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Guo X, Huang H, Yang Z, Cai T, Xi R. Division of Labor: Roles of Groucho and CtBP in Notch-Mediated Lateral Inhibition that Controls Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation in Drosophila. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1007-1023. [PMID: 30982741 PMCID: PMC6523041 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cell (ISC) differentiation in the Drosophila midgut requires Delta/Notch-mediated lateral inhibition, which separates the fate of ISCs from differentiating enteroblasts (EBs). Although a canonical Notch signaling cascade is involved in the lateral inhibition, its regulation at the transcriptional level is still unclear. Here we show that the establishment of lateral inhibition between ISC-EB requires two evolutionarily conserved transcriptional co-repressors Groucho (Gro) and C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) that act differently. Gro functions in EBs with E(spl)-C proteins to suppress Delta expression, inhibit cell-cycle re-entry, and promote cell differentiation, whereas CtBP functions specifically in ISCs to mediate transcriptional repression of Su(H) targets and maintain ISC fate. Interestingly, several E(spl)-C genes are also expressed in ISCs that cooperate with Gro to inhibit cell proliferation. Collectively, our study demonstrates separable and cell-type-specific functions of Gro and CtBP in a lateral inhibition process that controls the proliferation and differentiation of tissue stem cells. Gro and CtBP are required for lateral inhibition between ISC and EB in fly midgut Gro cooperates with E(spl)-C factors in EBs to promote differentiation CtBP cooperates with Hairless in ISCs to maintain stem cell fate Gro and E(spl)-C mediate baseline Notch activity and thereby restrict ISC division
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huanwei Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Cai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Contreras-Cornejo H, Saucedo-Correa G, Oviedo-Boyso J, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Baizabal-Aguirre VM, Cajero-Juárez M, Bravo-Patiño A. The CSL proteins, versatile transcription factors and context dependent corepressors of the notch signaling pathway. Cell Div 2016; 11:12. [PMID: 27708688 PMCID: PMC5037638 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-016-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is a reiteratively used cell to cell communication pathway that triggers pleiotropic effects. The correct regulation of the pathway permits the efficient regulation of genes involved in cell fate decision throughout development. This activity relies notably on the CSL proteins, (an acronym for CBF-1/RBPJ-κ in Homo sapiens/Mus musculus respectively, Suppressor of Hairless in Drosophila melanogaster, Lag-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans) which is the unique transcription factor and DNA binding protein involved in this pathway. The CSL proteins have the capacity to recruit activation or repression complexes according to the cellular context. The aim of this review is to describe the different co-repressor proteins that interact directly with CSL proteins to form repression complexes thereby regulating the Notch signaling pathway in animal cells to give insights into the paralogous evolution of these co-repressors in higher eumetazoans and their subsequent effects at developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Contreras-Cornejo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología (CMEB) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Posta Veterinaria, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma, C. P. 58890 Tarímbaro, Mich. México
| | - Germán Saucedo-Correa
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología (CMEB) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Posta Veterinaria, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma, C. P. 58890 Tarímbaro, Mich. México
| | - Javier Oviedo-Boyso
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología (CMEB) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Posta Veterinaria, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma, C. P. 58890 Tarímbaro, Mich. México
| | - Juan José Valdez-Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología (CMEB) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Posta Veterinaria, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma, C. P. 58890 Tarímbaro, Mich. México
| | - Víctor Manuel Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología (CMEB) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Posta Veterinaria, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma, C. P. 58890 Tarímbaro, Mich. México
| | - Marcos Cajero-Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales (IIAF), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma, C. P. 58890 Tarímbaro, Mich. México
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología (CMEB) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Posta Veterinaria, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma, C. P. 58890 Tarímbaro, Mich. México
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Nagel AC, Preiss A. Fine tuning of Notch signaling by differential co-repressor recruitment during eye development of Drosophila. Hereditas 2011; 148:77-84. [PMID: 21756252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2011.02221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is fundamental to the regulation of cellular differentiation, cell growth and cell death in mammals as well as in invertebrates like Drosophila. Upon activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved and the intracellular part ICN assembles an activator complex around Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)] that activates Notch target genes. Hairless (H) is the major antagonist of the Notch signaling pathway in Drosophila. In the absence of Notch signal, H binds to Su(H) and recruits two general co-repressors, Groucho (Gro) and C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP); this repression complex downregulates Notch target genes. Previously we have shown that Gro and CtBP are recruited simultaneously to H and that they act in concert during wing and embryonic development. However, Gro and CtBP are utilized context-dependently by other transcription factors. Hence differential co-repressor recruitment by the Su(H)-H repressor complex is likewise conceivable. Here, we investigated the requirement for the co-repressors Gro and CtBP in H mediated Notch repression during several phases of eye development. Whereas both co-repressors appear likewise important during the specification of photoreceptor cells, we find differential requirement for the regulation of proliferation and cell death, respectively. During the early proliferative phase, H preferentially recruits Gro to inhibit Notch mediated growth of the eye disc. Elimination of superfluous interommatidial pigment cells, which depends on a late Notch signal, is antagonized by H and predominantly CtBP. In summary, differential recruitment of the co-repressors Gro and CtBP by H in a context-dependent manner ensures fine tuning of Notch signaling activity during eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Nagel
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Hoang CQ, Burnett ME, Curtiss J. Drosophila CtBP regulates proliferation and differentiation of eye precursors and complexes with Eyeless, Dachshund, Dan, and Danr during eye and antennal development. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2367-85. [PMID: 20730908 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Specification factors regulate cell fate in part by interacting with transcriptional co-regulators like CtBP to regulate gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that CtBP forms a complex or complexes with the Drosophila melanogaster Pax6 homolog Eyeless (Ey), and with Distal antenna (Dan), Distal antenna related (Danr), and Dachshund to promote eye and antennal specification. Phenotypic analysis together with molecular data indicate that CtBP interacts with Ey to prevent overproliferation of eye precursors. In contrast, CtBP,dan,danr triple mutant adult eyes have significantly fewer ommatidia than CtBP single or dan,danr double mutants, suggesting that the CtBP/Dan/Danr complex functions to recruit ommatidia from the eye precursor pool. Furthermore, CtBP single and to a greater extent CtBP,dan,danr triple mutants affect the establishment and maintenance of the R8 precursor, which is the founding ommatidial cell. Thus, CtBP interacts with different eye specification factors to regulate gene expression appropriate for proliferative vs. differentiative stages of eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh Q Hoang
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
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Stern MD, Aihara H, Roccaro GA, Cheung L, Zhang H, Negeri D, Nibu Y. CtBP is required for proper development of peripheral nervous system in Drosophila. Mech Dev 2008; 126:68-79. [PMID: 18992810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) is an evolutionarily and functionally conserved transcriptional corepressor known to integrate diverse signals to regulate transcription. Drosophila CtBP (dCtBP) regulates tissue specification and segmentation during early embryogenesis. Here, we investigated the roles of dCtBP during development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Our study includes a detailed quantitative analysis of how altered dCtBP activity affects the formation of adult mechanosensory bristles. We found that dCtBP loss-of-function resulted in a series of phenotypes with the most prevalent being supernumerary bristles. These dCtBP phenotypes are more complex than those caused by Hairless, a known dCtBP-interacting factor that regulates bristle formation. The emergence of additional bristles correlated with the appearance of extra sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells in earlier stages, suggesting that dCtBP may directly or indirectly inhibit SOP cell fates. We also found that development of a subset of bristles was regulated by dCtBP associated with U-shaped through the PxDLS dCtBP-interacting motif. Furthermore, the double bristle with sockets phenotype induced by dCtBP mutations suggests the involvement of this corepressor in additional molecular pathways independent of both Hairless and U-shaped. We therefore propose that dCtBP is part of a gene circuitry that controls the patterning and differentiation of the fly PNS via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Fullenkamp AN, El-Hodiri HM. The function of the Aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) gene product as a transcriptional repressor is diminished by mutations associated with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:73-8. [PMID: 18835247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) is mutated in patients with X-linked mental retardation and a range of other neurological diseases. The molecular consequences of these mutations are unclear. Here, we show that two disease-associated mutations disrupt the function of Arx as a transcriptional repressor. We found that Arx contains two independent repression domains: an N-terminal octapeptide motif/engrailed homology domain and a novel domain located in the C-terminus. The octapeptide motif functions through interaction with members of the Groucho family of co-repressors. The C-terminal domain functions through interaction with C-terminal binding protein (CtBP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Fullenkamp
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Protzer CE, Wech I, Nagel AC. Hairless induces cell death by downregulation of EGFR signalling activity. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3167-76. [PMID: 18765565 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.035014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the Notch antagonist Hairless (H) during imaginal development in Drosophila is correlated with tissue loss and cell death. Together with the co-repressors Groucho (Gro) and C-terminal binding protein (CtBP), H assembles a repression complex on Notch target genes, thereby downregulating Notch signalling activity. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying H-mediated cell death in S2 cell culture and in vivo during imaginal development in Drosophila. First, we mapped the domains within the H protein that are required for apoptosis induction in cell culture. These include the binding sites for the co-repressors, both of which are essential for H-mediated cell death during fly development. Hence, the underlying cause of H-mediated apoptosis seems to be a transcriptional downregulation of Notch target genes involved in cell survival. In a search for potential targets, we observed transcriptional downregulation of rho-lacZ and EGFR signalling output. Moreover, the EGFR antagonists lozenge, klumpfuss and argos were all activated upon H overexpression. This result conforms to the proapoptotic activity of H, as these factors are known to be involved in apoptosis induction. Together, the results indicate that H induces apoptosis by downregulation of EGFR signalling activity. This highlights the importance of a coordinated interplay of Notch and EGFR signalling pathways for cell survival during Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia E Protzer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Genetics (240), 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Maier D, Chen AX, Preiss A, Ketelhut M. The tiny Hairless protein from Apis mellifera: a potent antagonist of Notch signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:175. [PMID: 18559091 PMCID: PMC2440387 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Notch signaling pathway is fundamental to the regulation of many cell fate decisions in eumetazoans. Not surprisingly, members of this pathway are highly conserved even between vertebrates and invertebrates. There is one notable exception, Hairless, which acts as a general Notch antagonist in Drosophila. Hairless silences Notch target genes by assembling a repressor complex together with Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)] and the co-repressors Groucho (Gro) and C-terminal binding protein (CtBP). Now with the availability of genomic databases, presumptive Hairless homologues are predicted, however only in insect species. To further our understanding of Hairless structure and function, we have cloned the Hairless gene from Apis mellifera (A.m.H) and characterized its functional conservation in Drosophila. Results The Apis Hairless protein is only one third of the size of the Drosophila orthologue. Interestingly, the defined Suppressor of Hairless binding domain is interrupted by a nonconserved spacer sequence and the N-terminal motif is sufficient for binding. In contrast to Apis Hairless, the Drosophila orthologue contains a large acidic domain and we provide experimental evidence that this acidic domain is necessary to silence Hairless activity in vivo. Despite the dramatic size differences, Apis Hairless binds to the Drosophila Hairless interactors Su(H), Gro, CtBP and Pros26.4. Hence, Apis Hairless assembles a repressor complex with Drosophila components that may have a different topology. Nevertheless, Apis Hairless is sufficient to repress the Notch target gene vestigial in Drosophila. Moreover, it is able to rescue Hairless mutant phenotypes, providing in vivo evidence for its function as a bona fide Notch antagonist. Conclusion This is the first interspecies-complementation analysis of the Hairless gene. Guided by evolutionary comparisons, we hope to eventually identify all the relevant structural domains and cofactors of Hairless, thereby opening an avenue for further insights into the repressor-complexes that down-regulate Notch signaling also in other, higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Maier
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240), Garbenstr, 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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