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Ledbetter EC, Cutler TJ, Irby NL. Macrodendritic ulcerative keratitis and conjunctival lymphoid hyperplasia in horses with equine herpesvirus-2 and equine herpesvirus-5 infections. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:277-285. [PMID: 38053223 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, confocal microscopic, histologic, and virologic features of horses with macrodendritic ulcerative keratitis and conjunctival lymphoid hyperplasia associated with equine herpesvirus-2 and equine herpesvirus-5 infection. ANIMAL STUDIED Four foals with bilateral ocular disease. PROCEDURES Complete ophthalmic examination was performed for each horse, and corneal samples were collected for cytology and microbiologic evaluation, including virus isolation and molecular diagnostics for the equine herpesviruses. In vivo confocal microscopy examination of the cornea was performed in two horses. Conjunctival biopsies for histopathology were collected from two horses with nodular conjunctival thickening. RESULTS Each horse had bilateral, large, superficial dendritic corneal ulcerations that covered extensive regions of the corneal surface. Corneal in vivo confocal microscopy examination in two horses detected inflammatory cells and populations of morphologically abnormal corneal epithelial cells adjacent to the ulcerations. The abnormal epithelial cells included round, relatively small, hyperreflective cells intermixed with elongated, enlarged, hyperreflective cells. Equine herpesvirus-2 was isolated from corneal samples of 2 horses and detected by PCR assay in the other two horses. Equine herpesvirus-5 was also detected by PCR assay in three of the horses. Conjunctival histopathology identified predominantly lymphocytic infiltrates. The macrodendrites and conjunctival masses resolved with topical antiviral therapy (cidofovir or idoxuridine) in all horses and did not recur. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The equine gammaherpesviruses may be associated with the development of macrodendritic ulcerative keratitis and conjunctival lymphocytic masses in foals. In vivo confocal microscopy of horses with macrodendrites revealed similar findings to other host species with herpetic dendritic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Timothy J Cutler
- Palm Beach Veterinary Specialists, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Nita L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Flores MM, Del Piero F, Habecker PL, Langohr IM. A retrospective histologic study of 140 cases of clinically significant equine ocular disorders. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:382-388. [PMID: 32207378 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720912698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases are an important category in equine medicine; however, most articles regarding histologic ocular lesions in horses are exclusive to a specific condition and do not provide a complete review of clinically significant ocular disease frequency in a diagnostic laboratory. We reviewed sections of equine eyes from 140 cases (98 enucleations [biopsies] and 42 autopsies) with clinically relevant ocular alterations at 2 diagnostic centers in the United States. The most common primary conditions were non-traumatic keratitis (36), equine recurrent uveitis (ERU; 31), traumatic injuries (22), ocular and periocular neoplasms (19), and uveitis and/or endophthalmitis resulting from sepsis (18). Congenital anomalies (3) and retinal atrophy and detachment alone (3) were infrequent. Non-traumatic keratitis was frequently accompanied by anterior uveitis (22), corneal rupture (16), pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane formation (13), and secondary mycotic infection (11). ERU was the second and third most prevalent disease in autopsies and enucleations, respectively. This condition was commonly associated with glaucoma (15). Glaucoma (25) and cataract (20) were the most prevalent secondary alterations in the evaluated cases. Keratitis (20) and corneal rupture (16) were among the most prevalent consequences of trauma. Information presented herein may guide clinicians and pathologists, contributing to the early diagnosis of potentially vision-impairing conditions and raising the chances of successful treatment and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Flores
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Perry L Habecker
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
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Sánchez Romano J, Leijon M, Hagström Å, Jinnerot T, Rockström UK, Tryland M. Chlamydia pecorum Associated With an Outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Semi-domesticated Reindeer in Sweden. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:14. [PMID: 30805351 PMCID: PMC6370630 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), the most common ocular disease in ruminants worldwide, has affected semi-domesticated Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) for over 100 years, both as individual cases and in outbreaks affecting tens to hundreds of animals. Recurrent IKC outbreaks have been affecting a semi-domesticated reindeer herd in Östra Kikkejaure (Norrbotten county, Sweden) from 2014. The latest episode of these recurrent outbreaks, in winter 2016/2017, was investigated in this study. Clinical findings were in line with previous reports of IKC in semi-domesticated reindeer and the clinical signs displayed by the affected animals (n = 30) included increased lacrimation, follicular conjunctivitis, purulent secretions around the affected eyes and corneal edema. Laboratory analyses of the samples revealed the presence of Chlamydiaceae in most samples obtained from the clinically affected animals (98.3%, n = 60), but also a high seroprevalence of cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) antibodies (56.6%, n = 53). Moraxella bovoculi was isolated from nine IKC-affected animals during the outbreak (45.0%, n = 20). All affected animals were treated with long-acting antibiotics and recovered from the disease, testing negative for the presence of Chlamydiaceae DNA by PCR 16 days and 3 months after the initial treatment. For the first time, Chlamydia pecorum was identified in semi-domesticated reindeer, and the involvement of Chlamydiaceae in a clinical outbreak of IKC is reported. The CvHV2 seroprevalence (56.6%) and the data obtained from a previous outbreak in 2014 also suggest the involvement of the reindeer alphaherpesvirus in the recurrent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez Romano
- Arctic Infection Biology, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Hagström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jinnerot
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Morten Tryland
- Arctic Infection Biology, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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