Optimal recording was obtained by placing the APM on the left side of the animal's thorax, at the fifth intercostal space, slightly dorsal to the costochondral junction, and oriented either vertically or parallel to the long axis of the heart. In three dogs, the APM remained attached for 14 days. One dog removed the APM after 59 hr. Skin irritation was documented in all dogs and resolved spontaneously after removal of the APM. The analyzable time was >93% of the total wear time and recordings provided an unambiguous rhythm diagnosis at rest. Walking, running, or playing caused intermittent motion artifact that could impair ECG interpretation. APM results were comparable to those obtained with 24-hr Holter monitoring. Extended continuous ECG monitoring with the APM is feasible in boxer dogs and provides interpretable recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lichtenberger
- From the Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (J.L., E.C.); and the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (K.M.M.)
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- From the Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (J.L., E.C.); and the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (K.M.M.)
| | - Etienne Côté
- From the Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (J.L., E.C.); and the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (K.M.M.)
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22
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Al-Haidar A, Moula N, Leroux A, Farnir F, Deleuze S, Sandersen C, Amory H. Reference values of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic measurements as a function of body size in various equine breeds and in ponies. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Seckerdieck M, Holler P, Smets P, Wess G. Simpson's method of discs in Salukis and Whippets: Echocardiographic reference intervals for end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17:271-81. [PMID: 26476964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sighthound breeds are known to have different cardiac sizes and dimensions from other breeds; therefore, breed-specific references are required to avoid misinterpretation of echocardiographic findings. End-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) reference intervals derived from Simpson's method of discs (SMOD) do not exist for Salukis or Whippets. OBJECTIVES To establish EDV and ESV reference intervals for SMOD in Salukis and Whippets. ANIMALS 110 Salukis and 119 Whippets. METHODS Reference intervals for SMOD with and without normalization to body surface area (BSA) were established using the right parasternal and left apical views in 93 healthy Salukis and 82 healthy Whippets. Volumes were compared between both echocardiographic views, genders, and racing and show pedigree dogs. The 90% reference intervals were calculated using the robust method. RESULTS Agreement between right-sided and left-sided echocardiographic views was good. Reference intervals indexed to body surface area (BSA) for Whippets were 59-109 mL/m² for end-diastolic volume index and 18-53 mL/m² for end-systolic volume index. Corresponding values for Salukis were 68-126 mL/m² for end-diastolic volume index and 27-64 mL/m² for end-systolic volume index. There were no indexed volume differences between male and female or racing and show pedigree dogs in both breeds. The non-normalized volumes significantly differed between genders. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Whippets and Salukis had larger systolic and diastolic left ventricular volumes compared with other breeds. This study provided echocardiographic reference intervals for SMOD-derived left ventricular volumes for these athletic breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seckerdieck
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - P Holler
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - P Smets
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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24
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Meurs KM, Stern JA, Reina-Doreste Y, Spier AW, Koplitz SL, Baumwart RD. Natural history of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the boxer dog: a prospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1214-1220. [PMID: 24962663 PMCID: PMC4857953 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Boxer arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a disease that may result in sudden death or heart failure. Hypothesis/objectives To prospectively study the natural history of Boxer ARVC. Animals 72 dogs (49 ARVC, 23 controls). Methods Boxers >1 year of age were recruited for annual reevaluation. Controls were defined as being ≥6 years of age and having <50 ventricular premature complex (VPCs)/24 h. ARVC was defined as ≥300 VPCs/24 h in the absence of other disease. Dogs were genotyped for the striatin deletion when possible. Descriptive statistics were determined for age; VPC number; annual change in VPC number; and left ventricular (LV) echocardiographic dimensions. Survival time was calculated. Results Controls: median age of 7 years (range, 6–10); number of VPCs 12 (range, 4–32). Median time in study of 6 years (range, 2–9). Seventeen of 23 were genotyped (5 positive, 12 negative). ARVC: median age of diagnosis of 6 (range, 1–11). Median time in study 5 years (range, 3–8). A total of 33% were syncopal and 43/49 were genotyped (36 positive, 7 negative). Yearly change in VPCs was 46 (range, −7,699 to 33,524). Annual percentage change in LV dimensions was 0, and change in fractional shortening (FS%) was 2%. Two dogs had FS% <20%. Although ARVC dogs died suddenly, there was no difference in survival time between groups. ARVC median age of survival was 11 years, and for controls was 10 years. Conclusions/Clinical Importance Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a disease of middle age and frequently is associated with the striatin deletion. Syncope occurs in approximately 1/3 of affected dogs; systolic dysfunction is uncommon. The prognosis in many affected dogs is good.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Meurs
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH.,North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - J A Stern
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH.,North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - Y Reina-Doreste
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - A W Spier
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - S L Koplitz
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - R D Baumwart
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
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25
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Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: effect of body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:91-100. [PMID: 24834861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the potential effect of body weight (BW), age, and gender on the most commonly used echocardiographic and conventional Doppler variables in a large population of healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and (2) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (RI). ANIMALS 134 healthy adult CKCS. METHODS Ultrasound examinations were performed by trained observers in awake dogs. M-mode variables included left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, LV free wall and interventricular septal thicknesses at end-diastole and end-systole, and LV fractional shortening (FS%). The left atrium (LA) and aortic (Ao) diameters were measured using a 2D method, and the LA/Ao was calculated. Pulsed-wave Doppler variables included peak systolic aortic and pulmonary flow velocities, mitral E and A waves, and E/A ratio. Effects of BW, age, and gender on these 15 variables were tested using a general linear model, and RIs were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS A significant BW effect was observed for all variables, except LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio. A significant but negligible effect of gender and age was also observed for 5/15 and 4/15 of the tested variables, respectively. Only the BW effect on M-mode variables was considered as clinically relevant and the corresponding regression-based RIs were calculated. CONCLUSIONS Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting echocardiographic values in CKCS, except for LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio.
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Smets P, Daminet S, Wess G. Simpson's method of discs for measurement of echocardiographic end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes: breed-specific reference ranges in Boxer dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:116-22. [PMID: 24428317 PMCID: PMC4895555 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Boxer dogs are predisposed to congenital and adult onset cardiac diseases. Breed‐specific reference values for M‐mode and Doppler echocardiographic measurements previously have been established. Left ventricular (LV) end‐systolic (ESV) and end‐diastolic volumes (EDV) can be measured by M‐mode or two‐dimensional methods, such as Simpson's method of discs (SMOD). Reference ranges for SMOD‐derived LV volumes are lacking. Objectives To determine reference intervals for EDV and ESV in Boxer dogs. Animals Previously collected data from 85 healthy Boxers (37 males and 48 females) were used for analysis. Methods Simpson's method of discs‐derived EDV and ESV were measured using offline analysis by 1 observer, in both the right parasternal and the left apical views. Measurements were compared between both views and between male and female dogs using a t‐test. Reference intervals were established using the mean + 2 × SD. Results Measurements obtained from both views showed good agreement, and mean EDVI and ESVI, indexed to body surface area (BSA), were calculated. Reference intervals were 49–93 mL/m² for EDVI, and 22–50 mL/m² for ESVI. EDV and ESV were significantly higher in males compared with females, when indexing to BSA, but not when indexing to body weight. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The upper limit for ESVI exceeds the previously suggested cut‐off of 30 mL/m² for detection of systolic dysfunction. The reference intervals generated in this study should be useful clinically in the assessment of LV size and function in Boxer dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Smets
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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27
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Meurs K, Stern J, Sisson D, Kittleson M, Cunningham S, Ames M, Atkins C, DeFrancesco T, Hodge T, Keene B, Reina Doreste Y, Leuthy M, Motsinger-Reif A, Tou S. Association of Dilated Cardiomyopathy with the Striatin Mutation Genotype in Boxer Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1437-40. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K.M. Meurs
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
- Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Columbus OH
| | - J.A. Stern
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
| | - D.D. Sisson
- Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Corvalis OR
| | - M.D. Kittleson
- University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine; Davis CA
| | - S.M. Cunningham
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts; North Grafton MA
| | - M.K. Ames
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
| | - C.E. Atkins
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
| | - T. DeFrancesco
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
| | - T.E. Hodge
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
| | - B.W. Keene
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
| | - Y. Reina Doreste
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
| | - M. Leuthy
- Chicago Veterinary and Emergency Center; Chicago IL
| | - A.A. Motsinger-Reif
- North Carolina State University College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Raleigh NC
| | - S.P. Tou
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC
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Caro-Vadillo A, García-Guasch L, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA, Manubens J. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in boxer dogs: a retrospective study of survival. Vet Rec 2013; 172:268. [PMID: 23315769 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate survival in a population of 62 boxer dogs with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), without left ventricular systolic failure, based on the following factors: age at diagnosis, presence of syncopal episodes, Holter arrhythmia classification and administered treatment. Medical records of boxer dogs with a diagnosis of ARVC between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed. Results showed that median survival time (MST) was longer in younger ARVC dogs than in the older ones P<0.001). MST was statistically different (P=0.012) between dogs with syncope (365 days) and dogs without syncope episodes (693 days), the probability of death within a year being 4.8 times greater in dogs with syncope (95% CI 1.48 to 15.99) than in dogs without syncope. Regarding Holter classification results, MST was 547.5 days in Holter class-2 dogs and 365 days in Holter class-4 dogs (P=0.030). There were no differences regarding treatment options; MST was 365 days (95% CI 193.615 to 536.4) in the sotalol group, 365 days (95% CI 92.86 to 637.14) in the mexiletine plus atenolol group, and 547.50 days (95% CI 170.45 to 924.55) in the procainamide group (P=0.383). According to this study, the best prognosis is for the younger boxer dog without syncope. There were no differences in survival times in relation to the different treatment options used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Caro-Vadillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Medicina y Cirugía Animal, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Singh MK, Kittleson MD, Kass PH, Griffiths LG. Occlusion Devices and Approaches in Canine Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Comparison of Outcomes. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:85-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Singh
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
| | | | - P. H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction (Kass); University of California; Davis; CA
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30
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Palermo V, Stafford Johnson MJ, Sala E, Brambilla PG, Martin MW. Cardiomyopathy in Boxer dogs: A retrospective study of the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and survival. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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