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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang W, Yu H, Jin M. Applications of polymerase chain reaction‑based methods for the diagnosis of plague (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:511. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease‑Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, P.R. China
| | - Zhanli Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease‑Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, P.R. China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- General Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010031, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease‑Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, P.R. China
| | - Min Jin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease‑Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, P.R. China
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Eads DA, Biggins DE, Gage KL. Ecology and Management of Plague in Diverse Communities of Rodents and Fleas. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:888-896. [PMID: 33074791 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague originated in Asia as a flea-borne zoonosis of mammalian hosts. Today, the disease is distributed nearly worldwide. In western United States of America, plague is maintained, transmitted, and amplified in diverse communities of rodents and fleas. We examined flea diversity on three species of prairie dogs (Cynomys spp., PDs) and six species of sympatric small rodents in Montana and Utah, United States of America. Among 2896 fleas, 19 species were identified; 13 were found on PDs and 9 were found on small rodents. In Montana, three flea species were found on PDs; the three species parasitize PDs and mice. In Utah, 12 flea species were found on PDs; the 12 species parasitize PDs, mice, voles, chipmunks, ground squirrels, rock squirrels, and marmots. Diverse flea communities and their willingness to parasitize many types of hosts, across multiple seasons and habitats, may favor plague maintenance and transmission. Flea parasitism on Peromyscus deer mice varied directly with elevation. Fleas are prone to desiccation, and might prosper at higher, mesic elevations; in addition, Peromyscus nest characteristics may vary with elevation. Effective management of plague is critical. Plague management is probably most effective when encompassing communities of rodents and fleas. Treatment of PD burrows with 0.05% deltamethrin dust, which suppressed fleas on PDs for >365 days, suppressed fleas on small rodents for at least 58 days. At one site, deltamethrin suppressed fleas on small rodents for at least 383 days. By simultaneously suppressing fleas on PDs and small rodents, deltamethrin should promote ecosystem resilience and One Health objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Eads
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dean E Biggins
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth L Gage
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Aljohani R, Samarasinghe H, Ashu T, Xu J. Diversity and relationships among strains of culturable yeasts in agricultural soils in Cameroon. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15687. [PMID: 30356081 PMCID: PMC6200750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are unicellular fungi; they are found in a diverse range of natural habitats, including soil, aquatic environments, the surface of plants, and the skin and mucosal surfaces of animal hosts. A variety of yeasts have been found in the soil environment. However, most studies of soil yeasts have come from developed countries, and there is a dearth of research on soil yeasts in Africa. In this study, we analyzed 493 soil samples from nine geographical locations in Cameroon for yeasts, using a culture - based method. A total of 110 yeast isolates were obtained. Based on their sequences at the fungal barcode locus, the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster, the 110 yeast isolates were putatively identified as belonging to 16 yeast species, including 15 Ascomycetes and one Basidiomycete. Differences in yeast species distribution were observed among the analyzed geographic regions. PCR fingerprinting analyses identified a large number of genotypes among strains within each of the obtained yeast species. Significantly, there was little evidence of geographic clustering among yeast strains from any of the yeast species. Our results suggest that Cameroon contains significant yeast diversity and that gene flow is common among local and regional soil yeast populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renad Aljohani
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Himeshi Samarasinghe
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tabi Ashu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Maestas LP, Britten HB. Flea and Small Mammal Species Composition in Mixed-Grass Prairies: Implications for the Maintenance ofYersinia pestis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:467-474. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P. Maestas
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Hugh B. Britten
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
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Salkeld DJ, Stapp P, Tripp DW, Gage KL, Lowell J, Webb CT, Brinkerhoff RJ, Antolin MF. Ecological Traits Driving the Outbreaks and Emergence of Zoonotic Pathogens. Bioscience 2016; 66:118-129. [PMID: 32287347 PMCID: PMC7109792 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases that are transmitted from wildlife hosts to humans, such as the Ebola virus and MERS virus, can be difficult to understand because the pathogens emerge from complex multifaceted ecological interactions. We use a wildlife–pathogen system—prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and the plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis)—to describe aspects of disease ecology that apply to many cases of emerging infectious disease. We show that the monitoring and surveillance of hosts and vectors during the buildup to disease outbreaks are crucial for understanding pathogen-transmission dynamics and that a community-ecology framework is important to identify reservoir hosts. Incorporating multidisciplinary approaches and frameworks may improve wildlife–pathogen surveillance and our understanding of seemingly sporadic and rare pathogen outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Salkeld
- Dan Salkeld is an ecologist and epidemiologist affiliated with the Department of Biology at Colorado State University. Paul Stapp is a professor in the Department of Biological Science at California State University, in Fullerton. Dan Tripp is a biologist at the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, in Fort Collins. Ken Gage is the chief of the Flea-Borne Diseases Laboratory, of CDC's Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Jen Lowell is a professor of Health Sciences at Carroll College, in Helena, Montana. Colleen Webb and Michael Antolin are professors in the Department of Biology at Colorado State University, with interests in disease ecology and evolution. Jory Brinkerhoff is a professor at the Department of Biology at the University of Richmond, in Virginia
| | - Paul Stapp
- Dan Salkeld is an ecologist and epidemiologist affiliated with the Department of Biology at Colorado State University. Paul Stapp is a professor in the Department of Biological Science at California State University, in Fullerton. Dan Tripp is a biologist at the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, in Fort Collins. Ken Gage is the chief of the Flea-Borne Diseases Laboratory, of CDC's Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Jen Lowell is a professor of Health Sciences at Carroll College, in Helena, Montana. Colleen Webb and Michael Antolin are professors in the Department of Biology at Colorado State University, with interests in disease ecology and evolution. Jory Brinkerhoff is a professor at the Department of Biology at the University of Richmond, in Virginia
| | - Daniel W Tripp
- Dan Salkeld is an ecologist and epidemiologist affiliated with the Department of Biology at Colorado State University. Paul Stapp is a professor in the Department of Biological Science at California State University, in Fullerton. Dan Tripp is a biologist at the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, in Fort Collins. Ken Gage is the chief of the Flea-Borne Diseases Laboratory, of CDC's Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Jen Lowell is a professor of Health Sciences at Carroll College, in Helena, Montana. Colleen Webb and Michael Antolin are professors in the Department of Biology at Colorado State University, with interests in disease ecology and evolution. Jory Brinkerhoff is a professor at the Department of Biology at the University of Richmond, in Virginia
| | - Kenneth L Gage
- Dan Salkeld is an ecologist and epidemiologist affiliated with the Department of Biology at Colorado State University. Paul Stapp is a professor in the Department of Biological Science at California State University, in Fullerton. Dan Tripp is a biologist at the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, in Fort Collins. Ken Gage is the chief of the Flea-Borne Diseases Laboratory, of CDC's Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Jen Lowell is a professor of Health Sciences at Carroll College, in Helena, Montana. Colleen Webb and Michael Antolin are professors in the Department of Biology at Colorado State University, with interests in disease ecology and evolution. Jory Brinkerhoff is a professor at the Department of Biology at the University of Richmond, in Virginia
| | - Jennifer Lowell
- Dan Salkeld is an ecologist and epidemiologist affiliated with the Department of Biology at Colorado State University. Paul Stapp is a professor in the Department of Biological Science at California State University, in Fullerton. Dan Tripp is a biologist at the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, in Fort Collins. Ken Gage is the chief of the Flea-Borne Diseases Laboratory, of CDC's Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Jen Lowell is a professor of Health Sciences at Carroll College, in Helena, Montana. Colleen Webb and Michael Antolin are professors in the Department of Biology at Colorado State University, with interests in disease ecology and evolution. Jory Brinkerhoff is a professor at the Department of Biology at the University of Richmond, in Virginia
| | - Colleen T Webb
- Dan Salkeld is an ecologist and epidemiologist affiliated with the Department of Biology at Colorado State University. Paul Stapp is a professor in the Department of Biological Science at California State University, in Fullerton. Dan Tripp is a biologist at the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, in Fort Collins. Ken Gage is the chief of the Flea-Borne Diseases Laboratory, of CDC's Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Jen Lowell is a professor of Health Sciences at Carroll College, in Helena, Montana. Colleen Webb and Michael Antolin are professors in the Department of Biology at Colorado State University, with interests in disease ecology and evolution. Jory Brinkerhoff is a professor at the Department of Biology at the University of Richmond, in Virginia
| | - R Jory Brinkerhoff
- Dan Salkeld is an ecologist and epidemiologist affiliated with the Department of Biology at Colorado State University. Paul Stapp is a professor in the Department of Biological Science at California State University, in Fullerton. Dan Tripp is a biologist at the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, in Fort Collins. Ken Gage is the chief of the Flea-Borne Diseases Laboratory, of CDC's Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Jen Lowell is a professor of Health Sciences at Carroll College, in Helena, Montana. Colleen Webb and Michael Antolin are professors in the Department of Biology at Colorado State University, with interests in disease ecology and evolution. Jory Brinkerhoff is a professor at the Department of Biology at the University of Richmond, in Virginia
| | - Michael F Antolin
- Dan Salkeld is an ecologist and epidemiologist affiliated with the Department of Biology at Colorado State University. Paul Stapp is a professor in the Department of Biological Science at California State University, in Fullerton. Dan Tripp is a biologist at the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, in Fort Collins. Ken Gage is the chief of the Flea-Borne Diseases Laboratory, of CDC's Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Jen Lowell is a professor of Health Sciences at Carroll College, in Helena, Montana. Colleen Webb and Michael Antolin are professors in the Department of Biology at Colorado State University, with interests in disease ecology and evolution. Jory Brinkerhoff is a professor at the Department of Biology at the University of Richmond, in Virginia
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Wang C, Mount J, Butler J, Gao D, Jung E, Blagburn BL, Kaltenboeck B. Real-time PCR of the mammalian hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene for analysis of flea (Ctenocephalides felis) feeding patterns on dogs. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:4. [PMID: 22214496 PMCID: PMC3275464 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Precise data on quantitative kinetics of blood feeding of fleas, particularly immediately after contact with the host, are essential for understanding dynamics of flea-borne disease transmission and for evaluating flea control strategies. Standard methods used are inadequate for studies that simulate early events after real-life flea access to the host. Methods Here, we developed a novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting mammalian DNA within fleas to quantify blood consumption with high sensitivity and specificity. We used primers and fluorescent probes that amplify the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene, an evolutionary divergent gene that is unlikely to be detected in insects by mammalian-specific primers and probes. To validate this assay, fleas were placed on dogs, allowed to distribute in the hair, and removed at specific time points with single-use combs. Fleas were then immediately homogenized by vigorous shaking with ceramic beads in guanidinium-based DNA preservation buffer for DNA extraction. Results The specificity of this assay was ascertained by amplification of canine, feline and equine blood with differential product melting temperatures (Tm), and lack of amplification of bovine and porcine blood and of adult fleas reared from larvae fed with bovine blood. Sensitivity of the assay was established by limiting dilution and detection of single copies of HMBS DNA equivalent to 0.043 nL blood. Application of the assay indicated that after 15 minutes on a dog, male and female fleas had ingested low, but similar amounts of approximately 1.1. nL blood. Saturation uptake of 118 and 100 nL blood per flea was found at 30 and 60 min on the dog, respectively. Conclusions The HMBS PCR method developed here offers the advantages of both exquisite sensitivity and specificity that make it superior to other approaches for quantification of blood ingested by fleas. The capability to detect minute quantities of blood in single fleas, particularly immediately after colonization of the host, will provide a superior tool for studying flea-host interactions, flea-borne disease transmission, and flea control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5519, USA
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