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Williams NJ, Furr M, Navas de Solis C, Campolo A, Davis M, Lacombe VA. Investigating the Relationship Between Cardiac Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Horses: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:899951. [PMID: 35873691 PMCID: PMC9305457 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome in humans is commonly associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, including atrial fibrillation and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Although many differences exist between human and equine metabolic syndrome, both of these conditions share some degree of insulin resistance. The aims of this pilot study were to investigate the relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiac function. Seven horses (five mares, two geldings, aged 17.2 ± 4.2 years, weight 524 ± 73 kg) underwent insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing to determine insulin sensitivity (mean 2.21 ± 0.03 × 10−4 L/min/mU). Standard echocardiograms were performed on each horse, including two-dimensional, M-mode, and pulse-wave tissue Doppler imaging. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were used to determine the association of insulin sensitivity with echocardiographic measures of cardiac function in 5 horses. Insulin sensitivity was found to be significantly correlated with peak myocardial velocity during late diastole (r = 0.89, P = 0.0419), ratio between peak myocardial velocity in early and late diastole (r = −0.92, P = 0.0263), isovolumetric relaxation time (r = −0.97, P = 0.0072), and isovolumetric contraction time (ρ = −0.90, P = 0.0374). These preliminary data suggest that decreased insulin sensitivity is correlated with alterations in both systolic and diastolic function, as measured with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Due to the small sample size of this study, the relationship between insulin sensitivity and myocardial function in horses requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J. Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Natasha J. Williams
| | - Martin Furr
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Cristobal Navas de Solis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Allison Campolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Michael Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Véronique A. Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Gehlen H, Fisch J, Merle R, Trachsel DS. Preliminary study on the effects of pergolide on left ventricular function in the horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e64. [PMID: 34553515 PMCID: PMC8460455 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), a neurodegenerative disease leading to reduced dopamine production, is a common disease in aged horses. The treatment is based on administration of the dopamine agonist pergolide. This drug has been related to valvular fibrosis in humans, but the cardiovascular effect of this drug has not yet been investigated in horses. OBJECTIVES To determine whether pergolide induces valvular disease in horses or affects the cardiac function. METHODS Standard, tissue Doppler (TDE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking (STE) echocardiography were performed in horses with diagnosed PPID based on adrenocorticotropic hormone dosage. Measurements taken in horses treated with pergolide were compared with those from untreated horses with nonparametric t-tests. Furthermore, measurements from follow-up examinations performed at least three months after the initial exam were compared with a Wilcoxon signed rank test for repeated measurements in each group. RESULTS Twenty-three horses were included. None of the 12 horses under treatment developed valvular regurgitation. Furthermore, no differences in the measurements of the left ventricular systolic or diastolic function could be seen between the group of horses with treatment and those without treatment. Measurements taken in the follow-up exam did not differ compared to those taken in the initial exam in both groups. CONCLUSIONS No changes of the left ventricular function assessed by TDE and STE could be shown in a small population of horses with confirmed PPID. Treatment with pergolide did not affect the ventricular function nor induce valvular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Gehlen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Judith Fisch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Dagmar S Trachsel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany.
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Eberhardt C, Schwarzwald CC. Quantification of left atrial contractile function using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in horses after conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 35:108-120. [PMID: 33940552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES In horses, persistent atrial dysfunction is a prognostic indicator of recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF). The objective of this study was to quantify left atrial (LA) contractile function in Warmblood horses after successful cardioversion of AF to sinus rhythm, using standard two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) analyses, and to provide proof-of-concept for use of 2DST to detect LA contractile dysfunction in horses. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Nineteen Warmblood horses with AF and successful transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) or medical cardioversion using quinidine sulfate (QS) were included. Echocardiography was performed at 24 hr, 72 hr, and 1-6 months after cardioversion. Conventional 2DE-derived indices of LA size and function and global longitudinal strain (SL) and longitudinal strain rate (SRL) during LA contractile function were measured to detect differences in LA size and function over time and between treatment modalities. The association between 2DE-derived indices and global SL and SRL, respectively, and the agreement of the variables to detect LA dysfunction were assessed. RESULTS Global SL and SRL, as well as active LA fractional area change (FAC) identified cases with LA dysfunction after TVEC and QS cardioversion and proved useful to demonstrate LA functional recovery over time. Agreement between active LA FAC and SL and SRL, respectively, to diagnose atrial dysfunction was substantial to fair at 24 hr after cardioversion and decreased with time. CONCLUSION This study shows that 2DST is useful to quantify LA contractile dysfunction in horses after cardioversion of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eberhardt
- University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine Department, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C C Schwarzwald
- University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine Department, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Quantification of left atrial wall motion in healthy horses using two-dimensional speckle tracking. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 30:32-43. [PMID: 32645687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mechanical function of the left atrium (LA) plays a pivotal role in modulation of left ventricular filling. Assessment of LA function might be a clinically useful prognostic tool for horses with mitral regurgitation or atrial fibrillation. However, the most accurate, reliable, and clinically useful methods to assess LA myocardial function are yet to be determined. The objective of this study was to describe the methods for quantification of LA wall motion using two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) echocardiography in healthy Warmblood horses to quantify measurement variability, to calculate reference intervals for 2DST variables, and to investigate their relationship to sex, age, body weight, and heart rate. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Twenty-six healthy Warmblood horses were included. 2DST analyses of LA wall motion were performed on digitally stored cine-loop recordings of a standardized right-parasternal four-chamber view focusing on the LA. Longitudinal strain, longitudinal strain rate, and time to peak LA contraction were measured to characterize LA contractile, reservoir, and conduit function. Intraobserver and interobserver measurement variability was quantified, and reference intervals were calculated. RESULTS The coefficient of variation for intraobserver and interobserver measurement variability ranged between 2.0-11.1% and 5.1-15.4%, respectively, for global strain, strain rate, and time to peak LA contraction. Reference intervals for healthy Warmblood horses were reported. CONCLUSION This study shows that 2DST is a feasible and reliable method to quantify LA wall motion throughout the cardiac cycle in healthy Warmblood horses. Further studies are required to establish the clinical value of 2DST for assessment of LA function.
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Gy C, Leclere M, Bélanger MC, Allano M, Beauchamp G, Lavoie JP. Acute, subacute and chronic sequelae of horses accidentally exposed to monensin-contaminated feed. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:848-856. [PMID: 32145094 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monensin is highly toxic to horses and inadvertent ingestion can result in cardiac injury and death. OBJECTIVES To describe sequelae of monensin ingestion and to determine clinical predictors of outcome. STUDY DESIGN Observational clinical study. METHODS Physical examination, electrocardiogram and echocardiography were performed on 76 horses accidentally exposed to monensin-contaminated feed. Four horses were examined within 14 days of exposure (acute period), 29 horses were examined between 15 and 45 days post-exposure (subacute period) and 70 horses were examined 4-10 months after exposure (chronic period). Follow-up information was obtained for 56 horses by telephone interviews approximately 16 months after exposure. RESULTS Cardiac abnormalities were detected in 4/4, 19/29 and 31/70 horses during the acute, subacute and chronic periods, respectively. Sixteen months post-exposure, 34 of the 64 horses (53%) for which the outcome was known had returned to their previous use, 13 (20%) were reported to be exercise intolerant, three (5%) were retired and 14 (22%) were dead (two deaths, 12 euthanasia). Thinning of the myocardium observed at any point in time was associated with a negative outcome. Heterogeneity of the myocardium observed in the acute/subacute period was associated with a negative outcome while subjective contractile intraventricular dyssynchrony, cardiac chamber dilation, decreased fractional shortening and multiple premature ventricular complexes observed in the chronic period were associated with a negative outcome. Some horses with significant changes associated with a negative outcome in the chronic phase still returned to their previous work. MAIN LIMITATIONS No control group and only 27 horses were examined more than once. CONCLUSIONS Clinical outcome of horses exposed to sublethal doses of monensin is highly variable. The presence of heterogeneity and thinning of the myocardium shortly after intoxication were associated with a negative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Gy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bélanger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marion Allano
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, Rademakers F, van Loon G. Assessment of left ventricular function in horses with aortic regurgitation by 2D speckle tracking. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:93. [PMID: 32197611 PMCID: PMC7085189 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic regurgitation (AR) may lead to left ventricular (LV) dilatation, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. Close follow-up of horses with AR is therefore paramount to detect onset of cardiac decompensation. The aim of this study was to examine whether two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) can be used to detect altered myocardial function in horses with chronic AR compared to control horses. Speckle tracking was performed on short axis and long axis images of the LV in 29 healthy Warmblood horses and 57 Warmblood horses with AR. Radial, circumferential and longitudinal strain, strain rate and displacement were measured for each segment separately and the average was calculated over all segments. Data generated from the apical segments were not included in the analysis. Results Radial (SR) and circumferential (SC) strain were significantly higher in horses with moderate AR (average SR 75.5 ± 24.3%, SC 19.3 ± 3.2%) but not in horses with severe AR (SR 65.5 ± 26.2%, SC 16.3 ± 3.5%), compared to control horses (SR 54.5 ± 18.0%, SC 16.8 ± 3.0%). Longitudinal strain did not show significant differences, but longitudinal displacement (DL) was larger in horses with moderate (average DL 29.5 ± 4.1 cm) and severe AR (DL 32.4 ± 6.1 cm) compared to control horses (DL 25.7 ± 4.0 cm), especially in the interventricular septum. Diastolic longitudinal strain rate was lower in early diastole in horses with severe AR (0.93 ± 0.18/s) compared to controls (1.13 ± 0.13/s). Conclusions 2DST is able to detect altered myocardial motion in horses with AR, which showed significantly higher radial and circumferential strain. Further research is needed to determine whether these findings contribute to a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - S Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Rademakers
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Pericardial Disease, Myocardial Disease, and Great Vessel Abnormalities in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:139-157. [PMID: 30871834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericardial, myocardial, and great vessel diseases are relatively rare in horses. The clinical signs are often nonspecific and vague, or related to the underlying cause. Physical examination usually reveals tachycardia, fever, venous distension or jugular pulsation, a weak or bounding arterial pulse, ventral edema, and abnormal cardiac auscultation such as arrhythmia, murmur, or muffled heart sounds. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and the disease progression, and ranges from full recovery to poor prognosis for survival. This article focuses on the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of pericarditis, pericardial mass lesions, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and great vessel aneurysm or rupture.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview on the principles of transthoracic echocardiography in horses. Indications for echocardiography, equipment, and technical considerations are discussed and a systematic approach for a complete echocardiographic examination in horses is described. Methods for assessment of chamber dimensions, allometric scaling of measurements, assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular function, assessment of atrial function, hemodynamic assessment, and evaluation of valvular regurgitation are explained, focusing on traditional 2-dimensional (2D), motion-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic methods. Selected applications of newer echocardiographic methods, such as tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle tracking are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Schwarzwald
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Department, Swiss Equine Cardiology Consulting, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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Evaluation of the right parasternal four-chamber view for the assessment of left ventricular longitudinal strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:78-85. [PMID: 30268987 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a relatively new imaging technique, introduced in veterinary medicine to aid the assessment of left ventricular (LV) myocardial function. Among other indices, LV longitudinal strain and strain rate (SR) can be measured with this modality, and in dogs they are usually obtained from the left apical four-chamber (LAp4Ch) view. However, in this species, a good quality right parasternal four-chamber (RP4Ch) view can generally be attained, and the aim of this study was therefore to determine its feasibility and reliability for longitudinal strain and SR assessment, and to establish whether the two projections can be used interchangeably. Fifty-one healthy dogs and twenty-five dogs with various cardiac diseases were examined. Longitudinal global and segmental strains and global SR of the LV were obtained with 2-D STE by use of RP4Ch and LAp4Ch views. Intra-observer (within-day and between-day) and inter-observer variabilities were established, and strain and SR values obtained from the two views were compared. The RP4Ch view demonstrated to be feasible for the assessment of longitudinal strain and SR by use of 2-D STE in healthy and diseased dogs. However, out of sector motion of the apical segments could occur and induce tracking errors. The deformation parameters obtained from this view and the LAp4Ch view were often significantly different, and therefore they should not be used interchangeably. Further, the software employed in the present study performed better global than segmental strain analysis for both views.
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Bischoff K, Moiseff J. Equine feed contamination and toxicology. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:111-118. [PMID: 32704694 PMCID: PMC7200950 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed as a cause of poisoning in horses can occur on small or large scales. It is challenging to work up cases of suspected feed contamination, but there are resources available to veterinarians and owners. Feed contamination can be chemical or biological. This article focuses on and provides examples of chemical feed contamination including misformulation, adulteration, and natural contaminants. Additionally, recommendations for feed sampling and diagnostic submission, including legal documentation, are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Jennifer Moiseff
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY
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Lecoq L, Moula N, Amory H, Rollin F, Leroux A. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in calves: feasibility and repeatability study. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:45-54. [PMID: 29395940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the feasibility and repeatability of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography for the evaluation of left ventricular function in healthy calves. ANIMALS 12 Holstein calves, 62 ± 11.6 days old; 75.25 ± 5.4 Kg. METHODS Observational study. Right parasternal short-axis views at papillary muscle level were recorded in standing calves and subsequently analyzed by two-dimensional speckle tracking for global and regional radial and circumferential strains and strain rates and radial displacement. Echocardiographic examinations were performed by 2 observers to evaluate intra- and interobserver repeatability and variability. RESULTS Two-dimensional speckle tracking was feasible in all calves. Automated tracking was better in systole than in diastole. Repeatability of the technique was good in calves. Systolic radial strain and strain rate peak values showed little variability compared with systolic circumferential strain and strain rate and to all diastolic measurements. Variability of the interobserver measurements was greater than the intraobserver measurements. CONCLUSIONS Two-dimensional speckle tracking is feasible in calves. As in other species, evaluation of systolic radial left ventricular function is more reliable than circumferential and diastolic left ventricular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lecoq
- Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2 B41, Avenue de Cureghem 5A-5D, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - N Moula
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2 B42, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - H Amory
- Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2 B41, Avenue de Cureghem 5A-5D, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - F Rollin
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2 B42, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - A Leroux
- Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2 B41, Avenue de Cureghem 5A-5D, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Raftery AG. When should we measure cardiac troponin I? EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Raftery
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital; University of Glasgow Bearsden Road Glasgow Scotland
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Miller SM, Spargo KE. Science-in-brief: Clinical highlights from 50th Congress of the South African Equine Veterinary Association 2017. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:266-268. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Miller
- Summerveld Equine Hospital; Summerveld South Africa
- Section Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort; Pretoria South Africa
| | - K. E. Spargo
- Section Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort; Pretoria South Africa
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Koenig TR, Mitchell KJ, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Healthy Horses and in Horses with Heart Disease Using Pulsed-Wave Tissue Doppler Imaging. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:556-567. [PMID: 28109132 PMCID: PMC5354014 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of left ventricular (LV) function by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is not well established in horses with heart disease. Objectives To describe the use of pulsed‐wave (PW) TDI for the assessment of LV function, establish reference intervals, investigate effects of mitral regurgitation (MR), aortic regurgitation (AR), and primary myocardial disease (MD), and provide proof of concept for the use of PW TDI in Warmblood horses with heart disease. Animals Thirty healthy horses, 38 horses with MR, 25 with AR, 8 with MD. Methods Echocardiograms were retrospectively analyzed. Reference intervals were calculated. PW TDI indices of healthy horses and horses with MR, AR, and MD were compared by one‐way ANOVA and Dunnett's test. Results A complete set of PW TDI variables could be obtained in 94 of 101 horses. Variables corresponding to isovolumic intervals were most difficult to measure. Valvular regurgitation influenced variables describing isovolumic contraction and ejection. Horses with MD had significantly shortened ETm (−118.5 [−154.1 to −82.9] ms; mean difference [95% CI of difference of means]), increased PEPm/ETm (0.11 [0.05 to 0.17]), prolonged IMPm (0.28 [0.18 to 0.37]), increased S1 (8.9 [5.2 to 12.6] cm/s), and decreased E1 (−2.6 [−4.7 to −0.5] cm/s), Em (−14.2 [−19.9 to −8.5] cm/s), and Em/Am ratio (−1.6 [−2.6 to −0.6]). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Pulsed‐wave TDI might be useful for detection of LV dysfunction in horses with primary MD. The clinical value of TDI in horses with MR and AR remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Koenig
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K J Mitchell
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bradley VR, Whelchel DD, Clay SE, Johnson PJ, Leach SB. Treatment of sustained monomorphic narrow-complex ventricular tachycardia in a 16-year-old Arab mare with a constant rate of infusion of lidocaine and oral propranolol. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. R. Bradley
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - D. D. Whelchel
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - S. E. Clay
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - P. J. Johnson
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - S. B. Leach
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
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Smith KF, Quinn RL, Rahilly LJ. Biomarkers for differentiation of causes of respiratory distress in dogs and cats: Part 1 - Cardiac diseases and pulmonary hypertension. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:311-29. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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