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Castro-Mesa AF, Resende Faleiros R, Martínez-Aranzales JR. Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Quantitative Findings-Part 2. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2267. [PMID: 37508045 PMCID: PMC10376526 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmural ultrasound allows for the definition of the normal appearance of the hoof tissues and internal structures. Determining such measurements and proportions could contribute to evaluations of the normal spatial distal phalanx-hoof relationship. The objective was to describe the hoof's dermis and epidermis measurements using the transmural technique, in comparison with DR and anatomical sections. Sixty-two healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of 30 anatomical pieces (phase 1) and 32 alive horse hooves (phase 2), and 16 sagittal sections of the first ones were used. The proximal and distal planes were compared, defining the following measurements: coronary band-extensor process, distal phalanx apex-hoof wall, sole dermis, middle stratum, parietal dermis, lamellar layer, the sublamellar dermis, and ratios between them. Most of the measurements were consistent among methods. Some showed measurement differences and a minority was impossible to determine. The transmural technique allowed for the observation and replication of measurements of the hoof structures, described with other diagnostic aids. It also allowed for the implementation of new measurements that would help to determine the spatial location of the distal phalanx. Additionally, it contributes to the visualization of normal findings, which will be useful to compare variations in the different phases of laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Castro-Mesa
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Rafael Resende Faleiros
- Equinova Research Group, School of Veterinary, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - José Ramón Martínez-Aranzales
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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Castro-Mesa AF, Resende Faleiros R, Martínez-Aranzales JR. Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Qualitative Findings-Part 1. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1951. [PMID: 37370461 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography is commonly used to evaluate equine lameness-related structures, but traditional hoof approaches cannot adequately visualize internal structures such as the lamellar layer. To address this limitation, we used 62 healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of thirty anatomical pieces (phase 1) and thirty-two hooves from living horses (phase 2). In both phases, half of the digits were submerged in water (group 1) and the other half in water and ice (group 2) for 24 h. Ultrasonographic views and temperature and humidity measurements were taken every two hours, and sagittal sections were obtained in phase 1. Good quality images were obtained in both phases. The transmural technique allowed the evaluation of several structures of the DEJ (tubular and lamellar strata of the hoof wall, sublamellar dermis, and solar and coronary papillae) and of the distal phalanx (extensor process, parietal surface, and apex). Our findings suggest that the transmural technique following hoof submersion can be useful for internal evaluation of hoof conditions, such as laminitis. However, further validation of the technique in natural or experimental cases is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Castro-Mesa
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Rafael Resende Faleiros
- Equinova Research Group, School of Veterinary, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - José Ramón Martínez-Aranzales
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Antioquia, Colombia
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Evrard L, Joostens Z, Vandersmissen M, Audigié F, Busoni V. Comparison Between Ultrasonographic and Standing Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Podotrochlear Apparatus of Horses With Foot Pain. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:675180. [PMID: 34291100 PMCID: PMC8287171 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study aimed to blindly compare the ultrasonographic and standing magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) findings in deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), navicular bone, and navicular bursa in horses with foot pain, positive digital analgesia, and without definitive radiographic diagnosis. Ultrasonography detected more DDFT abnormalities (32/34 feet vs. 27/34 with sMRI) but identified less palmar navicular abnormalities (23/34 feet vs. 30/34 with sMRI). In suprasesamoidean DDFT lesions, which were mainly dorsally located, changes in echogenicity did not correspond to a particular pattern of sMRI signal change. Transcuneal ultrasonography did not allow assessment of morphology and extent of distal DDFT lesions, and sporadically discriminated the affected lobe compared to sMRI. Defects of the palmar compact bone were identified with both modalities except a parasagittal defect, which was only seen at sMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Evrard
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zoë Joostens
- Medical Imaging Department, Equitom Equine Clinic, Lummen, Belgium
| | - Maxime Vandersmissen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Audigié
- Centre d'Imagerie et de Recherche sur les Affections Locomotrices Equines, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Goustranville, France
| | - Valeria Busoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Wilson S, Spriet M, Mur PE, Anishchenko S, Beylin D, Katzman S, Galuppo L. 18 Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for assessment of deep digital flexor tendinopathy: An exploratory study in eight horses with comparison to CT and MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:610-620. [PMID: 34148276 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) are a cause for foot lameness in horses. Positron emission tomography (PET) could provide valuable information regarding the metabolic activity of these lesions. The aims of this exploratory, prospective, methods comparison study were to assess the ability of 18 fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) PET to detect DDFT lesions and to compare the PET findings with CT and MRI findings. Eight horses with lameness due to pain localized to the front feet were included. Both front limbs of all horses were imaged with 18 F-FDG PET, noncontrast CT, and arterial contrast-enhanced CT; 11 limbs were also assessed using MRI. Two observers graded independently 18 F-FDG PET, noncontrast CT, arterial contrast CT, T1-weighted (T1-w) MRI, and T2-weighted (T2-w)/STIR MRI. Maximal standardized uptake values were measured. Lesions were found in seven of 16 DDFT on PET, 12 of 16 DDFT on noncontrast CT, six of 15 DDFT on arterial contrast CT, eight of 11 DDFT on T1-w MRI, and six of 11 DDFT on T2-w/STIR MRI. Positron emission tomography was in better agreement with arterial contrast CT (Kappa-weighted 0.40) and T2-w/STIR MRI (0.35) than with noncontrast CT (0.28) and T1-w MRI (0.20). Maximal standardized uptake values of lesions ranged from 1.9 to 4.6 with a median of 3.1. Chronic lesions with scar tissues identified on noncontrast CT or T1-w MRI did not have increased 18 F-FDG uptake. These results demonstrated that 18 F-FDG PET agreed more closely with modalities previously used to detect active tendon lesions, i.e. arterial contrast CT and T2-w/STIR MRI. 18 Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose PET can be used to identify metabolically active DDFT lesions in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wilson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pablo Espinosa Mur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sergey Anishchenko
- LONGMILE Veterinary Imaging, Brain Biosciences Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David Beylin
- LONGMILE Veterinary Imaging, Brain Biosciences Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Katzman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Larry Galuppo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Acutt EV, Contino EK, Frisbie DD, Barrett MF. Deep digital flexor tendon lesions in the pastern are associated with the presence of distal tendinopathy. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:502-512. [PMID: 34050982 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct diagnosis and characterisation of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) lesions in equine athletes allows targeted treatment and improved prognostication. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence and character of pathological change within the DDFT in the pastern with concurrent tendon injury distally. It is hypothesised that tendon lesions in the pastern will be associated with tendinopathy within the hoof capsule. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective descriptive case series. METHODS Cases with DDFT lesions in the pastern and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography of the foot were evaluated retrospectively. Lesion location and type were recorded. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the associations between more distal tendinopathy and the presence of different DDFT lesion types in the pastern. RESULTS Thirty-four MRI scans of 33 horses and 64 ultrasonographic exams of 58 horses were analysed. Lesion location and type were recorded. Distal DDFT lesions were found in 75% (95% CI: 66.0-84.0) of total cases of pastern DDF tendinopathy and in 97% (95% CI: 91.6-100.0) of cases with core lesions of the DDFT in the pastern. A core lesion in the pastern was significantly more likely (OR = 20.7, 95% CI: 2.2-191.0; P = .008) to be associated with injury in the foot than other types of pastern lesion. MAIN LIMITATIONS MRIs of the foot were not obtained on all included limbs which did not allow for fully inclusive evaluation of DDFT lesions distal to the navicular bone. CONCLUSIONS DDFT pathological change in the pastern, particularly core lesions, is associated with additional tendinopathy within the hoof capsule. When a DDFT lesion is found in the pastern, further imaging of the tendon within the foot is indicated to direct appropriate treatment and improve prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Acutt
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin K Contino
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - David D Frisbie
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Myra F Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Jones ARE, Ragle CA, Mattoon JS, Sanz MG. Use of non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography to identify deep digital flexor tendinopathy in horses with lameness: 28 cases (2014-2016). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:852-858. [PMID: 30888281 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.7.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of non-contrast-enhanced CT to identify deep digital flexor (DDF) tendinopathy in horses with lameness attributed to pain in regions distal to the metatarsophalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 28 client-owned horses. PROCEDURES Medical records were searched to identify horses that underwent non-contrast-enhanced CT with or without high-field MRI as part of an evaluation for lameness localized to areas distal to the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint in ≥ 1 limb. Horses were included in the study if they had ≥ 1 DDF tendon lesion (DDF tendinopathy) identified. Signalment, lameness examination findings and response to perineural anesthesia, imaging modality, anesthetic agents and duration of anesthesia, and imaging findings were recorded. Data were summarized descriptively. RESULTS Bilateral imaging was performed for all horses, irrespective of unilateral or bilateral lameness. Nine of 28 horses underwent both CT and MRI, and all DDF tendon lesions identified by one modality were identified by the other. Of 48 limbs with DDF tendinopathy, 46 (96%) had core lesions and 35 (73%) had dorsal border irregularities. Median anesthesia time for CT and CT followed by MRI was 15 and 110 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that non-contrast-enhanced CT was useful for identifying DDF tendinopathy in horses with lameness localized to the phalangeal regions, and this was supported by consistency of findings in a subset of horses that underwent MRI. Further research is needed to confirm these results.
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Rovel T, Audigié F, Coudry V, Jacquet-Guibon S, Bertoni L, Denoix JM. Evaluation of standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of advanced distal interphalangeal primary degenerative joint disease in horses: 12 cases (2010–2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:257-265. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MacDonald JL, Richter RA, Wimer CL. Ultrasonographic variations are present in the distal sesamoidean impar ligament of clinically sound horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:607-612. [PMID: 29750845 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography is an established diagnostic test for evaluating horses with foot pain due to suspected podotrochlear apparatus pathology. However, variations from the previously reported normal appearance of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament have not always coincided with lameness. The objective of this prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study was to characterize variations in the ultrasonographic appearance of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament in sound horses using the transcuneal approach. Transcuneal ultrasonography of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament was performed on sound horses, and images were evaluated for fiber pattern, echogenicity, and thickness. Varying echogenicities of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament compared to the deep digital flexor tendon were found. Hypoechogenic or hyperechogenic focal areas were noted in the mid-body of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament or at its attachment to the navicular bone or the distal phalanx. In some of the sound horses, an anechoic linear area between the deep digital flexor tendon and distal sesamoidean impar ligament was observed as well as multifocal areas of hyperechogenicity or hypoechogenicity, irregular fiber pattern, and measurable thickening of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament. Several findings were bilaterally symmetrical, and no finding was always bilaterally symmetrical each time it was noted. This study supports transcuneal ultrasonography as an ancillary diagnostic tool for evaluating the equine distal sesamoidean impar ligament, describes sonographic variations in clinically sound horses, and suggests that the clinical significance of a lesion may not be determined by comparison of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament in the contralateral limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lauren MacDonald
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536
| | | | - Christine L Wimer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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Van Thielen B, Murray R, Willekens I, de Mey J, Van den Broeck R, Busoni V. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Foal Foot From 0 to 7 Months. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hui SKY, Turner SJ, Leaman TR, de Brot S, Barakzai SZ. Quadrilateral suspensory and straight sesamoidean ligament calcifying desmopathy in an Arabian mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Y. Hui
- Chine House Veterinary Hospital; Sileby Loughborough UK
| | - S. J. Turner
- Chine House Veterinary Hospital; Sileby Loughborough UK
| | - T. R. Leaman
- Chine House Veterinary Hospital; Sileby Loughborough UK
| | - S. de Brot
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Leicestershire UK
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Barrett MF, Frisbie DD, King MR, Werpy NM, Kawcak CE. A review of how magnetic resonance imaging can aid in case management of common pathological conditions of the equine foot. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - D. D. Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - M. R. King
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - N. M. Werpy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
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