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Lahiri D, Nag M, Banerjee R, Mukherjee D, Garai S, Sarkar T, Dey A, Sheikh HI, Pathak SK, Edinur HA, Pati S, Ray RR. Amylases: Biofilm Inducer or Biofilm Inhibitor? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660048. [PMID: 33987107 PMCID: PMC8112260 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is a syntrophic association of sessile groups of microbial cells that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces with the help of pili and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). EPSs also prevent penetration of antimicrobials/antibiotics into the sessile groups of cells. Hence, methods and agents to avoid or remove biofilms are urgently needed. Enzymes play important roles in the removal of biofilm in natural environments and may be promising agents for this purpose. As the major component of the EPS is polysaccharide, amylase has inhibited EPS by preventing the adherence of the microbial cells, thus making amylase a suitable antimicrobial agent. On the other hand, salivary amylase binds to amylase-binding protein of plaque-forming Streptococci and initiates the formation of biofilm. This review investigates the contradictory actions and microbe-associated genes of amylases, with emphasis on their structural and functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajit Lahiri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Moupriya Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Ritwik Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipro Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Sayantani Garai
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Technology and Bio-Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.,Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda, India
| | - Ankita Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, India
| | - Hassan I Sheikh
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Sushil Kumar Pathak
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Khallikote University, Berhampur, India
| | | | - Siddhartha Pati
- Centre of Excellence, Khallikote University, Berhampur, India.,Research Division, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Balasore, India
| | - Rina Rani Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, India
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Sulyanto RM, Thompson ZA, Beall CJ, Leys EJ, Griffen AL. The Predominant Oral Microbiota Is Acquired Early in an Organized Pattern. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10550. [PMID: 31332213 PMCID: PMC6646312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity is sterile prior to birth, and we have limited knowledge of how complex oral communities are assembled. To examine bacterial acquisition and community assembly over the first year of life, oral samples from a cohort of nine infants and their mothers were collected, and bacterial community composition was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Exogenous species including skin and environmental bacteria were present initially, but were quickly replaced by a small, shared microbial community of species common to all infants and adults. Subsequent ordered microbial succession and the formation of increasingly complex communities was observed. By one year of age oral microbial community composition converged to a profile that was remarkably similar among children. The introduction of new nutrient sources, but not tooth eruption, was associated with increasing complexity. Infants had fewer species than mothers, mostly accounted for by the lack of certain anaerobes, and showing that the acquisition and assembly of oral microbial communities continues past infancy. When relative abundance was considered, a shared set of species accounted for the majority of the microbial community at all ages, indicating that the dominant structure of the oral microbiome establishes early, and suggesting that it persists throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn M Sulyanto
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 4, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zachary A Thompson
- The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, 4126 Postle Hall, 305 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Clifford J Beall
- The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, 4126 Postle Hall, 305 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eugene J Leys
- The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, 4126 Postle Hall, 305 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ann L Griffen
- The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, 4126 Postle Hall, 305 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota. J Dent 2019; 80 Suppl 1:S3-S12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Haase EM, Kou Y, Sabharwal A, Liao YC, Lan T, Lindqvist C, Scannapieco FA. Comparative genomics and evolution of the amylase-binding proteins of oral streptococci. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:94. [PMID: 28427348 PMCID: PMC5399409 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Successful commensal bacteria have evolved to maintain colonization in challenging environments. The oral viridans streptococci are pioneer colonizers of dental plaque biofilm. Some of these bacteria have adapted to life in the oral cavity by binding salivary α-amylase, which hydrolyzes dietary starch, thus providing a source of nutrition. Oral streptococcal species bind α-amylase by expressing a variety of amylase-binding proteins (ABPs). Here we determine the genotypic basis of amylase binding where proteins of diverse size and function share a common phenotype. Results ABPs were detected in culture supernatants of 27 of 59 strains representing 13 oral Streptococcus species screened using the amylase-ligand binding assay. N-terminal sequences from ABPs of diverse size were obtained from 18 strains representing six oral streptococcal species. Genome sequencing and BLAST searches using N-terminal sequences, protein size, and key words identified the gene associated with each ABP. Among the sequenced ABPs, 14 matched amylase-binding protein A (AbpA), 6 matched amylase-binding protein B (AbpB), and 11 unique ABPs were identified as peptidoglycan-binding, glutamine ABC-type transporter, hypothetical, or choline-binding proteins. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses performed to ascertain evolutionary relationships revealed that ABPs cluster into at least six distinct, unrelated families (AbpA, AbpB, and four novel ABPs) with no phylogenetic evidence that one group evolved from another, and no single ancestral gene found within each group. AbpA-like sequences can be divided into five subgroups based on the N-terminal sequences. Comparative genomics focusing on the abpA gene locus provides evidence of horizontal gene transfer. Conclusion The acquisition of an ABP by oral streptococci provides an interesting example of adaptive evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1005-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Haase
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Yurong Kou
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Amarpreet Sabharwal
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Chieh Liao
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tianying Lan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte Lindqvist
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Frank A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Salivary Alpha-Amylase Enzyme, Psychological Disorders, and Life Quality in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. Int J Dent 2017; 2017:5269856. [PMID: 28408928 PMCID: PMC5376436 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5269856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate stress, anxiety, and salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) activity in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The impact of this disease on the life quality was also evaluated. Design. Twenty-two patients with RAS and controls, matched by sex and age, were selected. Stress and anxiety were assessed using Lipp's Inventory of Stress Symptoms and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Life quality was assessed through the World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Saliva samples were collected in the morning and afternoon and the SAA activity was analyzed by enzymatic kinetic method. Results. No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding the SAA activity (p = 0.306). Patients with RAS had higher scores of anxiety (p = 0.016). The scores of WHOQOL-BREF were significantly lower in patients with RAS. The values obtained through OHIP-14 were significantly higher in these patients (p = 0.002). Conclusion. RAS negatively affects the life quality. Patients with the disease have higher levels of anxiety, suggesting its association with the etiopathogenesis of RAS.
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Draft genome sequences of 18 oral streptococcus strains that encode amylase-binding proteins. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00510-15. [PMID: 25999552 PMCID: PMC4440966 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00510-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of commensal oral streptococcal species produce a heterogeneous group of proteins that mediate binding of salivary α-amylase. This interaction likely influences streptococcal colonization of the oral cavity. Here, we present draft genome sequences of several strains of oral streptococcal species that bind human salivary amylase.
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Sancilio S, di Giacomo V, Di Giulio M, Gallorini M, Marsich E, Travan A, Tarusha L, Cellini L, Cataldi A. Biological responses of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in an innovative co-culture model with Streptococcus mitis to thermosets coated with a silver polysaccharide antimicrobial system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96520. [PMID: 24806464 PMCID: PMC4013038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the in vitro biological response of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) co-coltured with Streptococcus mitis to bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (BisGMA/TEGDMA) thermosets coated with Chitlac-nAg, a nanocomposite system with antimicrobial properties. To avoid bacterial adhesion to dental devices and to reduce cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells, we coated BisGMA/TEGDMA methacrylic thermosets with a new material, Chitlac-nAg, formed by stabilizing silver nanoparticles, which have well-known antimicrobial properties, with a polyelectrolyte solution containing Chitlac. Cytotoxicity, cell morphology, cell migration and inflammatory interleukine-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion were evaluated. Our results showed that the cytotoxicity exerted on HGFs by our nanocomposite material was absent in our co-culture model, where fibroblasts are able to adhere and migrate. After 24 h thermosets coated with Chitlac as well as those coated with Chitlac-nAg exerted a minimal cytotoxic effect on HGFs, while after 48 h LDH release rises up 20%. Moreover the presence of S. mitis reduced this release in a greater amount with Chitlac-nAg coated thermosets. The secretion of IL-6 was significant in both Chitlac and Chitlac-nAg coated thermosets, but PGE2 production was minimal, suggesting that the IL-6 production was not related to an inflammatory response. Co-culture and the addiction of saliva did not influence IL-6 and PGE2 secretion. Data obtained in the present work suggest that Chitlac n-Ag coated thermosets could significantly improve the success rates of restorative dentistry, since they limit bacterial adhesion and are not toxic to HGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sancilio
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Viviana di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Mara Di Giulio
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Marsich
- Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Travan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Tarusha
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigina Cellini
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Ochiai A, Harada K, Hashimoto K, Shibata K, Ishiyama Y, Mitsui T, Tanaka T, Taniguchi M. α-Amylase is a potential growth inhibitor of Porphyromonas gingivalis
, a periodontal pathogenic bacterium. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:62-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ochiai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Harada
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Hashimoto
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Shibata
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Y. Ishiyama
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - T. Mitsui
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - M. Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
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Schlafer S, Meyer RL, Sutherland DS, Städler B. Effect of osteopontin on the initial adhesion of dental bacteria. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:2108-2112. [PMID: 23167781 DOI: 10.1021/np300514z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are involved in numerous infections of the human body, including dental caries. While conventional therapy of biofilm diseases aims at eradication and mechanical removal of the biofilms, recent therapeutic approaches target the mechanisms of biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion in particular. The effect of bovine milk osteopontin, a highly phosphorylated whey protein, on adhesion of Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Actinomyces naeslundii, three prominent colonizers in dental biofilms, to saliva-coated surfaces was investigated. While adhesion of A. naeslundii was not affected by osteopontin, a strong, dose-dependent reduction in the number of adhering S. mitis was shown. No difference in bacterial adhesion was observed for caseinoglycomacropeptide, another phosphorylated milk protein. Osteopontin did not affect bacterial viability, but changed bacterial surface hydrophobicity, and may be suggested to prevent the adhesins of S. mitis from interacting with their salivary receptors. The antiadhesive effect of osteopontin may be useful for caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schlafer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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Taking the starch out of oral biofilm formation: molecular basis and functional significance of salivary α-amylase binding to oral streptococci. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:416-23. [PMID: 23144140 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02581-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Amylase-binding streptococci (ABS) are a heterogeneous group of commensal oral bacterial species that comprise a significant proportion of dental plaque microfloras. Salivary α-amylase, one of the most abundant proteins in human saliva, binds to the surface of these bacteria via specific surface-exposed α-amylase-binding proteins. The functional significance of α-amylase-binding proteins in oral colonization by streptococci is important for understanding how salivary components influence oral biofilm formation by these important dental plaque species. This review summarizes the results of an extensive series of studies that have sought to define the molecular basis for α-amylase binding to the surface of the bacterium as well as the biological significance of this phenomenon in dental plaque biofilm formation.
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Kindblom C, Davies J, Herzberg M, Svensäter G, Wickström C. Salivary proteins promote proteolytic activity in Streptococcus mitis biovar 2 and Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:362-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Response of fatty acid synthesis genes to the binding of human salivary amylase by Streptococcus gordonii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1865-75. [PMID: 22247133 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07071-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, an important primary colonizer of dental plaque biofilm, specifically binds to salivary amylase via the surface-associated amylase-binding protein A (AbpA). We hypothesized that a function of amylase binding to S. gordonii may be to modulate the expression of chromosomal genes, which could influence bacterial survival and persistence in the oral cavity. Gene expression profiling by microarray analysis was performed to detect genes in S. gordonii strain CH1 that were differentially expressed in response to the binding of purified human salivary amylase versus exposure to purified heat-denatured amylase. Selected genes found to be differentially expressed were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Five genes from the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) cluster were highly (10- to 35-fold) upregulated in S. gordonii CH1 cells treated with native amylase relative to those treated with denatured amylase. An abpA-deficient strain of S. gordonii exposed to amylase failed to show a response in FAS gene expression similar to that observed in the parental strain. Predicted phenotypic effects of amylase binding to S. gordonii strain CH1 (associated with increased expression of FAS genes, leading to changes in fatty acid synthesis) were noted; these included increased bacterial growth, survival at low pH, and resistance to triclosan. These changes were not observed in the amylase-exposed abpA-deficient strain, suggesting a role for AbpA in the amylase-induced phenotype. These results provide evidence that the binding of salivary amylase elicits a differential gene response in S. gordonii, resulting in a phenotypic adjustment that is potentially advantageous for bacterial survival in the oral environment.
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