1
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Bekele D, Dessalegn B, Tadesse B, Abey SL. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi from strangles suspected equines: molecular detection, antibiogram profiles and risk factors. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:377. [PMID: 39180060 PMCID: PMC11342554 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, is a highly infectious disease of equines causing major health issues and financial losses. The aim of the study was to detect the presence of the SeM gene in Streptococcus equi isolated from equine suspected of having strangles. A cross-sectional study design was conducted from July to December 2022 in five districts of the central Gondar zone, Ethiopia. One-hundred sixty swab samples were taken from animals that had been clinically suspected. The SeM gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction, and the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The binary logistic regression model was employed to test for statistical significance. In 31.87% (51/160) of the samples, Streptococcus equi species were isolated, and 31.37% (16/51) of these species carried the SeM gene. There was a significant amount of tetracycline (81.5%), erythromycin (81.5%), and vancomycin (75.5%) resistance among the 16 isolates. Strangles were more likely to be present in animals who shared feed containers (AOR = 7.59; 95% CI = 1.44-39.93), drank from the same water troughs (AOR = 7.74; 95% CI = 1.44-41.01), and spent the night together (AOR = 5.97; 95% CI 1.41-25.37). The findings of this study showed that the research areas harboured Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. Sharing feed containers and water troughs were potential sources of strangles infection; thus, these containers need to be cleaned regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demsew Bekele
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Dessalegn
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Colleague of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belege Tadesse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Lulie Abey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Colleague of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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2
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Soliman R, Yousef M, Gelil SA, Aboul-Ella H. Development of novel Streptococcus equi vaccines with an assessment of their immunizing potentials and protective efficacies. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:173. [PMID: 38702665 PMCID: PMC11067117 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Strangles is a highly contagious disease of the equine upper respiratory tract caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) was isolated, as local, hot, and field strains, from horses clinically suffering from respiratory distress. The isolated Streptococci were identified using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Four formulations of inactivated S. equi vaccines were developed and evaluated. The first formulation was prepared using the S. equi isolates, adjuvanted with MONTANIDE GEL adjuvant, while the second formulation was adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70 adjuvant. The other 2 formulations were inactivated combined vaccines prepared from both S. equi and S. zooepidemicus isolates. The 3rd formulation was the combined isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE GEL while the 4th formulation was the combined isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70. The developed vaccines' physical properties, purity, sterility, safety, and potency were ensured. The immunizing efficacy was determined in isogenic BALB/c mice and white New Zealand rabbits using the passive hemagglutination test. Also, the antibodies' titer of the combined S. equi and S. zooepidemicus vaccine adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70 in foals was tracked using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protective efficacy of the developed vaccines was determined using a challenge test in both laboratory and field animal models, where a 75% protection rate was achieved. The combined vaccine proved to be more efficacious than the monovalent vaccine. Also, the MONTANIDE ISA-70 adjuvant provided significant protective efficacy than the MONTANIDE GEL. The current work is introducing a very promising mitigative and strategic controlling solution for strangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Soliman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Yousef
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel Gelil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassan Aboul-Ella
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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3
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Moghaddam S, Lotfollahzadeh S, Salehi TZ, Hassanpour A, Manesh HT, Tamai IA. Molecular and sequencing study and identification of novel SeM-type in beta-hemolytic streptococci involving the upper respiratory tract in Iran. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:210. [PMID: 37848882 PMCID: PMC10580511 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-hemolytic streptococci involving the upper respiratory tract cause strangles and strangles-like diseases in horses and cause severe economic damage to the equestrian club each year. Therefore, careful epidemiological study of these bacteria, evaluation of phylogenetic connections and SeM-typing can be useful to determine the source and epidemiological characteristics of the disease outbreak. Isolates were analyzed using molecular and phylogenetic methods and to determine antibiotic resistance pattern in Iranian isolates. Molecular and phylogenetic methods were used to evaluate Iranian streptococcal isolates, and the similarity of the Iranian SeM-97 sequence with other alleles was assessed using the Neighbor-joining method with the Kimura 2 Parameter statistical model. The amino acid sequence of this gene was compared with the predicted SeM-3 reference amino acid sequence (FM204883) using MEGA 7 software. RESULTS One type of SeM was found among streptococcal isolates. This type (SeM-97) was reported for the first time and was a new SeM. The relationship between streptococcal isolates and age, sex, race, clinical signs and geographical area was investigated. A significant relationship was observed between streptococcal isolates with age variables and clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In our study, a Streptococcus equi subsp. equi genotype was identified. The 97 allele of this gene has not been officially reported anywhere and is only registered in the Public databases for molecular typing and microbial genome diversity (PubMLST)-SeM database by Katy Webb. This was the first isolate reported and registered in the mentioned database. The isolate (Tabriz61) had the SeM-97 allele with clinical signs including mucopurulent discharge, abnormal sounds in lung hearing, warmth and enlargement or discharge and abscess of retropharyngeal lymph node and fever. This isolate was sensitive to penicillin, meropenem, ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, erythromycin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics and resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Moghaddam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Lotfollahzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanpour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tavanaei Manesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ashrafi Tamai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Shi L, Hu J, Jin Z. Dynamics analysis of strangles with asymptomatic infected horses and long-term subclinical carriers. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:18386-18412. [PMID: 38052563 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Strangles is one of the most prevalent horse diseases globally. The infected horses may be asymptomatic and can still carry the infectious pathogen after it recovers, which are named asymptomatic infected horses and long-term subclinical carriers, respectively. Based on these horses, this paper establishes a dynamical model to screen, measure, and model the spread of strangles. The basic reproduction number $ \mathcal{R}_0 $ is computed through a next generation matrix method. By constructing Lyapunov functions, we concluded that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if $ \mathcal{R}_0 < 1 $, and the endemic equilibrium exits uniquely and is globally asymptotically stable if $ \mathcal{R}_0 > 1 $. For example, while studying a strangles outbreak of a horse farm in England in 2012, we computed an $ \mathcal{R}_0 = 0.8416 $ of this outbreak by data fitting. We further conducted a parameter sensitivity analysis of $ \mathcal{R}_0 $ and the final size by numerical simulations. The results show that the asymptomatic horses mainly influence the final size of this outbreak and that long-term carriers are connected to an increased recurrence of strangles. Moreover, in terms of the three control measures implemented to control strangles(i.e., vaccination, implementing screening regularly and isolating symptomatic horses), the result shows that screening is the most effective measurement, followed by vaccination and isolation, which can provide effective guidance for horse management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Shi
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jianghong Hu
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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5
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Rotinsulu DA, Ewers C, Kerner K, Amrozi A, Soejoedono RD, Semmler T, Bauerfeind R. Molecular Features and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi Isolates from Strangles Cases in Indonesia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010049. [PMID: 36669050 PMCID: PMC9867300 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi equi), is a highly infectious and frequent disease of equines worldwide. No data are available regarding the molecular epidemiology of strangles in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize S. equi equi isolates obtained from suspected strangles cases in Indonesia in 2018. Isolates originated from seven diseased horses on four different farms located in three provinces of Indonesia. Whole genome sequences of these isolates were determined and used for seM typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and core genome MLS typing (cgMLST). Genomes were also screened for known antimicrobial resistance genes and genes encoding for the recombinant antigens used in the commercial Strangvac® subunit vaccine. All seven S. equi equi isolates from Indonesia belonged to ST179 and carried seM allele 166. Isolates differed from each other by only 2 to 14 cgSNPs and built an exclusive sub-cluster within the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) cluster 2 (BAPS-2) of the S. equi equi cgMLST scheme. All isolates revealed predicted amino acid sequence identity to seven and high similarity to one of the eight antigen fragments contained in Strangvac®. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G, ampicillin, and ceftiofur. Our data suggest that the horses from this study were affected by strains of the same novel sublineage within globally distributed BAPS-2 of S. equi equi. Nevertheless, penicillin G can be used as a first-choice antibiotic against these strains and Strangvac® may also be protective against Indonesian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dordia Anindita Rotinsulu
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kerner
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Amrozi Amrozi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Torsten Semmler
- NG-1 Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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6
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Whitlock FM, Newton JR. A practitioner's guide to understanding equine infectious disease diagnostics in the United Kingdom. Part 1: How to optimise sampling approaches and a guide to agent detection testing methods. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Mitchell C, Steward KF, Charbonneau ARL, Walsh S, Wilson H, Timoney JF, Wernery U, Joseph M, Craig D, van Maanen K, Hoogkamer-van Gennep A, Leon A, Witkowski L, Rzewuska M, Stefańska I, Żychska M, van Loon G, Cursons R, Patty O, Acke E, Gilkerson JR, El-Hage C, Allen J, Bannai H, Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Becú T, Pringle J, Guss B, Böse R, Abbott Y, Katz L, Leggett B, Buckley TC, Blum SE, Cruz López F, Fernández Ros A, Marotti Campi MC, Preziuso S, Robinson C, Newton JR, Schofield E, Brooke B, Boursnell M, de Brauwere N, Kirton R, Barton CK, Abudahab K, Taylor B, Yeats CA, Goater R, Aanensen DM, Harris SR, Parkhill J, Holden MTG, Waller AS. Globetrotting strangles: the unbridled national and international transmission of Streptococcus equi between horses. Microb Genom 2021; 7:mgen000528. [PMID: 33684029 PMCID: PMC8190609 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The equine disease strangles, which is characterized by the formation of abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and neck, is one of the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases of horses around the world. The causal agent, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, establishes a persistent infection in approximately 10 % of animals that recover from the acute disease. Such 'carrier' animals appear healthy and are rarely identified during routine veterinary examinations pre-purchase or transit, but can transmit S. equi to naïve animals initiating new episodes of disease. Here, we report the analysis and visualization of phylogenomic and epidemiological data for 670 isolates of S. equi recovered from 19 different countries using a new core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) web bioresource. Genetic relationships among all 670 S. equi isolates were determined at high resolution, revealing national and international transmission events that drive this endemic disease in horse populations throughout the world. Our data argue for the recognition of the international importance of strangles by the Office International des Épizooties to highlight the health, welfare and economic cost of this disease. The Pathogenwatch cgMLST web bioresource described herein is available for tailored genomic analysis of populations of S. equi and its close relative S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus that are recovered from horses and other animals, including humans, throughout the world. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen F. Steward
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
- Present address: Technology Networks, Sudbury, UK
| | | | - Saoirse Walsh
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
- Present address: University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hayley Wilson
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
- Present address: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ulli Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rzewuska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Stefańska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Żychska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ray Cursons
- University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Els Acke
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Pringle
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Guss
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lisa Katz
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ellen Schofield
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
- Present address: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Roxane Kirton
- Redwings Horse Sanctuary, Norwich, UK
- Present address: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Horsham, UK
| | | | - Khalil Abudahab
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Taylor
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Corin A. Yeats
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Goater
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - David M. Aanensen
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon R. Harris
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Present address: Microbiotica Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Matthew T. G. Holden
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Andrew S. Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Intervacc AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Bustos CP, Muñoz AJ, Guida N, Waller A, Mesplet M. Novel seM-types of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi identified in isolates circulating in Argentina. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:132-138. [PMID: 33420757 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strangles is a worldwide infectious disease caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi that affects the upper respiratory tract of horses. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi characterisation by seM-typing is internationally used for epidemiological studies and comparison of isolates. OBJECTIVES To identify and to compare the seM-types of Argentinian isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. STUDY DESIGN Investigation of bacterial isolates using molecular and phylogenetic approaches. METHODS A total of 59 Argentinian isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi obtained between 2007 and 2019 were studied by seM-typing. The sequence similarity of Argentinian seM-types and the other alleles available on the seM database was determined using BLAST and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Neighbour-Joining algorithm. The amino acid sequences were predicted and compared with the predicted amino acid sequence of the reference strain 4047 using the MEGA 7 software and PROVEAN tool. RESULTS Eight seM-types were found among the isolates. Only one of them (seM-61) has been previously reported and the other seven alleles (seM-129, seM-130, seM-131, seM-132, seM-133, seM-134 and seM-135) were novel seM sequences. High genetic similarity was observed among the Argentinian seM-types, with the exception of seM-130. No functional effects of amino acid differences were predicted. MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of related and unrelated isolates per year. CONCLUSIONS Seven novel seM-types and seM-61 that were previously reported in Brazil were circulating in Argentina which were identified as circulating in Argentinian horses between 2007 and 2019. The high genetic similarity among the Argentinian and Brazilian seM-types suggests that there is a geographical distribution of strain types. The geographical restriction of strains is likely to reflect the movement of horses between different equine disciplines and neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla P Bustos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra J Muñoz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Guida
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Mesplet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Ivens PAS, Pirie S. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi diagnosis. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:15-17. [PMID: 32772398 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A S Ivens
- Buckingham Equine Vets Ltd, Sparrow Lodge Farm, Wicken, Buckingham, UK
| | - Scott Pirie
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Easter Bush Campus, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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10
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Tartor YH, El-Naenaeey ESY, Gharieb NM, Ali WS, Ammar AM. Novel Streptococcus equi strains causing strangles outbreaks in Arabian horses in Egypt. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2455-2466. [PMID: 32304282 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strangles displays a major challenge to veterinary medicine worldwide. However, no data on Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) M protein alleles have been reported so far from Arabian horses. We report here for the first time the S. equi SeM alleles causing strangles in Arabian horses, and the associated risk factors for the disease. Duplicate samples from one hundred Arabian horses with acute strangles in confirmed outbreaks and sporadic cases were analysed by phenotypic methods and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting streptokinase precursor, seeI and sodA genes. PCR and sequencing of S. equi SeM gene were employed for strains typing, and the four superantigens were determined among the allelic variants. Direct-sample PCR confirmed and highly positively correlated (r = .85) with the phenotypic results, and detected S. equi in five samples more than the conventional culture. A combination of multiplex PCR from samples and culture could successfully identify S. equi (92%), S. zooepidemicus (5%) and S. equisimilis (3%). SeM typing demonstrated five SeM alleles, including four previously unidentified alleles that were deposited in the PubMLST-SeM database. SeM-139 and SeM-141 are related to some strains that were recently recovered from donkeys in China. SeM-140 and SeM-199 are related to a group of alleles from horses in Europe. Variation in the presence of seeM, seeH and seeL superantigens was found across the four novel alleles without interference with the severity of strangles and clinical presentation seen in different outbreaks. Horse age was the most important factor in developing strangles, followed by seasonality and the diagnosis of strangles in the previous year. These new findings comprise a significant contribution to the horse industry through the identification of novel S. equi SeM types that may bolster measures for strangles control as the identified SeM alleles will certainly help in the development of SeM-containing vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine H Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed Y El-Naenaeey
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Nesreen M Gharieb
- Department of Animal Management and Treatment, Kafr Saqr Veterinary Administration, Sharkia Governorate, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wessam S Ali
- Department of Animal Management and Treatment, Diarb Negm Veterinary Administration, Sharkia Governorate, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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11
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Kasuya K, Tanaka N, Oshima F, Fujisawa N, Saito M, Tagami K, Niwa H, Sasai K. Genetic analysis of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from horses imported into Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:924-927. [PMID: 31019139 PMCID: PMC6612491 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strangles is a commonly diagnosed and important infectious disease of equids worldwide,
caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. We determined
the SeM genotypes of S. equi isolated from imported horses at the
Japanese border within the past 8 years, which allowed us to classify 12 strains isolated
from these horses from each exporter into four allelic groups. These alleles were
different from the alleles of past isolates found in Japan. Furthermore, four strains
classified into the same allele were isolated from horses from one exporter over several
years. In this study, S. equi isolates from different exporters had
different SeM alleles. Attention to the hygiene status of farms will be necessary to
prevent the incursion of strangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Kasuya
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Fumi Oshima
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Nozomi Fujisawa
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Megumi Saito
- Moji Branch Kagoshima Airport Sub-branch, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 1590-5 Kareigawa, Hayatocho, Kirishima, Kagoshima, 899-5113, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tagami
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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12
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Of the eight phylogenetic groups comprising the genus
Streptococcus
, Lancefield group C and G streptococci (GCS and GGS, resp.) occupy four of them, including the Pyogenic, Anginosus, and Mitis groups, and one Unnamed group so far. These organisms thrive as opportunistic commensals in both humans and animals but may also be associated with clinically serious infections, often resembling those due to their closest genetic relatives, the group A streptoccci (GAS). Advances in molecular genetics, taxonomic approaches and phylogenomic studies have led to the establishment of at least 12 species, several of which being subdivided into subspecies. This review summarizes these advances, citing 264 early and recent references. It focuses on the molecular structure and genetic regulation of clinically important proteins associated with the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane and extracellular environment. The article also addresses the question of how, based on the current knowledge, basic research and translational medicine might proceed to further advance our understanding of these multifaceted organisms. Particular emphasis in this respect is placed on streptokinase as the protein determining the host specificity of infection and the Rsh-mediated stringent response with its potential for supporting bacterial survival under nutritional stress conditions.
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13
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Dong J, Gao N, Waller AS, Cook FR, Fan S, Yuan D, Du Y, Li F, Norimine J, Zhu W. An outbreak of strangles associated with a novel genotype of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in donkeys in China during 2018. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:743-748. [PMID: 30900775 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strangles is a highly contagious respiratory disease of equids caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. OBJECTIVES To identify the cause of an outbreak of strangles that occurred on donkey farms within the Shandong Province of China and determine the prevalence of the disease. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Samples were taken from clinically affected animals to measure the prevalence of strangles within the population of donkeys at six intensive farms in China and identify the SeM type of isolate recovered from affected animals. Diagnosis was confirmed by bacterial isolation, biochemical tests and PCR. Epidemiological data were analysed using Chi-square test and a Fisher's exact two-sided test. The SeM gene of S. equi isolates recovered from affected animals was determined and compared with the SeM database PubMLST-seM. RESULTS In July and August 2018, an outbreak of strangles occurred on six donkey farms within the Shandong Province of China. The overall prevalence of disease within the different donkey herds was 13.4%. Younger animals were worst affected with 40.3% (83/206) of donkey foals aged under 1 year exhibiting clinical signs compared with 12.5% (191/1525) of donkeys aged one to 2 years and 3.8% (17/442) of donkeys over 2 years of age. Analysis of SeM sequencing data identified that the farms were affected by the same strain of S. equi, SD201807, which contains the novel 136 allele of SeM. MAIN LIMITATIONS Healthy donkeys were not sampled in this study. CONCLUSIONS The number of intensive donkey breeding farms in China has risen recently. The higher numbers of animals that are in closer proximity to one another raise the potential for the transmission of infectious diseases such as strangles. This is the first description of a strangles outbreak among donkey herds in China. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, China.,Shandong Donkey Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - N Gao
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, China
| | | | - F R Cook
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - S Fan
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, China
| | - D Yuan
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, China
| | - Y Du
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, China
| | - J Norimine
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - W Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, China.,Shandong Donkey Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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14
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Whitlock FM, Newton JR, Waller AS. Metastatic abscessation and other potential complications following strangles. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Long term dynamics of a Streptococcus equi ssp equi outbreak, assessed by qPCR and culture and seM sequencing in silent carriers of strangles. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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First Report of Molecular Characterization of Argentine Isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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18
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Yarnell K, Le Bon M, Turton N, Savova M, McGlennon A, Forsythe S. Reducing exposure to pathogens in the horse: a preliminary study into the survival of bacteria on a range of equine bedding types. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:23-29. [PMID: 27659898 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the rate of growth of four microbial strains that cause disease in the horse, on four commonly used types of bedding. The moisture-holding capacity of each bedding type was also tested. METHODS AND RESULTS Microbial strains included Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus and Dermatophilus congolensis. The bedding types tested were Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine shavings), Pinus nigra (Corsican pine shavings), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce shavings), Cannabis sativa (hemp) and chopped wheat straw. A suspension of each microbial strain was spread in triplicate on agar media and incubated in its optimal growth conditions. The viable count (colony-forming unit per ml) was determined for each bacterial strain for the five different bedding types. Pinus sylvestris bedding resulted in significantly less (P = 0·001) bacterial growth of all strains tested. CONCLUSIONS Factors resulting in the inhibition of bacterial growth include the antibacterial effects reported in the Pinacea family and the physical properties of the bedding substrate. Research is currently focussed on the diagnosis and management of disease. Prevention of disease is also important for matters of biosecurity. Strategies should include the provision of a hygienic environment and the use of specific types of bedding. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Bedding choice has implications for global equine health and disease prevention as well as potential benefits in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yarnell
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Le Bon
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottingham, UK
| | - N Turton
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Savova
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - A McGlennon
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Forsythe
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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19
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Javed R, Taku AK, Gangil R, Sharma RK. Molecular characterization of virulence genes of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in equines. Vet World 2016; 9:875-81. [PMID: 27651677 PMCID: PMC5021838 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.875-881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim was to determine the occurrence of streptococci in equines in Jammu (R. S. Pura, Katra), characterization of Streptococci equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus with respect to their virulence traits and to determine antibiotic sensitivity pattern of virulent Streptococcus isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 96 samples were collected from both clinically affected animals (exhibiting signs of respiratory tract disease) and apparently healthy animals and were sent to laboratory. The organisms were isolated on Columbia nalidixic acid agar containing 5% sheep blood as well as on sheep blood agar and confirmed by cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. Molecular detection of Streptococcus was done directly from cultures using sodA and seM gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram was performed against five antibiotics such as amoxicillin, penicillin G, streptomycin, rifampicin, and methicillin. RESULTS During this study, a total 40 streptococcal isolates were obtained out of which 2 isolates were of S. equi subsp. equi, 12 isolates were from S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. In the PCR-based detection, we revealed amplicons of 235 bp and 679 bp for confirmation of sodA and seM gene, respectively. In antibiogram, two isolates of S. equi subsp. equi were found resistant to penicillin G, and all other isolates were found sensitive to amoxicillin and streptomycin. CONCLUSION The majority of streptococcal infections was due to S. equi subsp. Zooepidemicus, and thus was recognized as a potential pathogen of diseases of equines besides S. equi subsp. equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Javed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - A K Taku
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rakhi Gangil
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - R K Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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20
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Tirosh-Levy S, Blum SE, Steward KF, Waller AS, Steinman A. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in horses in Israel: seroprevalence and strain types. Vet Rec Open 2016; 3:e000187. [PMID: 27651915 PMCID: PMC5013422 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the seroprevalence of Streptococcus equi in Israel, to monitor seropositive horses over time and to identify archived strains that were recovered from Israeli horses. A serological survey of 200 healthy horses on 20 farms throughout Israel was performed to detect recent exposure to S equi antigens A and C via indirect ELISA. Seroprevalence was 9.5 per cent (19/200) and positive horses were found in 30 per cent (6/20) of the farms. Sixteen horses that returned a positive serology result were retested three and six months later. Most (12/16) positive horses remained positive, which suggests the presence of animals with persistent infection. Molecular characterisation of S equi strains by sequencing of the SeM gene of 16 archived isolates of S equi that were recovered from clinical cases of strangles between 2008 and 2012 identified two strains: SeM-2 and SeM-28.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tirosh-Levy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot , Israel
| | - S E Blum
- Department of Bacteriology , Kimron Veterinary Institute , Bet Dagan , Israel
| | - K F Steward
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Newmarket, Suffolk , UK
| | - A S Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Newmarket, Suffolk , UK
| | - A Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot , Israel
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21
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Abstract
Strangles, characterised by pyrexia followed by abscessation of the lymph nodes of the head and neck, was first described in 1251 (Rufus 1251) and the causative agent, Streptococcus equi, was identified in 1888 (Schutz 1888). However, despite more than a century of research into this disease, strangles remains the most frequently diagnosed infection of horses with over 600 outbreaks being identified in the UK alone each year (Parkinson and others 2011). Here, Andrew Waller reviews some of the recent advances in the understanding of the evolution of S equi and puts this into the context of preventing and resolving outbreaks of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU
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22
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Tonpitak W, Sornklien C, Wutthiwithayaphong S. Characterization of a Streptococcus equi ssp. equi Isolate From a Strangles Outbreak in Thailand. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Cordoni G, Williams A, Durham A, Florio D, Zanoni RG, La Ragione RM. Rapid diagnosis of strangles (Streptococcus equi subspecies equi) using PCR. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:162-6. [PMID: 26412537 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Strangles is one of the most common equine infectious diseases with serious health, welfare and socio-economic impact. However, the detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi can be challenging and persistently infected carriers are common. Furthermore, the use of classical microbiology can result in an underestimation of the prevalence of the disease. The difficulties associated with the slow diagnosis of Strangles can result in rapid spread of the disease. Therefore, rapid and economical diagnostic tests are urgently required. Here, two multiplex assays, were developed and validated for the detection of S. equi and S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus, the most common differential diagnosis. Using 59 S. equi and 59 S. zooepidemicus strains collected from various geographical areas, the PCR tests demonstrated a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 98%. Furthermore, the assay can be performed directly from clinical swabs. Thus, the assays designed here provide a rapid, reliable and economical solution for the diagnosis of Strangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Cordoni
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7TE, UK.
| | - Adele Williams
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7TE, UK
| | - Andy Durham
- The Liphook Equine Hospital, Forest Mere, Liphook, Hampshire GU30 7JG, UK
| | - Daniela Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Giulio Zanoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7TE, UK
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24
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Waller AS. New perspectives for the diagnosis, control, treatment, and prevention of strangles in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:591-607. [PMID: 25300634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Strangles, characterized by abscessation of the lymph nodes of the head and neck, is the most frequently diagnosed infectious disease of horses worldwide. The persistence of the causative agent, Streptococcus equi, in a proportion of convalescent horses plays a critical role in the recurrence and spread of disease. Recent research has led to the development of effective diagnostic tests that assist the eradication of S equi from local horse populations. This article describes how these advances have been made and provides advice to assist the resolution and prevention of outbreaks. New perspectives on preventative vaccines and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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25
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Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Streptococcus equi evolution: the role of CRISPRs. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1437-43. [PMID: 24256234 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The host-restricted bacterium Streptococcus equi is the causative agent of equine strangles, the most frequently diagnosed infectious disease of horses worldwide. The disease is characterized by abscessation of the lymph nodes of the head and neck, leading to significant welfare and economic cost. S. equi is believed to have evolved from an ancestral strain of Streptococcus zooepidemicus, an opportunistic pathogen of horses and other animals. Comparison of the genome of S. equi strain 4047 with those of S. zooepidemicus identified examples of gene loss due to mutation and deletion, and gene gain through the acquisition of mobile genetic elements that have probably shaped the pathogenic specialization of S. equi. In particular, deletion of the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) locus in the ancestor of S. equi may have predisposed the bacterium to acquire and incorporate new genetic material into its genome. These include four prophages and a novel integrative conjugative element. The virulence cargo carried by these mobile genetic elements is believed to have shaped the ability of S. equi to cause strangles. Further sequencing of S. zooepidemicus has highlighted the diversity of this opportunistic pathogen. Again, CRISPRs are postulated to influence evolution, balancing the need for gene gain over genome stability. Analysis of spacer sequences suggest that these pathogens may be susceptible to a limited range of phages and provide further evidence of cross-species exchange of genetic material among Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus dysgalactiae.
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26
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Patty OA, Cursons RTM. The molecular identification ofStreptococcus equisubsp.equistrains isolated within New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2013; 62:63-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.841536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Moloney E, Kavanagh KS, Buckley TC, Cooney JC. Lineages of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi in the Irish equine industry. Ir Vet J 2013; 66:10. [PMID: 23731628 PMCID: PMC3679875 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-66-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus equi ssp. equi is the causative agent of ‘Strangles’ in horses. This is a debilitating condition leading to economic loss, yard closures and cancellation of equestrian events. There are multiple genotypes of S. equi ssp. equi which can cause disease, but to date there has been no systematic study of strains which are prevalent in Ireland. This study identified and classified Streptococcus equi ssp. equi strains isolated from within the Irish equine industry. Results Two hundred veterinary isolates were subjected to SLST (single locus sequence typing) based on an internal sequence from the seM gene of Streptococcus equi ssp equi. Of the 171 samples which successfully gave an amplicon, 162 samples (137 Irish and 24 UK strains) gave robust DNA sequence information. Analysis of the sequences allowed division of the isolates into 19 groups, 13 of which contain at least 2 isolates and 6 groups containing single isolates. There were 19 positions where a DNA SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) occurs, and one 3 bp insertion. All groups had multiple (2–8) SNPs. Of the SNPs 17 would result in an amino acid change in the encoded protein. Interestingly, the single isolate EI8, which has 6 SNPs, has the three base pair insertion which is not seen in any other isolate, this would result in the insertion of an Ile residue at position 62 in that protein sequence. Comparison of the relevant region in the determined sequences with the UK Streptococcus equi seM MLST database showed that Group B (15 isolates) and Group I (2 isolates), as well as the individual isolates EI3 and EI8, are unique to Ireland, and some groups are most likely of UK origin (Groups F and M), but many more probably passed back and forth between the two countries. Conclusions The strains occurring in Ireland are not clonal and there is a considerable degree of sequence variation seen in the seM gene. There are two major clades causing infection in Ireland and these strains are also common in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Moloney
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Tom C Buckley
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jakki C Cooney
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland ; Materials and Surface Sciences Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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28
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Waller AS. Strangles: taking steps towards eradication. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:50-60. [PMID: 23642414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Strangles, caused by the host adapted Lancefield group C bacterium Streptococcus equi sub-species equi (S. equi), is one of the oldest recognised infectious diseases of horses and continues to cause significant welfare and economic cost throughout the world. The ability of S. equi to establish sub-clinical persistent infections primarily in the guttural pouches of convalescent horses has been instrumental to its success. However, the implementation of simple control measures that permit the identification and treatment of persistently infected carriers can prevent further outbreaks of disease at a local level. This review summarises some of the molecular mechanisms exploited by S. equi to cause disease. New qPCR and iELISA diagnostic tests replace culture methodologies as the gold standard for the detection of infected animals. A strategy to maximise the effective application of these tests to direct management methods for the eradication of S. equi infection is presented and the role of preventative vaccines is discussed. In contrast to current understanding, emerging data illustrates the dynamism of the global S. equi population and potential consequences for the effectiveness of currently available vaccines. The ability to use modern vaccines alongside conventional biosecurity and screening procedures will be critical to the large-scale prevention and even eradication of strangles, providing an opportunity to finally break the stranglehold that this disease has on the world's equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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29
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Diversity of seM in Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from strangles outbreaks. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:663-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Robin CA, Lo Iacono G, Gubbins S, Wood JLN, Newton JR. The accuracy of the National Equine Database in relation to vector-borne disease risk modelling of horses in Great Britain. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:302-8. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Robin
- Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance; Animal Health Trust; Suffolk; UK
| | - G. Lo Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge; UK
| | | | - J. L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge; UK
| | - J. R. Newton
- Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance; Animal Health Trust; Suffolk; UK
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31
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Cathcart MP, Murcia PR. Hide and seek: Diagnosing equine viral diseases using molecular biology techniques. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:379-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Waller AS, Paillot R, Timoney JF. Streptococcus equi: a pathogen restricted to one host. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1231-1240. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.028233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Romain Paillot
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - John F. Timoney
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Parkinson NJ, Robin C, Newton JR, Slater J, Waller AS. Molecular epidemiology of strangles outbreaks in the UK during 2010. Vet Rec 2011; 168:666. [PMID: 21672953 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of the Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S equi) M-like protein (SeM) gene was determined for 105 isolates of S equi from strangles outbreaks in the UK during 2010 and compared with previous data from 2007 to 2008. Twenty-three distinct alleles were identified, including 11 novel alleles. One allele giving rise to a putative truncated M protein was identified from the guttural pouch of an asymptomatic carrier. Allele 9 was the most prevalent, comprising 57.7 per cent of isolates, followed by allele 6 (10.3 per cent). Significant changes in allele prevalence were found between 2007, 2008 and 2010, with an increasing prevalence in SeM-9-related alleles and a corresponding decreasing prevalence in SeM-6-related alleles observed over the period (P<0.001). Geographical proximity of outbreaks caused by some uncommon alleles was apparent between 2007, 2008 and 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Parkinson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Landwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU
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