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Güzel BC, Baygeldi SB, Özkan ZE. Examination of upper respiratory tracts of Siirt-coloured mohair goats by scanning electron microscopy before and after plastination. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13061. [PMID: 38778674 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Present study was conducted to determine the changes in the surface structure of the upper respiratory tract of Siirt-coloured mohair goats by the silicone plastination method. Accordingly, the heads of 10 Siirt-coloured mohair goats procured from slaughterhouses were divided into two halves. Half of each head was plastinated. After macro-comparisons were made, the deformations of silicone plastination on the surface were examined by comparing the scanning electron microscope (SEM) findings of both upper respiratory tract tissue samples collected from plastinates and fresh material. When the data from scanning electron microscopy were analysed, cilia, cobblestone patterns, goblet cells and gland ducts on the epithelial surface were identified in areas on the upper respiratory tract. The SEM images of the plastinated tissues showed that the surface structures were degenerated due to the deformation of the surface epithelium. The plastination technique damaged the structures on the surface epithelium. Since the plastination technique and scanning electron microscopy have been studied together for the first time, we believe this would contribute to the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Can Güzel
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Saime Betül Baygeldi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Zait Ender Özkan
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Contribution of lung function tests to the staging of severe equine asthma syndrome in the field. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:112-117. [PMID: 30616173 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staging methods are useful tools for monitoring disease and response to treatment, and because Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome (SEAS) has a high prevalence in the equine population, a clinical staging method can provide important information to optimize equine care. Our team has previously developed and published a clinical staging method for SEAS and in the present study we further evaluated information provided by lung function tests, in order to determine their contribution to disease staging. Using discriminant analysis we set out to produce a new staging method with applicability in the field. Differences between group means (P < .05) were observed for clinical score, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentage, pleural pressure (ΔPpl), PaO2 and histamine concentration and the linear functions obtained explained 99.3% of the data variability, with 94.7% of cases grouped correctly and a cross-validation of 86.8%. Thus this staging model showed very good results and the discriminant linear functions may be used to identify and stage SEAS. This method can be used in the field and also in diagnostic and research centres.
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Ferrari CR, Cooley J, Mujahid N, Costa LR, Wills RW, Johnson ME, Swiderski CE. Horses With Pasture Asthma Have Airway Remodeling That Is Characteristic of Human Asthma. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:144-158. [PMID: 29254472 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817741729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe equine asthma, formerly recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is the horse counterpart of human asthma, affecting horses maintained indoors in continental climates. Equine pasture asthma, formerly summer pasture RAO, is clinically similar but affects grazing horses during hot, humid conditions in the southeastern United States and United Kingdom. To advance translational relevance of equine pasture asthma to human asthma, histologic features of airway remodeling in human asthma were scored in lung lobes from 15 pasture asthma-affected and 9 control horses of mixed breeds. All noncartilaginous airways were scored using a standardized grading rubric (0-3) in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Movat's pentachrome-stained sections; 15 airways were chosen randomly from each lobe for analysis. Logistic regression identified disease, age, and lobe effects on probability of histologic outcomes. Airway smooth muscle (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, P < .001), goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia (OR = 37.6, P < .0001), peribronchiolar elastic system fibers (OR = 4.2, P < .001), peribronchiolar fibrosis (OR = 3.8, P = .01), airway occlusion by mucus/inflammation (OR = 4.2, P = .04), and airway adventitial inflammation (OR = 3.0, P = .01) were significantly greater in diseased airways. A novel complex tissue disorganization, designated terminal bronchiolar remodeling, was overrepresented in diseased airways (OR = 3.7, P < .0001). Distribution of terminal bronchiolar remodeling corresponded to putative sites of air trapping in human asthma, at secondary pulmonary lobules. Age (>15 years) was an independent risk factor for increased peribronchiolar fibrosis, elastic system fibers, and terminal bronchiolar remodeling. Remodeling differed significantly between lung lobes, congruent with nonhomogeneous remodeling in human asthma. Equine pasture asthma recapitulates airway remodeling in human asthma in a manner not achieved in induced animal asthma models, endorsing its translational relevance for human asthma investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudenir R Ferrari
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Jim Cooley
- 2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Nisma Mujahid
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Lais R Costa
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- 2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Melanie E Johnson
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Cyprianna E Swiderski
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
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Raji AR. Histological Study of Lung Parenchyma of the One—humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2006.9706821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Raji
- a Department of Basic Sciences , School of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , 91775-1793 , Iran
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Yang B, Yu S, Cui Y, He J, Jin X, Wang R. Morphological analysis of the lung of neonatal yak. Anat Histol Embryol 2010; 39:138-51. [PMID: 20070291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although yaks play an important role as companion or pack and draught animals on Chinese plateaus in alpine and sub-alpine regions, morphological studies and anatomical data on the lung of yak are sparse. To provide anatomical descriptions and morphometric data, 10 one-day-old yaks were examined by means of dissection, light and electron microscopy. The measurements of lung were made on dissected specimens and histological sections. Unequal dichotomous branching was demonstrated in the dissected tracheobronchial tree. The diameters of bronchial airways and height of epithelium were measured, and showed that the variation of diameters in airways was always greater than that of height of epithelium. In addition, the thickness of muscularis, cartilage and adventitia was examined, as well as the number of goblet and Clara cells in airways. Ultrastructural studies showed that the surface epithelium was mainly composed of goblet, ciliated, Clara and basal cells, similar to that in other domestic animals. Under electron microscope, two distinctive types of ciliated cells could be seen in the tracheobronchial epithelium. The first type contained some mitochondria, distended smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), little rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and numerous vacuoles in electron-lucent cytoplasm. The second type had dense cytoplasm with abundant mitochondria, RER and no vacuoles. Both types were rich of glycogen granules. The goblet cells in neonatal yak lung had the following characteristic features: dentate nucleus in dense cytoplasm, with stacks of RER and numerous dense membrane-bounded mucous droplets, which were round or oval, often with an electron-lucent core. The droplets were not confluent. Glycogen granules were numerous, and Golgi complex was occasionally present. Clara cells were dome-shaped and usually protruded into the airway lumen. Large amounts of SER and many secretory droplets were found within the cytoplasm. Several typical 'clefts' were also found in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Raji AR, Naserpour M. Light and electron microscopic studies of the trachea in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat Histol Embryol 2007; 36:10-3. [PMID: 17266660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2006.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Histology of trachea of camel (Camelus dromedarius) was studied using light, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tissue samples taken from the trachea (proximal, middle and distal part) were routinely prepared for histology (LM, EM) and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Van Giesson (VG), Alcian blue, Periodic acid schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome (MT), Verhof, PAS-VG and PAS-MT. The trachea of camel consists of 66-75 incomplete cartilaginous rings of hyaline. The lamina epithelium is composed of pseudostratified-ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblet cells. Submucosal layers were loose connective tissue with many elastic fibres. The mucosal and submucosal layers were 517.2 +/- 61.6 microm (n = 20) thick. Submucosal glands were tubuloalveolar with mucous (acidic and neutral) secretions. Trachealis muscle was attached to the inside sheet of tracheal cartilage. Ultrastructural studies showed that surface epithelium is pseudostratified with mucus-producing goblet cells, ciliated and basal cells, similar to other mammals. The ciliated cells contained many mitochondria, oval nucleus and many big granules. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies, viscoelastic layers were observed on the epithelial surface of trachea, and there were highly condensed cilia under this layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Raji
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1793, Mashhad, Iran.
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Kahwa CK, Balemba OB, Assey RJ. The pattern of ciliation and the development of the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract in the neonatal kid: a scanning electron microscopic study. Small Rumin Res 2000; 37:27-34. [PMID: 10818300 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(99)00134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of ciliation and the development of the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract was investigated in 20 Cashmere kids, aged between 6h to 21 days. Samples were taken from the alar and basal folds, nasal conchae, nasal septum, nasopharynx, epiglottis, vocal fold, infraglottic cavity, trachea, extrapulmonary bronchus, and parenchyma to include respiratory bronchi and alveoli. The samples were routinely prepared and evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The results showed that cilia were more densely packed and more extensively distributed within the rostral region of the nasal cavity of the kids. Large patches of non-ciliated microvillous cells usually seen in adult goats were not a feature of the kid. It was also noted that the epithelium covering the nasal septum was heavily ciliated in newborn to 3-day-old kids. From that age onwards, the epithelium became deciliated to attain a 'moth eaten' appearance. Bronchioles in kids were poorly developed, with respiratory bronchioles being rarely encountered in the first week of life. A cell type characterized by a wrinkled, large apical surface presenting short, apical microvilli, was frequently observed in the larynx and trachea of the kid. Lung parenchyma frequently presented evidence of alveoli formation, whereas alveolar pores were less numerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- CK Kahwa
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3016, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Kahwa C, Balemba O. The non-olfactory nasal epithelium in the adult goat: a scanning electron microscopic study. Small Rumin Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(97)00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Buechner-Maxwell V, Crisman M, Murray M, Ley W, Saunders G, Walton A. Transendoscopic biopsy of the horse's airway mucosa. J Equine Vet Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0737-0806(96)80174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Saari S. An SEM study of the morphology of the lower respiratory-tract surface of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). Anat Histol Embryol 1995; 24:165-9. [PMID: 8546323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1995.tb00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The morphological features of the surface of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus, bronchiolus, distal airways, and alveoli) from 10 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.), differing in age and sex, were studied using scanning-electron microscopy. The respiratory surface of the reindeer generally resembles that reported previously in similar studies for other mammalian species. Ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, microvillous cells, Clara cells, alveolar epithelial cells of type 1 and type 2, and alveolar macrophages could be distinguished by their universally characteristic surface morphologies. The rarity of Kohn pores in the alveolar walls of reindeer was considered to be the most striking difference in comparison to most other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saari
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Pathological Anatomy, Helsinki, Finland
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Donaldson LL. A review of the pathophysiology of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the equine athlete. Vet Res Commun 1991; 15:211-26. [PMID: 1882515 DOI: 10.1007/bf00343226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, more than 75% of equine athletes are reported to suffer from exercise-related haemorrhage of the respiratory tract (Voynick and Sweeney, 1986; Sweeney et al., 1990). Fiberoptic endoscopy has traced the source of blood to beyond the bifurcation of the trachea. In 1981, the term exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) was introduced (Pascoe et al., 1981). Racehorses of all breeds, polo ponies and three-day event horses of mixed heritage, even foxhunters, may 'bleed' (Voynick and Sweeney, 1986; Pascoe et al., 1981; Sweeney and Soma, 1983; Hillidge, 1986). Any horse working at speeds greater than 240 m/min is at risk (Voynick and Sweeney, 1986). The impact of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage is difficult to assess. Most attempts to demonstrate statistically a negative correlation between EIPH and performance have been unrewarding, largely due to the number of uncontrollable variables (Pascoe et al., 1981; Raphel and Soma, 1982). In racing thoroughbreds (Mason et al., 1983) and standard breeds (MacNamara et al., 1990) approximately half as many EIPH-positive as EIPH-negative horses were placed in their races. Based on extensive intrapulmonary haemorrhage, a 3-year prospective study of sudden deaths in exercising thoroughbreds concluded that 9 out of 11 deaths were attributable to EIPH (Gunson et al., 1988). By correlation of clinical signs, thoracic radiographs, ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, gross and subgross pathology and histopathology in 26 affected thoroughbreds, EIPH has been associated with chronic small airway inflammation, proliferation of subpleural, peribronchial and septal bronchial arterioles, interstitial connective tissue fibrosis and alveolar septal disruption in the dorsocaudal lung lobes (O'Callaghan et al., 1987). From this work it was proposed that the initial insult of EIPH started as focal, dorsocaudal pulmonary peribronchial inflammation which resulted in bronchial arterial neovascularization. Haemorrhage then occurred when, during exercise, bronchial blood pressure increased in fragile capillary buds. The incidence of bronchitis/bronchiolitis, regardless of aetiology, has been estimated to be 30% in non-racing equine athletes and close to 100% in one group of racing thoroughbreds (Sweeney et al., 1989). Histological study of lungs from horses with mild, moderate and severe chronic small airway disease consistently revealed a greater density of lesions in the diaphragmatic lobes (Winder and von Fellenberg, 1988). To understand further the aetiology and/or pathophysiology of EIPH, we will first explore some aspects of general mammalian and specific equine pulmonary and bronchial vascular anatomy and physiology. Exercise-related changes in these systems in normal and EIPH-positive horses will be briefly reviewed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Donaldson
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg 22075
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