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Sarver AL, Mills LJ, Makielski KM, Temiz NA, Wang J, Spector LG, Subramanian S, Modiano JF. Distinct mechanisms of PTEN inactivation in dogs and humans highlight convergent molecular events that drive cell division in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. Cancer Genet 2023; 276-277:1-11. [PMID: 37267683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of osteosarcoma in both human and canine tumors is somatic fragmentation and rearrangement of chromosome structure which leads to recurrent increases and decreases in DNA copy number. The PTEN gene has been implicated as an important tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma via forward genetic screens. Here, we analyzed copy number changes, promoter methylation and transcriptomes to better understand the role of PTEN in canine and human osteosarcoma. Reduction in PTEN copy number was observed in 23 of 95 (25%) of the canine tumors examined leading to corresponding decreases in PTEN transcript levels from RNA-Seq samples. Unexpectedly, canine tumors with an intact PTEN locus had higher levels of PTEN transcripts than human tumors. This variation in transcript abundance was used to evaluate the role of PTEN in osteosarcoma biology. Decreased PTEN copy number and transcript level was observed in - and likely an important driver of - increases in cell cycle transcripts in four independent canine transcriptional datasets. In human osteosarcoma, homozygous copy number loss was not observed, instead increased methylation of the PTEN promoter was associated with increased cell cycle transcripts. Somatic modification of PTEN, either by homozygous deletion in dogs or by promoter methylation in humans, is clinically relevant to osteosarcoma, because the cell cycle related transcripts are associated with patient outcomes. The PTEN gene is part of a syntenic rearrangement unique to the canine genome, making it susceptible to somatic loss of both copies of distal chromosome 26 which also includes the FAS death receptor. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PTEN function is abrogated by different mechanisms in canine and human osteosarcoma tumors leading to uncontrolled cell cycling. Somatic loss of this canine specific syntenic region may help explain why the canine genome appears to be uniquely susceptible to osteosarcoma. Syntenic arrangement, in the context of copy number change, may lead to synergistic interactions that in turn modify species specific cancer risk. Comparative models of tumorigenesis may utilize different driver mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Lauren J Mills
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelly M Makielski
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nuri A Temiz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Logan G Spector
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Engineering and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Chu S, Skidmore ZL, Kunisaki J, Walker JR, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Bryan JN. Unraveling the chaotic genomic landscape of primary and metastatic canine appendicular osteosarcoma with current sequencing technologies and bioinformatic approaches. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246443. [PMID: 33556121 PMCID: PMC7870011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a rare disease in children but is one of the most common cancers in adult large breed dogs. The mutational landscape of both the primary and pulmonary metastatic tumor in two dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA) was comprehensively evaluated using an automated whole genome sequencing, exome and RNA-seq pipeline that was adapted for this study for use in dogs. Chromosomal lesions were the most common type of mutation. The mutational landscape varied substantially between dogs but the lesions within the same patient were similar. Copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity in mutant TP53 was the most significant driver mutation and involved a large region in the middle of chromosome 5. Canine and human OSA is characterized by loss of cell cycle checkpoint integrity and DNA damage response pathways. Mutational profiling of individual patients with canine OSA would be recommended prior to targeted therapy, given the heterogeneity seen in our study and previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Chu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zachary L. Skidmore
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jason Kunisaki
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Walker
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Malachi Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Obi L. Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
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Bicanova L, Kreilmeier-Berger T, Reifinger M, Holzmann K, Kleiter M. Prevalence and potentially prognostic value of C-circles associated with alternative lengthening of telomeres in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:222-231. [PMID: 33211388 PMCID: PMC8247038 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomerase‐independent telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) with high prevalence in human osteosarcomas but remains unknown in canine osteosarcomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of ALT by detection of extra‐chromosomal circles of telomeric DNA and to assess clinical outcome in canine patients with spontaneous occurring appendicular osteosarcoma. Fifty dogs with histopathological confirmed osteosarcomas were included into this study. Medical records were retrospectively analysed for patient characteristics, oncologic therapy and survival. DNA was isolated from archived FFPE tumour tissue specimens and applied for C‐ and G‐circle assay (CCA and GCA) and for telomeric content (TC) measurement with radiolabeled probes. ALT activity was detected for 10 of 50 (20%) cases by CCA. Four CCA positive cases were detected even with input DNA below 1 ng and demonstrated the high sensitivity of CCA for canine tumours. G‐circles and TC were not suitable to distinguish CCA positive and negative cases. CCA‐status showed an association with male gender and Rottweiler breed. Dogs with CCA positive osteosarcomas had shorter overall survival times than patients with CCA‐tumours and CCA‐status was a significant prognostic factor besides treatment in the Cox proportional hazard model. These findings make canine osteosarcomas an interesting model for comparative TMM research, but future studies are warranted to investigate if CCA‐status can serve as novel prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Bicanova
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martin Reifinger
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Kreilmeier T, Sampl S, Deloria AJ, Walter I, Reifinger M, Hauck M, Borst LB, Holzmann K, Kleiter M. Alternative lengthening of telomeres does exist in various canine sarcomas. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:923-935. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kreilmeier
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Sandra Sampl
- Institute of Cancer Research; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Abigail J. Deloria
- Institute of Cancer Research; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Ingrid Walter
- Vet Core Facility; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Martin Reifinger
- Department of Pathobiology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Marlene Hauck
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Luke B. Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Institute of Cancer Research; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
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5
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Which dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma benefit most from chemotherapy after surgery? Results from an individual patient data meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2016; 125:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Rodrigues LCDS, Holmes KE, Thompson V, Piskun CM, Lana SE, Newton MA, Stein TJ. Osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines from patients with differing serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations display minimal differences in gene expression patterns. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 14:e58-69. [PMID: 25643733 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration is a prognostic factor for osteosarcoma in multiple studies, although its biological significance remains incompletely understood. To determine whether gene expression patterns differed in osteosarcoma from patients with differing serum ALP concentrations, microarray analysis was performed on 18 primary osteosarcoma samples and six osteosarcoma cell lines from dogs with normal and increased serum ALP concentration. No differences in gene expression patterns were noted between tumours or cell lines with differing serum ALP concentration using a gene-specific two-sample t-test. Using a more sensitive empirical Bayes procedure, defective in cullin neddylation 1 domain containing 1 (DCUN1D1) was increased in both the tissue and cell lines of the normal ALP group. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), differences in DCUN1D1 expression between the two groups failed to reach significance. The homogeneity of gene expression patterns of osteosarcoma associated differing serum ALP concentrations are consistent with previous studies suggesting serum ALP concentration is not associated with intrinsic differences of osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C de Sá Rodrigues
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K E Holmes
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - V Thompson
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C M Piskun
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S E Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO, USA
| | - M A Newton
- Departments of Statistics and of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T J Stein
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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7
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Schmidt A, Nielen M, Klungel O, Hoes A, de Boer A, Groenwold R, Kirpensteijn J. Prognostic factors of early metastasis and mortality in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma after receiving surgery: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2013; 112:414-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Denies S, Sanders NN. Recent progress in canine tumor vaccination: potential applications for human tumor vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1375-86. [PMID: 23249236 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor vaccination holds great promise for the treatment of cancer and research concerning tumor vaccination in dogs is of great interest for veterinary as well as human medicine. Indeed, cancer is the leading cause of death in adult dogs and companion animals are acknowledged as excellent preclinical models for human oncology. The license of the veterinary melanoma vaccine (Oncept™) and Provenge® for the treatment of prostate cancer in men established tumor vaccination as a valid treatment modality for cancer. Although the results with this and other vaccines are promising, there are still some hurdles to overcome. In this article, preclinical and clinical trials with tumor vaccines in dogs are discussed, as well as the surplus value of canine cancer patients for human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Denies
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Maeda J, Yurkon CR, Fujisawa H, Kaneko M, Genet SC, Roybal EJ, Rota GW, Saffer ER, Rose BJ, Hanneman WH, Thamm DH, Kato TA. Genomic instability and telomere fusion of canine osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43355. [PMID: 22916246 PMCID: PMC3420908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) is known to present with highly variable and chaotic karyotypes, including hypodiploidy, hyperdiploidy, and increased numbers of metacentric chromosomes. The spectrum of genomic instabilities in canine OSA has significantly augmented the difficulty in clearly defining the biological and clinical significance of the observed cytogenetic abnormalities. In this study, eight canine OSA cell lines were used to investigate telomere fusions by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a peptide nucleotide acid probe. We characterized each cell line by classical cytogenetic studies and cellular phenotypes including telomere associated factors and then evaluated correlations from this data. All eight canine OSA cell lines displayed increased abnormal metacentric chromosomes and exhibited numerous telomere fusions and interstitial telomeric signals. Also, as evidence of unstable telomeres, colocalization of γ-H2AX and telomere signals in interphase cells was observed. Each cell line was characterized by a combination of data representing cellular doubling time, DNA content, chromosome number, metacentric chromosome frequency, telomere signal level, cellular radiosensitivity, and DNA-PKcs protein expression level. We have also studied primary cultures from 10 spontaneous canine OSAs. Based on the observation of telomere aberrations in those primary cell cultures, we are reasonably certain that our observations in cell lines are not an artifact of prolonged culture. A correlation between telomere fusions and the other characteristics analyzed in our study could not be identified. However, it is important to note that all of the canine OSA samples exhibiting telomere fusion utilized in our study were telomerase positive. Pending further research regarding telomerase negative canine OSA cell lines, our findings may suggest telomere fusions can potentially serve as a novel marker for canine OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Maeda
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Yurkon
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Fujisawa
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Masami Kaneko
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stefan C. Genet
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erica J. Roybal
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Garrett W. Rota
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ethan R. Saffer
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Rose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William H. Hanneman
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Douglas H. Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Immunohistochemical investigation of cell cycle and apoptosis regulators (survivin, β-catenin, p53, caspase 3) in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:78. [PMID: 22686277 PMCID: PMC3514374 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OSA) represents the most common canine primary bone tumour. Despite several pathways have been investigated so far, few molecules have been identified as prognostic tools or potential therapeutic targets, and there is still the need to find out molecular pathways with specific influence over OSA progression to facilitate earlier prognosis and treatment. Aims of the present study were to evaluate the immunohistochemical pattern and levels of expression of a panel of molecules (survivin, β-catenin, caspase 3 -inactive and active forms- and p53) involved in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation in canine OSA samples, known to be of interest in the study also of human OSA, and to detect specific relations among them and with histological tumour grade, disease free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS). Results Nuclear β-catenin immunostaining was detected in normal osteoblasts adjacent to the tumour, and in 47% of the cases. Cytoplasmic and/or membranous immunostaining were also observed. Nuclear survivin and p53 positive cells were found in all cases. Moderate/high cytoplasmic β-catenin expression (≥10% positive cells) was significantly associated with the development of metastasis (P = 0.014); moderate/high nuclear p53 expression (≥10% positive cells) was significantly associated with moderate/high histological grade (P = 0.017) and shorter OS (P = 0.049). Moderate/high nuclear survivin expression (≥15% positive cells) showed a tendency toward a longer OS (P = 0,088). Conclusions The present results confirmed p53 as negative prognostic marker, while suggested survivin as a potential positive prognostic indicator, rather than indicative of a poor prognosis. The detection of nuclear β-catenin immunostaining in normal osteoblasts and the absent/low expression in most of the OSAs, suggested that this pathway could not play a major role in oncogenic transformation of canine osteoblasts. Further studies are needed to confirm these hypotheses.
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Boerman I, Selvarajah GT, Nielen M, Kirpensteijn J. Prognostic factors in canine appendicular osteosarcoma - a meta-analysis. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:56. [PMID: 22587466 PMCID: PMC3482154 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Appendicular osteosarcoma is the most common malignant primary canine bone tumor. When treated by amputation or tumor removal alone, median survival times (MST) do not exceed 5 months, with the majority of dogs suffering from metastatic disease. This period can be extended with adequate local intervention and adjuvant chemotherapy, which has become common practice. Several prognostic factors have been reported in many different studies, e.g. age, breed, weight, sex, neuter status, location of tumor, serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), infection, percentage of bone length affected, histological grade or histological subtype of tumor. Most of these factors are, however, only reported as confounding factors in larger studies. Insight in truly significant prognostic factors at time of diagnosis may contribute to tailoring adjuvant therapy for individual dogs suffering from osteosarcoma. The objective of this study was to systematically review the prognostic factors that are described for canine appendicular osteosarcoma and validate their scientific importance. Results A literature review was performed on selected studies and eligible data were extracted. Meta-analyses were done for two of the three selected possible prognostic factors (SALP and location), looking at both survival time (ST) and disease free interval (DFI). The third factor (age) was studied in a qualitative manner. Both elevated SALP level and the (proximal) humerus as location of the primary tumor are significant negative prognostic factors for both ST and DFI in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. Increasing age was associated with shorter ST and DFI, however, was not statistically significant because information of this factor was available in only a limited number of papers. Conclusions Elevated SALP and proximal humeral location are significant negative prognosticators for canine osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Boerman
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Sottnik JL, Rao S, Lafferty MH, Thamm DH, Morley PS, Withrow SJ, Dow SW. Association of blood monocyte and lymphocyte count and disease-free interval in dogs with osteosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1439-44. [PMID: 20840314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of biomarkers that predict outcomes in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA) would be valuable to veterinarians and owners. Leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood are associated with outcomes in some types of cancer in humans. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that increased numbers of monocytes would be associated with reduced disease-free interval (DFI) in dogs with OSA. ANIMALS Medical data from 69 dogs with appendicular OSA treated with amputation and chemotherapy were selected for study. METHODS Retrospective study. Statistical associations were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Information about DFI and leukogram values, tumor location, and serum alkaline phosphatase was abstracted from the medical record. RESULTS Higher numbers of circulating monocytes (>0.4×10(3) cells/μL) and lymphocytes (>1.0×10(3) cells/μL) before treatment were found to be significantly (P<.05) associated with shorter DFI in dogs with OSA. Other parameters associated with poor outcomes were increased alkaline phosphatase, primary tumor location, and age. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results indicated that pretreatment evaluation of monocyte and lymphocyte counts provided prognostic information for dogs with appendicular OSA. Notably, most animals in this study had monocyte counts within the normal reference range, indicating that variations within the reference range of leukocyte values might also have prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Sottnik
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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