1
|
Ali A, Derar DR. Clinical and subclinical endometritis in dromedary camels: An overview of definition and clinical presentation, etiopathogenesis, diagnostic biomarkers, and treatment protocols. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 257:107328. [PMID: 37683534 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The current review collected and analyzed research on clinical endometritis (CE) and subclinical endometritis (SCE) in dromedary camels in terms of definition and clinical presentation, etiopathogenesis, diagnostic biomarkers, and treatment protocols. CE is characterized by uterine inflammation with abnormal vaginal discharges, while SCE comprises uterine inflammation with no clinical signs and is described as the infiltration of polymorphnuclear cells into the endometrium. CE is the prevalent clinical finding of barren female dromedaries (18-60 %). SCE has been detected in 9.9 % of infertile female dromedaries. CE and SCE are observed mainly in repeat breeding females. Unhygienic reproductive management, unsanitary dealings during parturition, and postpartum problems are major risk factors. Environmental stress, immunodeficiency, mucus abrasion, or the presence of other opportunistic microbes are predisposing factors. Trueperella pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. are the major uterine isolates obtained from females with CE, while Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Candida albicans are the most frequent isolates of SCE. CE and SCE reveal biomarker changes that could aid in the diagnosis of this common reproductive disorder. Only a few treatment protocols for CE and SCE have been tried and proven to work in camel practice. However, there is room for the new, challenging treatment programs proposed in this review. This review also provides a compilation that may be of use to future research and to those working in the field of camel reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | - Derar R Derar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scarlet D, Malama E, Fischer S, Knutti B, Bollwein H. Relationship between Clinical Uterine Findings, Therapy, and Fertility in the Mare. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040259. [PMID: 37104414 PMCID: PMC10142731 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) is a major cause of subfertility in horses and the susceptibility is increased by several factors. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of clinical uterine findings and PBIE therapies, respectively, on pregnancy rate in mares. The analysis included records from 220 mares (390 cycles) inseminated at an artificial insemination (AI) center in Switzerland. Gynecological examinations were performed repeatedly before and after AI to determine cervical tone, uterine edema, and intrauterine fluid accumulation. Pregnancy rate was lower (p < 0.001) in barren mares compared to mares of other reproductive status. A more flaccid cervix (p = 0.009) was observed at the time of ovulation in pregnant cycles, but there was no difference (p > 0.05) regarding uterine edema. Intrauterine fluid accumulation reduced pregnancy rate (p = 0.002). Oxytocin administration had beneficial effects on pregnancy rate (p = 0.015), especially for barren mares, while uterine lavage did not have any effect (p > 0.05). The results show that cervical tone and intrauterine fluid accumulation, but not its degree, are useful parameters for assessment of fertility in mares. Oxytocin treatment improved pregnancy rates in mares with PBIE while uterine lavage had a limited effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Scarlet
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleni Malama
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Fischer
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Knutti
- Tierarztpraxis KLC, 1562 Corcelles-près-Payerne, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karam KM, Alebady AS, Alhilfi HO, Al-Delemi DH. Comparative study utilizing different post-breeding treatment regimens in cyclic Arabian mares. Vet World 2021; 14:2863-2868. [PMID: 35017832 PMCID: PMC8743778 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2863-2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Post-breeding treatment is the most common practice in the reproductive management of mares. Oxytocin, uterine lavage, and intrauterine (I/U) antibiotic are usually used as prophylactic therapy. This study aimed to determine the most efficient prophylactic treatment regimen among six treatment protocols applied during natural breeding of cyclic Arabian mares. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study was conducted on cyclic Arabian mares that were subdivided into three age categories (n=968): Category I (5-10 years, n=380), Category II (11-15 years, n=361), and Category III (≥16 years, n=227). Six prophylactic treatments were applied after 4 h of breeding. According to the treatment regimen, treated mares (n=483) were divided into six treatment groups: A (n=80), treated with I/U antibiotic (1 g gentamicin); B (n=81), I/U lavage (normal saline 500 mL); C (n=83), intramuscular (I/M) oxytocin (10 IU); D (n=82), I/U antibiotic and I/M oxytocin; E (n=78), I/U lavage and I/M oxytocin; and F (n=79), I/U lavage with I/U antibiotic and I/M oxytocin. Non-treated mares were classified as controls (n=485). Ultrasonography was performed to monitor pregnant mares 30 and 60 days after mating, and mares were followed until foaling. RESULTS Pregnancy and foaling results reveals that in age Category I, treatment with oxytocin alone or oxytocin with I/U lavage showed the highest pregnancy and foaling rates (p<0.01). In age Category II, the highest pregnancy and foaling rates were observed in lavage treatment (p<0.01), whereas, in age Category III, the good pregnancy and foaling rates were monitored in treatment with oxytocin and I/U lavage (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Treatment with systemic I/M oxytocin is ideal in early age group mares (5-10 years of age). However, irrespective of the age categories, all mares exhibited high pregnancy and foaling rates after treatment with systemic I/M oxytocin and I/U lavage with normal saline (0.9%) 4 h post-breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mohammed Karam
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Saed Alebady
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Haitham O. Alhilfi
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Dhia Hussain Al-Delemi
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tongu EADO, Segabinazzi LGTM, Alvarenga ML, Monteiro A, Papa FO, Alvarenga MA. Allogenic mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium does not affect sperm parameters and mitigates early endometrial inflammatory responses in mares. Theriogenology 2021; 169:1-8. [PMID: 33887520 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) on sperm parameters, intrauterine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), intrauterine fluid accumulation (IUF), and fertility in mares. In experiment 1, two ejaculates from ten stallions were extended to 50 million sperm/mL using a milk-based extender. Thereafter, 20 mL of extended semen was added of MSC-CM as follows: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL. Sperm kinetics and plasma membrane integrity were evaluated immediately after dilution (T0) and 2 h post-incubation at 37 °C (T2). In experiment 2, mares characterized as resistant (n = 13) or susceptible (n = 7) to endometritis were inseminated with fresh semen 24 h post-induction of ovulation in two (Control and CM-1) and three (Control, CM-1, and CM-2) cycles in a crossover, as follows: control, no pharmacological interference; CM-1, supplementation of semen insemination dose at 3:4 (v:v, MSC-CM:semen); CM-2, 30 mL of MSC-CM was infused into the uterus 24 h before insemination. Endometrial cytology and uterine fluid were collected 6 and 24 h after insemination to evaluate the number of PMNs and concentrations of interleukins IL6, IL10, and TNFα. IUF was determined by ultrasonography 24 and 48 h after insemination. Pregnancy status was diagnosed 14 days after ovulation. The addition of MSC-CM to semen did not influence sperm parameters at T0 and T2 (P > 0.05) and reduced (CM-1; P < 0.05) the number of PMNs at 6 h post-insemination in resistant mares. In susceptible mares, PMNs at 6 and 24 h post-insemination, as well as IUF were reduced (P < 0.05) in both treated cycles (CM-1 and CM-2). In addition, MSC-CM downregulated IL6 and upregulated IL10 concentrations in the uterus of susceptible mares after insemination. There were no differences in fertility rates among groups both in resistant (Control, 77%, 10/13; CM-1, 62%, 8/13) and susceptible mares (Control, 42.8%, 3/7; CM-1, 57.1%, 4/7; CM-2, 85.7%. 6/7). In conclusion, MSC-CM did not affect sperm parameters when mixed with diluted semen, and reduced post-insemination inflammatory responses in mares.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriky Akio de Oliveira Tongu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo G T M Segabinazzi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marina Landim Alvarenga
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Aldine Monteiro
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Frederico Ozanam Papa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Alvarenga
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Canisso IF, Segabinazzi LG, Fedorka CE. Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares - a Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1432. [PMID: 32093296 PMCID: PMC7073041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-breeding endometritis (i.e., inflammation/infection of the endometrium), is a physiological reaction taking place in the endometrium of mares within 48 hours post-breeding, aimed to clear seminal plasma, excess sperm, microorganisms, and debris from the uterine lumen in preparation for the arrival of an embryo. Mares are classified as susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) based on their ability to clear this inflammation/infection by 48 hours post-breeding. Mares susceptible to PBIE, or those with difficulty clearing infection/inflammation, have a deficient immune response and compromised physical mechanisms of defense against infection. Molecular pathways of the innate immune response known to be involved in PBIE are discussed herein. The role of the adaptive uterine immune response on PBIE remains to be elucidated in horses. Advances in the pathobiology of microbes involved in PBIE are also revised here. Traditional and non-traditional therapeutic modalities for endometritis are contrasted and described in the context of clinical and molecular aspects. In recent years, the lack of efficacy of traditional therapeutic modalities, alongside the ever-increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, has enforced the development of non-traditional therapies. Novel biological products capable of modulating the endometrial inflammatory response are also discussed here as part of the non-traditional therapies for endometritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Lorenzo G.T.M. Segabinazzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA;
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carleigh E. Fedorka
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chiba A, Ujiie Y, Aoki T. Relationship between the presence of intrauterine fluid and cervical bacteria in heavy draft mares before and after mating. J Equine Sci 2019; 30:75-79. [PMID: 31871408 PMCID: PMC6920059 DOI: 10.1294/jes.30.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While intrauterine fluid (IUF) is observed as mucous in healthy mares during estrus, the
presence of IUF during diestrus is an indicator of endometritis. Mating induces
endometrial inflammation in healthy mares, called mating-induced endometritis, that
disappears within 1–2 days after mating. On the other hand, it is also known that IUF
remaining beyond 12 hr after mating can cause persistent inflammation, bacterial growth,
and decreased fertility. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the
presence of IUF and cervical bacteria before and after mating. Mares were classified into
three groups based on the degree of IUF: Grade 1 (G1), neither IUF nor echogenic lines at
the inner lining of the uterus; Grade 2 (G2), small amount of IUF (<0.5 cm in diameter)
or an echogenic lines in the intrauterine cavity; and Grade 3 (G3), obvious IUF (≥0.5 cm
in diameter). The positive culture rates of G1, G2, and G3 mares before mating were 15.8%
(n=6/38), 25.9% (n=7/27), and 31.8% (n=14/44), respectively, and did not differ
significantly between the groups. After mating, the positive culture rates of G1, G2, and
G3 mares were 18.2% (n=2/11), 56.1% (n=23/41), and 72.3% (n=34/47), respectively. The
positive culture rates were significantly higher in G2 (P<0.05) and G3 (P<0.01)
mares compared with G1 mares. These results from after mating suggest that not only mares
with obvious IUF but also those with a small amount of IUF (<0.5 cm in diameter) or
echogenic lines in the intrauterine cavity are at risk of mating-induced endometritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Chiba
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yukari Ujiie
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Aoki
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftiofur and Penicillin With Gentamicin Against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus in an Ex Vivo Model of Equine Postpartum Uterine Disease. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:121-126. [PMID: 31405490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials for the management of equine uterine disease is commonplace, with antibiotic selection generally based on empirical evidence or in vitro sensitivity results. However, the potential disconnect between these laboratory results and clinical efficacy in the mare raises concern for antibiotic failure and subsequent development of resistant organisms. In this work, we attempt to bridge this gap by using an ex vivo model of the equine postpartum uterus to quantitatively evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two commonly used antibiotic treatments in the mare (ceftiofur and penicillin with gentamicin). The activity of both of these treatments was evaluated in two different fluid environments (standard bacterial culture broth and equine postpartum uterine fluid) against clinical isolates of E. coli and S. zooepidemicus. Although treatment with ceftiofur was effective at reducing growth of S. zooepidemicus in equine postpartum uterine fluid, it did not reduce bacterial growth of E. coli. Treatment with procaine penicillin G with gentamicin achieved at least bacteriostatic activity against E. coli in both fluid types, and bactericidal activity against S. zooepidemicus in both fluid types. The intrauterine infusion of procaine penicillin G with gentamicin in cases of postpartum uterine disease caused by E. coli or S. zooepidemicus is supported by the results of this work.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lewis N, Morganti M, Collingwood F, Grove-White DH, Argo CM. Utilization of One-Dose Postovulation Breeding With Frozen-Thawed Semen at a Commercial Artificial Insemination Center: Pregnancy Rates and Postbreeding Uterine Fluid Accumulation in Comparison to Insemination With Chilled or Fresh Semen. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
Risco A, Reilas T, Muilu L, Kareskoski M, Katila T. Effect of oxytocin and flunixin meglumine on uterine response to insemination in mares. Theriogenology 2009; 72:1195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Azawi OI. Effect on fertility of human chorionic gonadotrophin and uterine lavage with oxytocin performed after mating in Arabian barren mares. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 106:345-51. [PMID: 17681436 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of hCG injected immediately after mating in Arabian barren mares treated with uterine lavage and oxytocin. Arabian barren mares (n=36) with PMIE were subjected to detailed clinical examinations including palpation per rectum, vaginoscopy, and cytological examination. After mating the 36 mares were randomly divided into four groups. The mares in group 1 (n=10) were immediately after breeding injected with hCG 3,000 IU IM. Uterine lavage with 1L of N-saline containing 4 million IU of crystalline penicillin and 4 g of streptomycin sulphate was performed 4h after breeding. Then mares received two injections of oxytocin 40 IU IM 2h apart after 6h of mating. Mares in group 2 (n=10) treated with uterine lavage and oxytocin as group 1. While mares in group 3 (n=10) received uterine lavage only. A control group (n=6) as group 4 did not received any treatment. The results of clinical examination indicated that 69.4% of PMIE mares were harboring severe endometritis and 30.6% with a moderate form of endometritis. Significant (P<0.01) increase in lymphocytes were founded in barren mares included in this study. Higher pregnancy rate (P<0.01) was founded in Arabian barren mares 80% injected with hCG immediately after breeding and uterine lavage and oxytocin. No significant difference was found in mares received uterine lavage and oxytocin and uterine lavage only. In a conclusion, administration of hCG immediately after mating and intrauterine lavage containing antibiotics performed 4h and two injections of oxytocin 40 IU IM 2h apart after 6h of mating had improved fertility of Arabian barren mares.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O I Azawi
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary, Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Many procedures performed as part of routine broodmare practice are based on sound clinical judgment and experience or scientific evidence; however, others are based on perceived problems and needs to address them. This article presents four procedures commonly used in broodmare practice, for which there is questionable evidence to substantiate their use.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang YJ, Cho GJ. Factors Concerning Early Embryonic Death in Thoroughbred Mares in South Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:787-92. [PMID: 17827883 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 384 Thoroughbred mares were investigated to determine and evaluate the features of early embryonic death at nine equine farms on Jeju Island, South Korea, from 2001 to 2003. Overall, 771 matings for 384 mares resulted in 376 pregnancies 15 days after ovulation. Subsequently, 12.2% (46/376) of these early conceptuses were lost within 45 days after ovulation. Furthermore, about three quarters of the 46 embryonic deaths occurred between 16 and 25 days after ovulation. The incidence of embryonic death was highest in the barren (17.2%), more than 15 years old (15.4%), and more than 10 parities (18.2%) groups compared with the other groups (9.1-16.9%). Mares mated in March, April, and during the first estrus postpartum had higher embryonic death rates, (19.6%, 17.2%, and 24.6%, respectively). Mares with abnormal fluid and cysts in the uterus (18.0%) or multiple embryonic vesicles (23.1%) had higher embryonic death rates than those with normal uterine conditions (9.8%) or single embryonic vesicles (10.5%). The condition of mares, such as breeding condition and the environment of the embryo or fetus, are the major factors in relation to occurrence of early embryonic death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Yang
- Equine Hospital, Korea Racing Association, Gwacheon, Gyeonggi 427-711, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Equine uterine infections inflict major losses on the equine industry. Persistent inflammation of the oviduct and uterus leads to loss of the conceptus and mares susceptible to infection have weakened uterine defences partly due to retention of inflammatory exudate. Bacteria may trigger inflammation, resist phagocytosis, or adhere to the endometrium and types of infection range from genital commensals in susceptible mares to reproductive pathogens in normal mares. Uterine infections are diagnosed by history, detection of uterine inflammation, and isolation of typical organisms and susceptible mares may be identified by detection of intrauterine fluid during oestrus, or at 6-48 h post-breeding. Therapy includes oxytocin, uterine lavage, antibiotics, and prostaglandin analogues and clinical studies indicate additive benefits of oxytocin and antibiotics. Improved conception rates have been associated with autologous, intrauterine plasma, despite controversy about its bactericidal efficacy. Because of the potential for endometrial damage, intrauterine antiseptics require caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Causey
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and the Maine Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA.
| |
Collapse
|