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Martinez SE, Pandey AV, Perez Jimenez TE, Zhu Z, Court MH. Pharmacogenomics of poor drug metabolism in greyhounds: Canine P450 oxidoreductase genetic variation, breed heterogeneity, and functional characterization. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297191. [PMID: 38300925 PMCID: PMC10833530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Greyhounds metabolize cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B11 substrates more slowly than other dog breeds. However, CYP2B11 gene variants associated with decreased CYP2B11 expression do not fully explain reduced CYP2B11 activity in this breed. P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is an essential redox partner for all CYPs. POR protein variants can enhance or repress CYP enzyme function in a CYP isoform and substrate dependent manner. The study objectives were to identify POR protein variants in greyhounds and determine their effect on coexpressed CYP2B11 and CYP2D15 enzyme function. Gene sequencing identified two missense variants (Glu315Gln and Asp570Glu) forming four alleles, POR-H1 (reference), POR-H2 (570Glu), POR-H3 (315Gln, 570Glu) and POR-H4 (315Gln). Out of 68 dog breeds surveyed, POR-H2 was widely distributed across multiple breeds, while POR-H3 was largely restricted to greyhounds and Scottish deerhounds (35% allele frequencies), and POR-H4 was rare. Three-dimensional protein structure modelling indicated significant effects of Glu315Gln (but not Asp570Glu) on protein flexibility through loss of a salt bridge between Glu315 and Arg519. Recombinant POR-H1 (reference) and each POR variant (H2-H4) were expressed alone or with CYP2B11 or CYP2D15 in insect cells. No substantial effects on POR protein expression or enzyme activity (cytochrome c reduction) were observed for any POR variant (versus POR-H1) when expressed alone or with CYP2B11 or CYP2D15. Furthermore, there were no effects on CYP2B11 or CYP2D15 protein expression, or on CYP2D15 enzyme kinetics by any POR variant (versus POR-H1). However, Vmax values for 7-benzyloxyresorufin, propofol and bupropion oxidation by CYP2B11 were significantly reduced by coexpression with POR-H3 (by 34-37%) and POR-H4 (by 65-72%) compared with POR-H1. Km values were unaffected. Our results indicate that the Glu315Gln mutation (common to POR-H3 and POR-H4) reduces CYP2B11 enzyme function without affecting at least one other major canine hepatic P450 (CYP2D15). Additional in vivo studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Martinez
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amit V. Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Research, University Children’s Hospital Bern, Switzerland and Translational Hormone Research Program, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tania E. Perez Jimenez
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Court
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Martinez MN, Mochel JP, Neuhoff S, Pade D. Comparison of Canine and Human Physiological Factors: Understanding Interspecies Differences that Impact Drug Pharmacokinetics. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:59. [PMID: 33907906 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is a summary of factors affecting the drug pharmacokinetics (PK) of dogs versus humans. Identifying these interspecies differences can facilitate canine-human PK extrapolations while providing mechanistic insights into species-specific drug in vivo behavior. Such a cross-cutting perspective can be particularly useful when developing therapeutics targeting diseases shared between the two species such as cancer, diabetes, cognitive dysfunction, and inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, recognizing these differences also supports a reverse PK extrapolations from humans to dogs. To appreciate the canine-human differences that can affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, this review provides a comparison of the physiology, drug transporter/enzyme location, abundance, activity, and specificity between dogs and humans. Supplemental material provides an in-depth discussion of certain topics, offering additional critical points to consider. Based upon an assessment of available state-of-the-art information, data gaps were identified. The hope is that this manuscript will encourage the research needed to support an understanding of similarities and differences in human versus canine drug PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Sibylle Neuhoff
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Devendra Pade
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
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Hamid N, Junaid M, Pei DS. Individual and combined mechanistic toxicity of sulfonamides and their implications for ecological risk assessment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA), China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121106. [PMID: 31487668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides (SAs) are conventional veterinary antibiotics that pose ecological risks in the aquatic environment. This study aims to evaluate the environmental concerns of SAs in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) and their toxicogenetic implications. Here, we employed various in vitro and in vivo bioassays to determine the combine toxicogenetic effects of SAs, which were further confirmed through applying Combination Index (CI) and Independent Action (IA) models. Among the investigated SAs, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) appeared as the individual chemical with relatively high environmental effects and elevated in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Importantly, exposure to the binary mixtures of SAs induced higher developmental toxicity and significantly perturbed the detoxification pathway in zebrafish, compared to that of individual compound exposure. Moreover, the CI and IA models indicated greater synergistic effects of SAs binary mixtures as SMX-SMR, SMX-ST, and SPY-ST on the Acinetobacter sp. Tox2 at Fa = 0.5. Contrarily, IA model predicted the additive, antagonistic and synergistic effects of SAs mixtures on the transcriptional responses of detoxification pathways in zebrafish, implying the different mode of actions (MoAs) for SAs to induce mixture toxicity in vivo. Thus, the nature of toxicological interactions of SAs should be considered while performing their ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hamid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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Shino H, Otsuka-Yamasaki Y, Sato T, Ooi K, Inanami O, Sato R, Yamasaki M. Familial Congenital Methemoglobinemia in Pomeranian Dogs Caused by a Missense Variant in the NADH-Cytochrome B5 Reductase Gene. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:165-171. [PMID: 29356095 PMCID: PMC5787195 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In veterinary medicine, congenital methemoglobinemia associated with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)‐cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R) deficiency is rare. It has been reported in several breeds of dogs, but little information is available about its etiology. Objectives To analyze the NADH‐cytochrome b5 reductase gene, CYB5R3, in a Pomeranian dog family with methemoglobinemia suspected to be caused by congenital b5R deficiency. Animals Three Pomeranian dogs from a family with methemoglobinemia were analyzed. Five healthy beagles and 5 nonrelated Pomeranian dogs without methemoglobinemia were used as controls. Methods Methemoglobin concentration, b5R activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration were measured, and a turbidity index was used to evaluate Heinz body formation. The CYB5R3 genes of the affected dog and healthy dogs were analyzed by direct sequencing. Results Methemoglobin concentrations in erythrocytes of the affected dogs were remarkably higher than those of the control dogs. The b5R activity of the affected dogs was notably lower than that of the control dogs. DNA sequencing indicated that this Pomeranian family carried a CYB5R3 gene missense variant (ATC→CTC at codon 194) that resulted in the replacement of isoleucine (Ile) by leucine (Leu). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This dog family had familial congenital methemoglobinemia caused by b5R deficiency, which resulted from a nonsynonymous variant in the CYB5R3 gene. This variation (c.580A>C) led to an amino acid substitution (p.Ile194Leu), and Ile194 was located in the proximal region of the NADH‐binding motif. Our data suggested that this variant in the canine CYB5R3 gene would affect function of the b5R in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Y Otsuka-Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - T Sato
- Estie Animal Hospital, Kooriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - K Ooi
- Ooi Animal Hospital, Kooriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - O Inanami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - R Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - M Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Reinhart JM, Ekena J, Cioffi AC, Trepanier LA. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the canine cytochrome b 5 reductase (CYB5R3) gene is associated with sulfonamide hypersensitivity and is overrepresented in Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:402-408. [PMID: 29336038 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine sulfonamide hypersensitivity (HS) has been associated with a variant in the cytochrome b5 reductase gene (CYB5R3 729A>G), which encodes a drug-detoxifying enzyme. Study objectives were to determine variant allele frequency in Doberman Pinschers (DOBE), a breed which may be predisposed to sulfonamide HS, and to characterize the effects of CYB5R3 729G on gene expression and function. CYB5R3 729A>G allele frequencies were compared between DOBE (n = 24) vs. non-Doberman (non-DOBE; n = 60) dogs. CYB5R3mRNA expression, protein expression, and reduction of sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine were compared between banked canine liver samples of 729AA vs. GG genotype. The 729G allele was overrepresented in DOBE (1.00) vs. non-DOBE dogs (0.567, p < .0001). mRNA and protein expressions as well as cyt b5 reductase activity were similar between livers of AA and GG genotype. All Doberman Pinschers in this study were homozygous for CYB5R3 729G, which could contribute to this breed's apparent predisposition to sulfonamide HS. However, CYB5R3 729G does not alter sulfamethoxazole detoxification capacity, so a direct role could not be demonstrated. It is possible that this marker is linked to another contributing variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Reinhart
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Ekena
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A C Cioffi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - L A Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Davis H, Boothe D. Pancytopenia in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Davis
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - D. Boothe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; Auburn University; Alabama USA
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McKenna JA, Sacco J, Son TT, Trepanier LA, Callan MB, Harvey JW, Arndt JW. Congenital methemoglobinemia in a dog with a promoter deletion and a nonsynonymous coding variant in the gene encoding cytochrome b₅. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1626-31. [PMID: 25145387 PMCID: PMC4895586 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A McKenna
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Advanced Critical Care, Emergency & Specialty Services - Los Angeles, Culver City, CA
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