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Phannithi T, Laikul A, Pathomsakulwong W, Rungsri P, Apichaimongkonkun T, Watchrarat K, Cherdchutham W. External Hoof Measurements of Untrimmed and Unshod Mules in Northern Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1197. [PMID: 38672345 PMCID: PMC11047516 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
External hoof characteristics, balance, and conformation have been extensively studied in horses; however, mules remain understudied in these aspects. This study evaluated the size, shape, and symmetry of untrimmed and unshod forelimb hooves, compared the symmetry between forelimb hooves and stratified external forelimb hoof measurements based on the body condition score of mules raised in the foothill plains of northern Thailand. The forelimb hooves of 38 mules were photographed and 33 parameters, including angular and linear measurements, were analyzed. A multivariate analysis was used to explore the influence of sex, age, and body condition scores (BCS) on angular, linear, and area parameters. Additionally, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test was used to compare these parameters across different BCS groups. Despite the absence of shoeing and trimming, these mules exhibited optimal left-right forelimb hoof symmetry, with no significant (p < 0.05) differences in: outer wall length and inner wall length (OWL-IWL: Left 0.11 ± 0.66 cm; Right -0.12 ± 0.43 cm); sole length and sole width (SLS-SW: Left 1.65 ± 0.76 cm; Right 1.46 ± 0.89 cm); dorsal hoof wall length and heel length (DHWL-HL: Left 4.00 ± 0.80 cm; Right 3.81 ± 0.72 cm); and frog length and frog width (FL-FW: Left 3.88 ± 1.13 cm; Right 3.82 ± 0.18 cm). However, significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed within each body condition score group for forelimb hoof measurements for DHWL, IWL, heel separation (HS), heel bulb distance (HBD), SW, FW, and FL, while sex and age had no significant differences across the study variables. These findings provide valuable insights into mule welfare and management, contributing to understanding of the interplay between overall health and hoof conformation in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thawijit Phannithi
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Aree Laikul
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Watcharapol Pathomsakulwong
- Equine Clinic, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Sean, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; (W.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Porrakote Rungsri
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Tawanhathai Apichaimongkonkun
- Equine Clinic, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Sean, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; (W.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Krisana Watchrarat
- Veterinarian of Royal Stable Unit, The Royal Thai Army, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Worakij Cherdchutham
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand;
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Sellke L, Patan-Zugaj B, Ludewig E, Cimrman R, Witter K. Comparison of Six Different Methods for Measuring the Equine Hoof and Recording of its Three-Dimensional Conformation. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104195. [PMID: 36535437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Different measuring techniques have been used to objectify the classification of hoof shape. The MicroScribe is a novel tool that might prove useful for measuring hooves without prior reconstruction or compensation of projection artefacts. The aim of this study was to compare biometric data of the equine hoof collected by the MicroScribe tool and measurements collected directly from hooves, scaled photographs and radiographs, from photogrammetry models and computed tomography datasets. The suitability of MicroScribe generated data to differentiate individual hoof conformations was tested. A total of 62 measures were recorded from 16 forehooves. 21 linear and nine angular measures were collected by at least four methods each, and evaluated further by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Ratios and differences of these measures were calculated as suitable for the definition of hoof shapes and analysed as well. Absolute equivalency of methods was detected for five linear and none of the angular measurements. The precision of the tested measurement methods was comparable. In some cases, different methods measure different structures. Radiographs tended to overestimate, while computed tomography slides to underestimate distances. Photogrammetry and scaled photographs were less suitable for measuring hoof angles. The MicroScribe tool can readily be used for hoof measurements. Its values for linear measures showed good equivalency with other methods based on real hooves. For angular measurements, the uneven hoof surface might introduce imprecision. Not all hoof conformations could be detected based on measuring results alone. Diagnosis by a skilled veterinarian is still essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sellke
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Morphology, Workgroup Anatomy, University for Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bianca Patan-Zugaj
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Morphology, Workgroup Anatomy, University for Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eberhard Ludewig
- Clinical Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Small Animals and Horses, University for Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Cimrman
- New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Kirsti Witter
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Morphology, Workgroup Anatomy, University for Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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3
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El‐Marakby A, Abdelgalil A, Mostafa M, Soliman A. Relationships between the shape of the hoof capsule and orientation of the distal phalanx in long toe underrun heels in donkeys. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El‐Marakby
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelgalil
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mostafa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
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An investigation into different measurement techniques to assess equine proximal hoof circumference. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104028. [PMID: 35661772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Equine hoof conformation is integral to equine performance and soundness. Consequently, it is a major area of interest within the field of equine health. Researchers have measured several hoof shape parameters to study the hoof conformation. Proximal hoof circumference (PHC) is a primary hoof shape parameter, and its assessment may help to recognize the early stages of the development of changes in hoof morphology or poor hoof shape. Previous studies have mainly used a measuring tape to measure PHC. However, some doubts still exist regarding the reliability, repeatability and accuracy of measuring tape in this context. The current study conducted a technical comparison between the measuring tape and two alternative methods of 3D scanning and photogrammetry to measure PHC. Five equine limbs were collected from five adult horses, and the PHC of the limbs was measured using these three methods. The 3D scanner method was considered to be the highest accuracy and the reference for method comparisons. Pairwise correlations between the 3D scanner and the other two methods were conducted using a linear mixed model. The measuring tape and photogrammetry tended to overestimate the mean PHC compared to the 3D scanner by 0.96 mm (P > 0.05) and 2.2 mm (P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, an excellent interrater and intrarater correlation coefficient (ICC) index was reported for the reliability of the tape measurements. The variation of the tape measurements was +/-2 mm, which justified the use of measuring tape for PHC measurements in various clinical and horse management applications.
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Rosa V, Alonso J, Pizzigatti D, Charlier M, Watanabe M, Machado V, Hussni C. Effect of the trimming of the toe region of healthy horses forelimb hooves on morphology, distal angles and locomotion by cinematography. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Seven forelimb hooves from healthy horses were submitted to regular trimming and fourteen days later, submitted to toe trimming. Toe angle and length, lateral and medial heels, frog and sole length and width, distal, proximal, and metacarpal phalangeal interphalangeal angles were measured, as well as locomotion evaluation through cinematographic analysis. The measurements were performed ten, 14, 15, 30 and 45 days after the regular trimming, and at 14 days two measurements, one before and one after the toe trimming, were carried out. For cinematography, the sequence of supports and time spent in each support were taken. The comparison of the means obtained from the individuals regarding the variables, between limbs, limbs for each individual, time - points, moments for each individual and between limbs for each moment, as well as the time spent in each in the supports, was performed using ANOVA. Results lower than those of statistical significance (p<0.05) were submitted to Tukey’s test. The toe trimming promotes changes in toe length, angle, lateral heel angle, medial and lateral heel length, frog length, width, and sole length, and changes the pattern of the trot of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.B.B. Rosa
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | - J.M. Alonso
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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Staples E, Porter E, Mendoza P, Trolinger‐Meadows K, Colee J, Morton A. The position of x‐ray beam‐centring affects radiographic measurements of palmar angle and sole thickness on radiographs of the equine thoracic distal limb. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Staples
- Department Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FloridaUSA
| | - Erin Porter
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FloridaUSA
| | - P. Mendoza
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FloridaUSA
| | - K. Trolinger‐Meadows
- Department Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FloridaUSA
| | - J. Colee
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - A. Morton
- Department Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FloridaUSA
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Radiogrametric Analysis of the Thoracic Limb Phalanges in Arabian Horses and Thoroughbred Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082205. [PMID: 34438663 PMCID: PMC8388425 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine the statistical differences between Arabian horses and Thoroughbred horses based on X-ray images of forelimb digital bones. Latero-medial X-ray images of digital bones of thoracic limbs were taken of 25 Arabian horses and 50 Thoroughbred healthy horses. The difference between males and females within the breed was statistically analyzed as well. Nine measurements and three indexes taken from phalanges of thoracic limbs were used. Thoroughbred horses did not differ significantly between sexes, as indicated by the ANOVA. For the Arabian horses, the length of the middle of the proximal phalanx (p < 0.05), the length of the middle of the middle phalanx (p < 0.001), and the length of the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx (p < 0.05) measurement points were found to be differentiated between sexes. In the analysis made between Thoroughbred horses and Arabian horses with no respect to sex, the critical measurement was the depth of the caput of the proximal phalanx. The discriminant analysis enabled the correct classification of 89.33% of the proximal phalanx samples to the exact breed. The correct classification rate was 77.33% in the case of middle phalanx and 54.67% in the case of distal phalanx. Measurement results of the distal phalanx were found to be insignificant between both breeds and sexes. The radiological measurements of digital bones showed that sexual dimorphism was not too expressed and that decisive differences were found between the breeds.
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Kelleher ME, Burns TD, Werre SR, White NA. The Immediate Effect of Routine Hoof Trimming and Shoeing on Horses' Gait. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 102:103633. [PMID: 34119199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the effect of changes in the horses' feet after routine trimming and shoeing on gait at the trot is needed improve routine foot care. Evaluate changes in foot conformation and gait after routine farriery. Correlate alterations in a horse's gait before and after routine hoof trimming and shoe application. Fifteen horses received routine hoof trimming and horseshoe application. Dorsal and lateral photographs of the right and left front feet and inertial gait analysis at the trot were completed before and after trimming and shoeing. Measurements were made of hoof photos using a calibrated system. Gait and hoof measurements before and after farrier intervention were compared. Hoof measurement changes in relation to gait changes before and after farrier intervention were analyzed for significant associations. Mean medial to lateral coronary band length (P = .02), lateral (P = .01) and medial (P = .03) coronary band height, dorsal hoof wall length (P = .0004), heel length (P = .0002), heel overhang length (P < .0001), palmar coronary band height (P = .01), and hoof angle (P = .03) in each foot were significantly different pre- and post- farrier intervention. There was no statistical difference in the total head and pelvis movement before and after farrier intervention. The difference in the pooled mean of heel length before and after intervention was correlated with difference in maximum head movement (P = .03.) Pooled mean differences for dorsal hoof wall length (P = .04), heel length and heel overhang length (P = .006) before and after trimming were correlated with differences in maximum pelvis movement. Pooled mean differences for heel length (P = .005) and hoof angle (P = .04) before and after trimming were correlated with difference in minimum pelvis movement. Change in hoof conformation due to routine hoof trimming and shoeing does not change the gait in non-lame horses; however, some hoof characteristics measurements are correlated with immediate change in stride parameters. Use of hoof measurements may assist farriers and veterinarians in applying routine hoof care. Further studies could help determine what hoof conformation changes may be helpful to treat lame horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen E Kelleher
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, VA.
| | - Travis D Burns
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Population Health Sciences, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Nathaniel A White
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, VA
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9
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Cardona GA, Uribe A, Ortved K. Determination of Positional Parameters of the Distal Phalanx Within the Hoof Capsule in Sound Colombian Paso Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 101:103434. [PMID: 33993925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The economic relevance, populational importance and expansion of the Colombian Paso Horse to other latitudes calls for a growth in studies based on this type of horse. Lack of written reports about the relationship of the distal phalanx (DP) within the hoof in this gaited horse makes it important to establish a baseline to determine hoof health and possible alterations. The purpose of this study was to report, for the first time, the positional parameters of the distal phalanx, and its relationship within the hoof in sound Colombian Paso Horses. A latero-medial radiographic image of each digit was taken in 45 horses between 3 and 5 years old, distributed into groups according to the gaits determined by FEDEQUINAS. Three angles and three distances were measured. The dorsal wall thickness (W-T) was measured proximally and distally, and the sole depth (P-S) was measured dorsally and palmarly/plantarly. As expected, these distances showed moderate to strong positive correlations in front (W-Tp/W-Td r = 0.53; P-Sd/P-Sp r = 0.72) and hind feet (W-Tp/W-Td r = 0.61; P-Sd/P-Sp r = 0.71). The palmar/plantar angle of the distal phalanx (PA) and sole depth (P-S) showed that the distal phalanx of the hind feet is flatter compared to the front. The results of this study show differences in the positional parameters of distal phalanx compared to other breeds of horses and provides information for veterinarians and farriers working with Colombian Paso Horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A Cardona
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA.
| | - Andrea Uribe
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
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10
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Correlational Characteristics of Hoof Conformation and Midstance Kinetics at Walk. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103208. [PMID: 33077100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Variations in hoof conformation may alter stress distribution, thus predisposing horses to pathologies and lameness; however, experimental studies are scarce. Our objective was to investigate the correlation between midstance hoof kinetics at the walk and hoof conformation in horses. Nine clinically sound, unshod horses were walked over a pressure plate, and force (F), contact area (CA), contact pressure (CP), and peak contact pressure (PCP) were recorded at the dorsal, palmar, medial, and lateral regions, as well as for the whole hoof. By using digital radiography and digital pictures, 55 variables of internal and external hoof shape and dimensions of the hoof were measured. Correlations between kinetic and anatomical measurements were investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. P-values ≤ 0.05 and r values ≥ 0.5 were considered. Several anatomical variables showed correlations with biomechanical variables. Toe angle was negatively correlated with CA (r = -0.72). Several heel height measurements were negatively correlated with dorsal F (-0.59 ≤ r ≤ -0.50), suggesting a trend. Measurements of the dorsal hoof wall thickness and length/width of the distal phalanx showed correlations with F and CP (0.5 ≤ r ≤ 0.71). Our study was focused on midstance biomechanics and at the walk; further investigation on other gaits and parts of the stance phases is warranted. Patterns of correlations between internal structural arrangement and hoof kinetic parameters encourage more research and should be considered by veterinarian and farriers for routine and therapeutic trimming/shoeing.
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11
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Kalka K, Pollard D, Dyson SJ. An investigation of the shape of the hoof capsule in hindlimbs, its relationship with the orientation of the distal phalanx and comparison with forelimb hoof capsule conformation. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kalka
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Suffolk UK
| | - D. Pollard
- Centre for Preventative Medicine Animal Health Trust Suffolk UK
| | - S. J. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Suffolk UK
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12
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Al-Agele R, Paul E, Taylor S, Watson C, Sturrock C, Drakopoulos M, Atwood RC, Rutland CS, Menzies-Gow N, Knowles E, Elliott J, Harris P, Rauch C. Physics of animal health: on the mechano-biology of hoof growth and form. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190214. [PMID: 31238833 PMCID: PMC6597769 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global inequalities in economic access and agriculture productivity imply that a large number of developing countries rely on working equids for transport/agriculture/mining. Therefore, the understanding of hoof conditions/shape variations affecting equids' ability to work is still a persistent concern. To bridge this gap, using a multi-scale interdisciplinary approach, we provide a bio-physical model predicting the shape of equids' hooves as a function of physical and biological parameters. In particular, we show (i) where the hoof growth stress originates from, (ii) why the hoof growth rate is one order of magnitude higher than the proliferation rate of epithelial cells and (iii) how the soft-to-hard transformation of the epithelium is possible allowing the hoof to fulfil its function as a weight-bearing element. Finally (iv), we demonstrate that the reason for hoof misshaping is linked to the asymmetrical design of equids' feet (shorter quarters/long toe) together with the inability of the biological growth stress to compensate for such an asymmetry. Consequently, the hoof can adopt a dorsal curvature and become 'dished' overtime, which is a function of the animal's mass and the hoof growth rate. This approach allows us to discuss the potential occurrence of this multifaceted pathology in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Al-Agele
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Emily Paul
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sophie Taylor
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Charlotte Watson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Craig Sturrock
- CIPB, Hounsfield Building, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael Drakopoulos
- BL12, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Robert C. Atwood
- BL12, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nicola Menzies-Gow
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
| | - Edd Knowles
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
| | - Patricia Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicester LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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Walmsley EA, Jackson M, Wells-Smith L, Whitton RC. Solar angle of the distal phalanx is associated with scintigraphic evidence of subchondral bone injury in the palmar/plantar aspect of the third metacarpal/tarsal condyles in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:720-726. [PMID: 30793363 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subchondral bone injury at the palmar/plantar aspect of the condyles of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone (MC/MT3) commonly causes lameness and poor performance in racehorses. Injury occurs due to repetitive loading, the magnitude of which may be influenced by the position of the distal phalanx relative to the ground surface, i.e. the solar angle. The association of solar angle and injury at the palmar/plantar condyles of distal MC/MT3 therefore warrants investigation. OBJECTIVES Investigate the relationship between solar angle and radiopharmaceutical uptake at the palmar/plantar aspect of distal MC/MT3 on scintigraphic images of racehorses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-controlled study. METHODS Scintigraphic images of Thoroughbred racehorses presented for poor performance or lameness were graded for intensity of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the palmar/plantar aspect of distal MC/MT3. Solar angle was graded (positive, neutral or negative), referring to the angle of the solar plane of the distal phalanx relative to the ground surface. Repeatability of solar angle (n = 1226 limbs) and agreement with objective radiographic evaluation (n = 52 limbs) were evaluated. Prescintigraphy performance data were collected from race records. Associations between solar angle, performance and radiopharmaceutical uptake were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Repeatability of scintigraphic solar angle grading (κ = 0.89, 95% CI 0.87-0.91) and agreement of scintigraphic and radiographic solar angle (κ = 0.88, 95% CI 0.75-0.97) were excellent. Horses that performed best prior to presentation were more likely to have both greater radiopharmaceutical uptake and a neutral/negative solar angle. When controlling for prior performance, horses with neutral/negative forelimb solar angle were twice as likely to have moderate/marked radiopharmaceutical uptake than horses with positive solar angle (P<0.02). Horses with negative hindlimb solar angle were six times more likely to have moderate/marked radiopharmaceutical uptake than horses with positive/neutral solar angle (P<0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Population bias due to preselected hospital population. CONCLUSIONS Both solar angle and race performance are independently associated with increased bone activity in the palmar/plantar aspect of the third metacarpal/tarsal condyles. The Summary is available in Portuguese - see Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Walmsley
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Jackson
- Melbourne Polytechnic, Preston, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Wells-Smith
- Motion Equine Podiatry Consulting, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R C Whitton
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Leśniak K, Whittington L, Mapletoft S, Mitchell J, Hancox K, Draper S, Williams J. The Influence of Body Mass and Height on Equine Hoof Conformation and Symmetry. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:43-49. [PMID: 31133315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the likelihood that a horse's mass influences hoof morphology, empirical evidence is lacking. A clearer understanding of factors influencing hoof shape could enable prevention, or better treatment, of foot-based disorders; common causes of equine lameness. The study's aim was to investigate the relationship between horse body size, in terms of mass and height, and fore hoof dimensions. A further aim was to determine changes in the occurrence of hoof asymmetry as body size increases. Height, mass, and fore hoof dimensions; coronet band width (CBW); hoof base width (HBW); dorsal hoof wall angle (DHWA); and hoof spread (HS) of 63 riding school horses were measured within two weeks of routine shoeing. Regression analysis demonstrated positive relationships between body mass and both CBW and HBW in left and right hooves, indicating basic hoof dimensions increased as body mass increased. No relationship between horse height and hoof variables was found, suggesting mass is more influential on hoof morphology. Left and right DHWL were moderately correlated; however, paired t-test results identified a greater right than left DHWA. As left DHWA increased, left HS decreased, indicating development of a more upright hoof geometry. Both left and right HS increased as corresponding HBW increased. Both hooves tended toward a more upright conformation as horse height and body mass increased. However, asymmetries observed suggest a splayed left hoof compared to a "boxy" right hoof. Such morphological adjustments may indicate variation in horn tubule orientation in response to greater structural loading; an important consideration for hoof practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Leśniak
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, Gloucester, England, UK.
| | - Lisa Whittington
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, Gloucester, England, UK
| | - Stephanie Mapletoft
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, Gloucester, England, UK
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, Gloucester, England, UK
| | - Katie Hancox
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, Gloucester, England, UK; University Centre Reaseheath, Reaseheath College, Nantwich, Cheshire, England, UK
| | - Stephen Draper
- Sport Exercise and Wellbeing Research, Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, Gloucester, England, UK
| | - Jane Williams
- Animal Welfare Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, Gloucester, England, UK
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Taylor F, Tabor G, Williams J. Altered thoracolumbar position during application of craniocaudal spinal mobilisation in clinically sound leisure horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Manual therapy techniques are commonly used by physiotherapists in the management of back pain to restore a pain-free range of motion and function in humans. However, there is a lack of research to support the proposed kinematic effects of manual therapy in the horse. This study investigated the kinematic effects of craniocaudal spinal mobilisation (CCSM) on the thoracolumbar spine in asymptomatic leisure horses. Markers were fixed to T10, T13, T17, L1, L3, the highest point of the wither and the tuber sacrale on thirteen horses that were positioned squarely. The CCSM technique consisted of two parts: (1) carpal flexion of either forelimb to 90° to maintain the horse in a tripod position, and (2) the application of a cranial to caudal force to the forehand via the ipsilateral point of the shoulder. Movement changes of the thoracolumbar markers from baseline to maximum flexion when the CCSM was applied was recorded as ‘depth’ (mm) relative to a fixed line drawn from the tuber sacrale to the maximal point of the withers. The change in angle (°) of each marker relative to the same markers was also recorded. Data were collected via video and analysed with Dartfish™ software. Increases in maximum thoracolumbar angle (P<0.05) and reductions in thoracolumbar depth (P<0.05) were found with CCSM. These results indicate CCSM induced flexion in the thoracolumbar spine, supporting its potential to improve range of motion and function in horses. Further studies to understand whether the changes observed during CCSM translate to treatment of back pain are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Taylor
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, University Centre Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - G. Tabor
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, University Centre Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Williams
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, University Centre Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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Tabor G, Elliott A, Mann N, Williams J. Equine Posture Analysis: Development of a Simple Tool to Record Equine Thoracolumbar Posture. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Mullard J, Ireland J, Dyson S. Radiographic assessment of the ratio of the hoof wall distal phalanx distance to palmar length of the distal phalanx in 415 front feet of 279 horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mullard
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Suffolk UK
| | - J. Ireland
- Centre for Preventive Medicine Animal Health Trust Suffolk UK
| | - S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Suffolk UK
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Hagen J, Kojah K, Geiger M, Vogel M. Immediate effects of an artificial change in hoof angulation on the dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint angle and cross-sectional areas of both flexor tendons. Vet Rec 2018; 182:692. [PMID: 29599297 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Corrective shoeing is used to change hoof angulation with the intention to influence the angulation of the digital joints to reduce strain on associated tendons. The objective of this study is to examine how gradual changes in hoof angulation affect the dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint (DMPJ) angulation and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) concerning the individual toe conformation. Forelimbs of 30 horses were examined barefoot and equipped with 5°, 10° and 20° toe wedges (TWs) and heel wedges (HWs). Phalangeal angulation and lengths were measured in lateromedial radiographs of the digit. CSAs of both flexor tendons was calculated in sonographic images. Significant effects on the DMPJ and CSA of the DDFT/SDFT were measured with 10° and 20° HWs or 20° TWs. Both flexor tendons showed increasing CSA after heel elevation. Significant interindividual variations occurred. Phalangeal angulation and length influenced the responsivity of the parameters to a changed hoof angulation. Significant impact of corrective shoeing on the DMPJ and flexor tendons is related to a distinct change in hoof orientation and varies with individual toe conformation. Similar response of the DDFT and SDFT to raised and lowered hoof orientation needs further investigation for a more specific application of therapeutic shoeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hagen
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Kaid Kojah
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Michael Geiger
- University Hospital for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
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Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, McCoy AM, Selberg KT. Recent advances in conservative and surgical treatment options of common equine foot problems. Vet J 2018; 237:9-15. [PMID: 30089549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot problems are very common causes of lameness in horses. With the recent diagnostic advances to evaluate and treat foot pathology as well as to monitor response to therapy, it is now possible to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of many of these treatments. This review details some of the recent advances of the most common conservative and surgical treatment options for foot problems in horses, including an overview of evidence on the efficacy to support the use of these treatment options and on factors that may affect prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - A M McCoy
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K T Selberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Hagen J, Kojah K, Geiger M. Correlations between the equine metacarpophalangeal joint angulation and toe conformation in statics. Open Vet J 2018; 8:96-103. [PMID: 29721438 PMCID: PMC5918130 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The angulation of the equine fetlock determines the load of associated tendons and probably their predisposition for injuries. However, it is questionable how the individual toe conformation and tendon properties interact with the dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint angle (DMPJ). Data are needed for a tangible evaluation of the equine limb conformation for more specific orthopaedic treatment. The aim was to evaluate the correlation between the DMPJ, toe conformation and cross-sectional area (CSA) of both flexor tendons; the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). Thirty Warmblood horses were available for the study. Lateromedial radiographs of the toe and fetlock and transverse ultrasound images of both flexor tendons were obtained from three zones. The DMPJ, length and angle of the phalanges and CSA SDFT/DDFT were measured. In addition, hoof angle, wither height, age, and sex were documented. Correlations were calculated using Pearson’s test. A paired t-test was used to evaluate left–right differences. Length and angle of the proximal and middle phalanx were significantly associated with the DMPJ (r = -0.28 – -0.45, p<0.001-0.04). Neither the angle of the hoof and distal phalanx nor the CSA SDFT/DDFT, showed a noticeable correlation with the DMPJ. Significant left–right differences occurred for the DMPJ (p<0.002) and the angle of the proximal and middle phalanx (p<0.01 – 0.002). A moderate negative correlation was shown between the DMPJ and wither height (r = - 0.31, p=0.04). Results represent only a specific population. The study provides only a static evaluation of a dynamic situation. In a clinical context, it might be useful to focus on the angulation and length of the pastern to evaluate the individual load affecting the DMPJ and its associated structures. These findings might be relevant for orthopaedic treatments and shoeing recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hagen
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Kaid Kojah
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Michael Geiger
- University Hospital for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
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Hanot P, Herrel A, Guintard C, Cornette R. The impact of artificial selection on morphological integration in the appendicular skeleton of domestic horses. J Anat 2018; 232:657-673. [PMID: 29315551 PMCID: PMC5835793 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationships between the different component parts of organisms, such as the sharing of common development or function, produce a coordinated variation between the different traits. This morphological integration contributes to drive or constrain morphological variation and thus impacts phenotypic diversification. Artificial selection is known to contribute significantly to phenotypic diversification of domestic species. However, little attention has been paid to its potential impact on integration patterns. This study explores the patterns of integration in the limb bones of different horse breeds, using 3D geometric morphometrics. The domestic horse is known to have been strongly impacted by artificial selection, and was often selected for functional traits. Our results confirm that morphological integration among bones within the same limb is strong and apparently partly produced by functional factors. Most importantly, they reveal that artificial selection, which led to the diversification of domestic horses, impacts covariation patterns. The influence of selection on the patterns of covariation varies along the limbs and modulates bone shape, likely due to a differential ligament or muscle development. These results highlight that, in addition to not being constrained by a strong morphological integration, artificial selection has modulated the covariation patterns according to the locomotor specificities of the breeds. More broadly, it illustrates the interest in studying how micro-evolutionary processes impact covariation patterns and consequently contribute to morphological diversification of domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hanot
- UMR 7209 Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (CNRS, MNHN)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution (CNRS, MNHN)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | - Claude Guintard
- École Nationale Vétérinaire, de l'Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes Atlantique – ONIRISNantes Cedex 03France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- UMR 7205 Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
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22
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Labuschagne W, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF. A Cross-Sectional Survey of Forelimb Hoof Conformation and the Prevalence of Flat Feet in a Cohort of Thoroughbred Racehorses in New Zealand. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Does a 4-6 Week Shoeing Interval Promote Optimal Foot Balance in the Working Equine? Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7040029. [PMID: 28353665 PMCID: PMC5406674 DOI: 10.3390/ani7040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hoof shape is linked to an increased risk of lameness in the horse and has been shown to adapt to different loading patterns associated with the workload and shoeing interval length. This study investigated how different measurements of the hoof wall and the hoof pastern axis angle changed with work in riding school horses, across a four to six week shoeing/trimming interval. The dorsal hoof wall, and weight bearing and coronary band lengths reduced in size post-shoeing/trimming. This, combined with the increase to the inner and outside hoof wall heights on the digital images despite trimming, suggests that shoeing/trimming increased the vertical orientation of the hoof during the shoeing interval investigated. At the same time, increases in the dorsal hoof wall angle, heel angle, and heel height occurred, promoting a more correct dorsopalmar balance. The changes observed are consistent with the workload of the horses studied. The results suggest that a regular farriery interval of no more than six weeks could prevent excess loading of the structures within the hoof, reducing long term injury risks through cumulative, excessive loading in riding school horses. Abstract Variation in equine hoof conformation between farriery interventions lacks research, despite associations with distal limb injuries. This study aimed to determine linear and angular hoof variations pre- and post-farriery within a four to six week shoeing/trimming interval. Seventeen hoof and distal limb measurements were drawn from lateral and anterior digital photographs from 26 horses pre- and post-farriery. Most lateral view variables changed significantly. Reductions of the dorsal wall, and weight bearing and coronary band lengths resulted in an increased vertical orientation of the hoof. The increased dorsal hoof wall angle, heel angle, and heel height illustrated this further, improving dorsopalmar alignment. Mediolateral measurements of coronary band and weight bearing lengths reduced, whilst medial and lateral wall lengths from the 2D images increased, indicating an increased vertical hoof alignment. Additionally, dorsopalmar balance improved. However, the results demonstrated that a four to six week interval is sufficient for a palmer shift in the centre of pressure, increasing the loading on acutely inclined heels, altering DIP angulation, and increasing the load on susceptible structures (e.g., DDFT). Mediolateral variable asymmetries suit the lateral hoof landing and unrollment pattern of the foot during landing. The results support regular (four to six week) farriery intervals for the optimal prevention of excess loading of palmar limb structures, reducing long-term injury risks through cumulative, excessive loading.
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24
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Dzierzęcka M, Purzyc H, Charuta A, Barszcz K, Komosa M, Hecold M, Kłosińska D. Evaluation of distal phalanx formation and association with front hoof conformation in coldblooded horses. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Hüppler M, Häfner F, Geiger S, Mäder D, Hagen J. Modifying the Surface of Horseshoes: Effects of Eggbar, Heartbar, Open Toe, and Wide Toe Shoes on the Phalangeal Alignment, Pressure Distribution, and the Footing Pattern. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Caldwell MN, Allan LA, Pinchbeck GL, Clegg PD, Kissick KE, Milner PI. A test of the universal applicability of a commonly used principle of hoof balance. Vet J 2015; 207:169-176. [PMID: 26639831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study used a UK trimming protocol to determine whether hoof balance is achieved (as defined by equivalence of geometric proportions) in cadaver limbs (n = 49) and two cohorts of horses (shod, n = 6, and unshod, n = 20; three trimming cycles). To determine equivalence, dorsal hoof wall length (DHWL), distance from the heel buttress to the centre of pressure (HBUT-COP) and distance from dorsal toe to centre of rotation (DT-COR) were calculated as a proportion of bearing border length (BBL) using digital photography. Geometric proportions were tested using Fieller's test of equivalence with limits of difference of 2.8%. In 22 cadaver limbs the location of external COR and COP was also mapped radiographically to the extensor process of the third phalanx and the centre of rotation of the distal interphalangeal joint. Equivalence of geometric proportions was not present following trimming in cadaver limbs or in the two cohorts. Although the dorsal hoof wall to heel wall ratio improved in cadaver and unshod horses after trimming, dorsal hoof wall and lateral heel parallelism was absent in all groups and COP was not consistently in line with the extensor process. Increased COP-COR distance occurred in shod horses and may relate to solar arch flattening. Palmar heel migration, however, occurred more in unshod horses. The study shows that equivalence of geometric proportions as a measure of static hoof balance was not commonly present and widely published measures and ratios of hoof balance rarely occurred in this sample population of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Caldwell
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Farriery Science, Myerscough College, University of Central Lancashire, Bilsborrow, Preston, Lancashire PR3 0RY, UK; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - L A Allan
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Farriery Science, Myerscough College, University of Central Lancashire, Bilsborrow, Preston, Lancashire PR3 0RY, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - P D Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - K E Kissick
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Farriery Science, Myerscough College, University of Central Lancashire, Bilsborrow, Preston, Lancashire PR3 0RY, UK
| | - P I Milner
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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Thieme K, Ehrle A, Lischer C. Radiographic measurements of the hooves of normal ponies. Vet J 2015; 206:332-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Correlation Between the Conformation of the Distal Forelimb and Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Lesions in Flat Racing Thoroughbreds. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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de Zani D, Polidori C, di Giancamillo M, Zani DD. Correlation of radiographic measurements of structures of the equine foot with lesions detected on magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:165-71. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. de Zani
- Reparto di Radiologia, Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Università degli Studi di Milano; Lodi Italy
| | | | - M. di Giancamillo
- Reparto di Radiologia, Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Università degli Studi di Milano; Lodi Italy
| | - D. D. Zani
- Reparto di Radiologia, Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Università degli Studi di Milano; Lodi Italy
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Is there an association between clinical features, response to diagnostic analgesia and radiological findings in horses with a magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of navicular disease or other injuries of the podotrochlear apparatus? Vet J 2015; 204:40-6. [PMID: 25724857 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous descriptions of the clinical features of navicular disease occurred before the widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed a more definitive diagnosis of foot pain. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical features of horses with lesions of the podotrochlear apparatus with those with other causes of foot pain. It was hypothesised that primary navicular bone disease would be associated with more advanced radiological findings than other diagnoses. A retrospective study was performed of all horses examined at a referral centre with a definitive diagnosis of foot pain based on MRI ± post-mortem examination. Clinical examination findings, response to diagnostic analgesia and radiological grading of the navicular bone were compared among five diagnosis groups: (1) primary navicular bone pathology (NB); (2) lesions of the collateral sesamoidean ligament and/or distal sesamoidean impar ligament (CSL + DSIL); (3) primary deep digital flexor tendon injury (DDFT); (4) navicular bone pathology and other lesions of the podotrochlear apparatus ± DDFT (PTA) and (5) Other. There were 702 horses (NB, 62; CSL + DSIL, 180; DDFT, 69; PTA, 92; Other, 299). Horses with PTA injuries were more frequently unilaterally lame than other groups (P = 0.04). Horses with DDFT injury were more likely to exhibit pain on turning than other groups (P <0.01). There were no associations between response to diagnostic analgesia and diagnostic group, and no association between radiological grade and diagnostic group. Clinical examination findings generally did not discriminate between diseases of the PTA and other causes of foot pain. Overall radiological scores of the navicular bone did not accurately predict navicular bone pathology.
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Komosa M, Purzyc H, Wojnar M, Frąckowiak H, Kobryńczuk F. Navicular syndrome in sport horses as a result of the disorder of biological bone tissue turnover rhythm: a review. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2012.681850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Labens R, Redding WR, Desai KK, Vom Orde K, Mansmann RA, Blikslager AT. Validation of a photogrammetric technique for computing equine hoof volume. Vet J 2013; 197:625-30. [PMID: 23664155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of equine foot conformation is often based on linear and angular measurements performed on lateral digital photographs. However, quantification of external foot conformation requires more comprehensive assessments to capture the shape of the entire foot. Volumetric measurements of the hoof capsule represent a summary measure quantifying foot shape. The aim of this study was to develop a method for computation of virtual foot models from digital foot images allowing precise and accurate volumetric measurements. This photogrammetric technique was then assessed for the characterization of foot volume changes associated with foot trimming. Using the technique, three different photographers imaged feet from 18 cadavers at different time points and one analyst processed their images to generate virtual computer models. Volumetric measurements were obtained from these models to determine their precision in the context of 'Photographer', 'Time' and the effect of 'Trimming'. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging was used to assess the accuracy of the photogrammetric method. Pre-trim photogrammetric measurements showed excellent precision and accuracy and the results did not depend on the person acquiring the images. The accuracy of post-trim photogrammetric measurements deteriorated in comparison with the average differences measured by CT imaging (19 cm(3)). Precise volumetric measurements were obtained using the photogrammetric method, but average differences in foot volume after trimming as measured by CT imaging are likely too small to be detected with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Labens
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Parkes RS, Richard Newton J, Dyson SJ. An investigation of risk factors for foot-related lameness in a United Kingdom referral population of horses. Vet J 2012; 196:218-25. [PMID: 23122618 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lameness relating to the foot of the horse is common, but the majority of information concerning risk factors for injury is anecdotal. The objectives of this study were to investigate risk factors for foot-related pain in a referral population of horses, with particular reference to injury/disease of the podotrochlear apparatus (PTA), by comparison with the remainder of the clinic population. It was hypothesised that there would be an increased risk of foot pain associated with breed, work discipline, age, height and bodyweight (BW). A retrospective study of all horses examined at a referral centre between 2001 and 2010 was performed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. There were 4618 horses investigated, 1132 of which had foot pain. There was increased risk of foot pain in multivariable analyses (all categories combined) in horses aged 6-9 and 10-15 years (OR = 1.60 and 1.72, respectively), compared with horses <6 years old, in show jumpers (OR = 1.44) compared with dressage horses, Thoroughbred cross-breeds (OR = 1.53) compared with Warmbloods and in horses with a BW:height ratio in the upper two quartiles (3.45-3.71 or >3.71; OR = 1.55 and 1.44, respectively), compared with the lowest quartile (<3.19). Racehorses had reduced risk for all types of foot pain combined (OR = 0.13) compared with dressage horses. Risk factors for PTA injury were age (10-15 years, OR = 2.12; >15 years, OR = 3.36, compared with <6 years old), BW:height ratio (>3.45-3.71 (OR = 2.75), >3.71 (OR = 2.06), compared with <3.19) and Thoroughbred cross-breed (OR = 1.73) compared with Warmbloods. Show jumpers had an increased risk of PTA and other injuries (OR = 2.29) when compared with dressage horses. Age, breed, work discipline and BW:height ratio influenced the risk of foot pain, but other factors probably also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Parkes
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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Variation in foot conformation in lame horses with different foot lesions. Vet J 2012; 195:361-5. [PMID: 22981735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot conformation in the horse is commonly thought to be associated with lameness but scientific evidence is scarce although it has been shown in biomechanical studies that foot conformation does influence the forces acting on the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and the navicular bone (NB). The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between foot conformation and different types of lesion within the foot in lame horses. It was hypothesised that certain conformation parameters differ significantly between different types of foot lesions. Conformation parameters were measured on magnetic resonance images in the mid-sagittal plane of 179 lame horses with lesions of their deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), navicular bone (NB), collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joints and other structures. Conformation parameters differed significantly between lesion groups. A larger sole angle was associated with combined DDFT and NB lesions, but not with NB lesions alone. A more acute angle of the DDFT round the NB was associated with DDFT and NB lesions, and a lower heel height index with DDFT injury. The larger the sole angle the smaller the likelihood of a DDFT or NB lesion with odds ratios of 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. This study shows an association between foot conformation and lesions but it does not allow the identification of conformation as causative factor since foot conformation may change as a consequence of lameness. Future studies will investigate foot-surface interaction in lame vs. sound horses, which may open a preventative and/or therapeutic window in foot lame horses.
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WRIGHT S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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