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Fitzharris LE, Hezzell MJ, McConnell AK, Allen KJ. Training the equine respiratory muscles: Inspiratory muscle strength. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:306-314. [PMID: 35711132 PMCID: PMC10084158 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the response of the equine respiratory muscles to training. OBJECTIVES To measure an index of inspiratory muscle strength (IMSi) before and after a period of conventional exercise training (phase 1) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT), comparing high-load (treatment) and low-load (control) groups (phase 2). STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomised controlled trial. METHODS Phase 1: Twenty National Hunt Thoroughbred racehorses performed an inspiratory muscle strength test (IMST) twice on two occasions; when unfit at timepoint A (July), and when race fit at timepoint B (October). Phase 2: Thirty-five Thoroughbred racehorses at race fitness were randomly assigned into a high-load (treatment, n = 20) or low-load (control, n = 15) IMT group. The high-load group followed an IMT protocol that gradually increased the inspiratory pressure applied every 4 days. The low-load group underwent sham IMT with a low training load. The IMT was performed 5 days/week for 10 weeks. The IMST was performed twice on two occasions, timepoint B (October) and timepoint C (January). Conventional exercise training and racing continued during the study period. The peak IMSi values obtained from the different groups at timepoints A, B and C were compared using a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. RESULTS Phase 1: There was a significant increase in IMSi from timepoint A: 22.5 cmH2 O (21-25) to timepoint B: 26 cmH2 O (24-30) (p = 0.015). Phase 2: From timepoint B to C there was a significant increase in IMSi for the high-load group 34 cmH2 O (28-36) (p = 0.001) but not the low-load group 26 cmH2 O (24-30) (p = 0.929). The peak IMSi at timepoint C was significantly higher for the high-load than low-load group (p = 0.019). MAIN LIMITATIONS Single centre study with only National Hunt horses undergoing race-training included. CONCLUSIONS In horses undergoing race training there is a significant increase in IMSi in response to conventional exercise training and high-load IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie J Hezzell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Kate J Allen
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK
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Ellis KL, Contino EK, Nout‐Lomas YS. Poor performance in the horse: Diagnosing the non‐orthopaedic causes. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Ellis
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Erin K. Contino
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Yvette S. Nout‐Lomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Ahern BJ, de Klerk K, Hogg LR, Vallance SA, Bertin FR, Franklin SH. Evaluation of postsale endoscopy as a predictor of future racing performance in an Australian thoroughbred yearling population. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:254-260. [PMID: 35191021 PMCID: PMC9305470 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Upper airway endoscopy of thoroughbred (TB) yearlings is commonly used in an attempt to predict laryngeal function (LF) and its impact on future race performance. The aim of this study was to determine if different grading systems and laryngeal grades were correlated with future performance. Materials and Methods Postsale endoscopic recordings were obtained from an Australian TB yearling sale during a four‐year period from 2008 to 2011. Horses were included if they had a diagnostic postsale video endoscopic recording and raced within Australia. Recordings were graded using the Havemeyer system and subsequently recategorised according to the Lane scale and two condensed scales. Performance data were sourced from Racing Australia and comparisons were made between groups. Results A total of 1244 horses met the inclusion criteria. There were no significant differences in sex or sales price between groups. There were no significant differences in the number of starts or wins between groups for any grading system. For the condensed Havemeyer scale, horses with intermediate LF were separated into two groups. Significant differences in earnings were found between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ (P = 0.02) and ‘intermediate‐low’ and ‘abnormal’ grades (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences between horses with ‘intermediate‐high’ and ‘abnormal’ grades (P = 0.40). No significant differences were found between the two intermediate grades (P = 0.60) or between horses with normal LF and either ‘intermediate‐low’ or ‘intermediate‐high’ grades (P = 0.99). Discussion Resting LF in Australian yearling TBs assessed using a condensed Havemeyer grading scale had some predictive value for future racing performance. This information should be considered when performing yearling endoscopic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Ahern
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Equine Specialist Hospital, Gatton, Queensland, 4343
| | - K de Klerk
- Hawkesbury Equine Veterinary Centre, 226 Hawkesbury Valley Way, Clarendon, New South Wales, 2756, Australia
| | - L R Hogg
- Kangaroo Island Veterinary Clinic, 252 Playford Highway, Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, 5223, Australia
| | - S A Vallance
- Advantage Equine, Ascot Vale, Victoria, 3032, Australia
| | - F R Bertin
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Equine Specialist Hospital, Gatton, Queensland, 4343
| | - S H Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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Broyles AH, Embertson RM, Brett Woodie J, Machado V. The impact of grade of laryngeal function immediately prior to laryngoplasty and ipsilateral ventriculocordectomy on postoperative performance: 623 Thoroughbred racehorses (1998-2013). Equine Vet J 2021; 54:856-864. [PMID: 34626125 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is persistent concern among some trainers, owners and veterinarians regarding the effect of preoperative laryngeal function grade on the outcome of laryngoplasty and ventriculocordectomy (LPVC). OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of laryngeal function grade prior to LPVC on postoperative performance. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-series. METHODS Medical and race records of Thoroughbred racehorses diagnosed with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) and treated with LPVC between 1998 and 2013 were reviewed. Horses were placed into three groups based on preoperative laryngeal function grade (grade III.1, grades III.2/III.3, and grade IV). The effect of preoperative laryngeal function grade on postoperative performance was determined by multivariable logistic regression, Cox proportional hazard model and multivariable linear regression analysis. RESULTS In a multivariable logistic regression, grade III.2/III.3 horses had 1.88 times higher odds (95% CI = 1.03-3.43) of racing after LPVC than grade IV (P = .04). A multivariable Cox's proportional hazard analysis controlling for race prior to surgery (P < .01) showed that likelihood of racing postoperatively was not different between grade III.1 and grade IV (P = .6), and although not statistically significant, there was a tendency for grades III.2/III.3 to be more likely to race postoperatively than horses with grade IV (P = .07). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that grade IV horses took a longer time to race compared with grade III.1 and grade III.2/III.3. Laryngeal function grade did not influence the mean earnings per start. MAIN LIMITATIONS The small number of horses in the grade III.1 group compared with the III.2/III.3 and IV groups influenced the effect of grade III.1 on outcome. CONCLUSIONS Laryngeal function grade may affect likelihood of racing after LPVC, but not earnings per start. Grade III. 2/III.3 horses were more likely to race postoperatively than grade IV horses, and grade IV horses took a longer time to first race after LPVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Broyles
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - J Brett Woodie
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Vinicius Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Satoh M, Higuchi T, Inoue S, Miyakoshi D, Kajihara A, Gotoh T, Shimizu Y. External transcutaneous ultrasound technique in the equine cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle: Assessment of muscle size and echogenicity with resting endoscopy. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:500-508. [PMID: 31736125 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have assessed the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (CAD) using transoesophageal ultrasonography in equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). We assessed the CAD using the external transcutaneous ultrasound technique, which may constitute an easier method in horses. OBJECTIVES To evaluate ultrasonographic imaging of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (LCAD) and right cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (RCAD) as a diagnostic tool for RLN using the transcutaneous ultrasound technique. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS The axial plane thickness, cross-sectional area and echogenicity of the LCAD and RCAD were measured using transcutaneous ultrasonography in 164 horses. Assessments of LCAD were compared with those of RCAD. The LCAD:RCAD ratios in thickness and area were compared between control horses (resting grades 1 and 2) and horses with resting laryngeal grades 3 and 4 using the Havemeyer 4-point grading system with subgrades. RESULTS The LCAD:RCAD ratios for thickness and area were 0.69 and 0.66 in horses with resting grades 3 and 4 respectively; LCAD was more hyperechogenic than RCAD in resting grades 3 and 4. LCAD:RCAD ratios for thickness and area in grades 3.II, 3.III and 4 were significantly lower than those in control horses. Thickness and area of the LCAD were negatively correlated with resting laryngeal grade MAIN LIMITATIONS: Overground endoscopy was not performed in this study. There were some differences in methodology: measurement of the physical thickness of the LCAD and clipping of hair at the laryngeal region were only performed in horses that underwent laryngoplasty. CONCLUSIONS Results of ultrasonographic assessments of the CAD using transcutaneous ultrasonography were similar to those obtained by transoesophageal ultrasonography. This technique enables a simple, noninvasive, direct and easy examination. Assessment of the CAD using transcutaneous ultrasonography may be a useful technique and a potential option for determining whether to perform nerve graft or laryngoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Satoh
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tohru Higuchi
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyakoshi
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayako Kajihara
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Gotoh
- Federation of Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Associations, Large Animal Clinic and Research Center, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shimizu
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Central Animal Clinic, Niikappu-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
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Satoh M, Higuchi T, Inoue S, Miyakoshi D, Gotoh T. Transcutaneous Ultrasonography Is a Feasible Method for Characterizing the Cricoarytenoideus Dorsalis Muscle in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:121-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Elliott S, Cheetham J. Meta‐analysis evaluating resting laryngeal endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in the equine athlete. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:167-172. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Elliott
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Athens Georgia USA
| | - J. Cheetham
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
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Parente EJ. Upper Airway Conditions Affecting the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:427-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Parente EJ. Fifty years of recurring struggles with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:155-158. [PMID: 28976020 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy appears to be a simple problem that should have a simple solution, yet the complexity and dynamic nature of laryngeal function is underappreciated. This review highlights the challenges and accomplishments that work towards that greater understanding of what is necessary to find a successful solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Parente
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chalmers HJ, Caswell J, Perkins J, Goodwin D, Viel L, Ducharme NG, Piercy RJ. Ultrasonography detects early laryngeal muscle atrophy in an equine neurectomy model. Muscle Nerve 2016; 53:583-92. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Chalmers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Jeff Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Justin Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; London UK
| | - David Goodwin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; London UK
| | - Laurent Viel
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Norm G. Ducharme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; London UK
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Kenny M, Cercone M, Rawlinson JJ, Ducharme NG, Bookbinder L, Thompson M, Cheetham J. Transoesophageal ultrasound and computer tomographic assessment of the equine cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle: Relationship between muscle geometry and exercising laryngeal function. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:395-400. [PMID: 26709115 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Early detection of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is of considerable interest to the equine industry. OBJECTIVES To describe two imaging modalities, transoesophageal ultrasound (TEU) and computed tomography (CT) with multiplanar reconstruction to assess laryngeal muscle geometry, and determine the relationship between cricoarytenoid dorsalis (CAD) geometry and function. STUDY DESIGN Two-phase study evaluating CAD geometry in experimental horses and horses with naturally occurring RLN. METHODS Equine CAD muscle volume was determined from CT scan sets using volumetric reconstruction with LiveWire. The midbody and caudal dorsal-ventral thickness of the CAD muscle was determined using a TEU in the same horses; and in horses with a range of severity of RLN (n = 112). RESULTS Transoesophageal ultrasound was able to readily image the CAD muscles and lower left:right CAD thickness ratios were observed with increasing disease severity. Computed tomography based muscle volume correlated very closely with ex vivo muscle volume (R2 = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS Computed tomography reconstruction can accurately determine intrinsic laryngeal muscle geometry. A relationship between TEU measurements of CAD geometry and laryngeal function was established. These imaging techniques could be used to track the response of the CAD muscle to restorative surgical treatments such as nerve muscle pedicle graft, nerve anastomosis and functional electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kenny
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - M Cercone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - N G Ducharme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - L Bookbinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - M Thompson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J Cheetham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Chalmers HJ, Viel L, Caswell JL, Ducharme N. Ultrasonographic detection of early atrophy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles of horses. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:426-36. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.5.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Karlheim B, Barton AK, Rohn K, Ohnesorge B. Validity of laryngeal ultrasonography in reference to endoscopy at rest and during exercise in Warmblood horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Karlheim
- Clinic for Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Germany
| | - A. K. Barton
- Clinic for Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Germany
- Equine Clinic; Free University of Berlin; Germany
| | - K. Rohn
- Institute for Epidemiology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Germany
| | - B. Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Germany
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Fjordbakk CT, Chalmers HJ, Holcombe SJ, Strand E. Results of upper airway radiography and ultrasonography predict dynamic laryngeal collapse in affected horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:705-10. [PMID: 23662675 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The pathogenesis of dynamic bilateral laryngeal collapse (DLC) associated with poll flexion is unknown. Diagnosis is dependent upon exercise endoscopy while replicating the flexed head position harness racehorses experience during racing. OBJECTIVES To describe the effects of poll flexion on rostrocaudal laryngeal positioning and laryngeal lumen width in resting horses diagnosed with DLC compared to controls, and to establish diagnostic criteria for DLC by use of diagnostic imaging. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Fifty harness racehorses were prospectively included in the study: 25 cases diagnosed with DLC by treadmill endoscopy and 25 controls in which treadmill endoscopy revealed no abnormal findings. Laryngeal radiography and ultrasonography were obtained in neutral and flexed head positions. Laryngeal positioning and laryngohyoid conformation were compared between the groups and head positions. RESULTS Poll flexion induced a greater rostral advancement of the larynx in relation to the hyoid apparatus in resting harness racehorses affected with DLC compared to controls (P = 0.007). At the level of the vocal folds, poll flexion resulted in a smaller laryngeal lumen width in horses affected with DLC compared to controls (P = 0.04). Horses were significantly more likely to be affected with DLC when the thyrohyoid bone to thyroid cartilage distance was ≥12 mm in poll flexion (odds ratio 21.3, 95% confidence interval 3.65-124.8, P = 0.004) and when laryngeal lumen width at the level of the vocal folds was less in poll flexion than in the neutral head position (odds ratio 8.4; 95% confidence interval 1.6-44.1, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE In DLC horses, poll flexion advanced the larynx more rostrally and resulted in a decreased airway lumen width compared to control horses. Laryngeal ultrasound and radiography may facilitate the diagnosis of DLC at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Fjordbakk
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Teaching Hospital, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Norway
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O'Neill HD, Ballegeer EA, De Feijter-Rupp HL, Stick JA, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE. Ultrasound-guided biopsy of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle: technique and safety in horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:244-8. [PMID: 23679063 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Current diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) depends upon disease recognition in the clinically affected horse. Biopsy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles may provide a method to identify the changes in fibre-type composition that occur in RLN before clinical signs become apparent. OBJECTIVE To develop an ultrasound-guided biopsy technique of the left cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle (CALM) and evaluate its efficacy and safety in vivo. STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal descriptive study. METHODS Six standing horses underwent ultrasound-guided biopsy of the left CALM. Frozen muscle cores were obtained with a breast biopsy tool. Serial endoscopic, ultrasonographic and physical examinations before and for 8 weeks after the biopsy were assessed for iatrogenic trauma. Histologies of representative muscle core cross-sections were analysed for the total number of muscle fibres obtained with each biopsy. RESULTS There were no immediate complications of the procedure and the left CALM was harvested in all instances. Biopsy samples had an average weight of 0.043 g (range = 0.023-0.077 g) and contained 3418 fibres in cross-section (range = 711-7143). Laryngeal endoscopic grade did not change significantly between prebiopsy and the end of the 8 week follow-up. The left CALM had significantly greater echogenicity than the right throughout the study (P<0.001), but there was no difference between the prebiopsy CALM echogenicity and that at completion of the study. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided biopsy of the left CALM is safe and well tolerated, providing a minimally invasive method to obtain muscle from healthy horses. This new technique may be applicable in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D O'Neill
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
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Garrett KS, Embertson RM, Woodie JB, Cheetham J. Ultrasound features of arytenoid chondritis in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:598-603. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Cheetham
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; New York USA
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Van Erck-Westergren E, Franklin SH, Bayly WM. Respiratory diseases and their effects on respiratory function and exercise capacity. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:376-87. [PMID: 23368813 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Given that aerobic metabolism is the predominant energy pathway for most sports, the respiratory system can be a rate-limiting factor in the exercise capacity of fit and healthy horses. Consequently, respiratory diseases, even in mild forms, are potentially deleterious to any athletic performance. The functional impairment associated with a respiratory condition depends on the degree of severity of the disease and the equestrian discipline involved. Respiratory abnormalities generally result in an increase in respiratory impedance and work of breathing and a reduced level of ventilation that can be detected objectively by deterioration in breathing mechanics and arterial blood gas tensions and/or lactataemia. The overall prevalence of airway diseases is comparatively high in equine athletes and may affect the upper airways, lower airways or both. Diseases of the airways have been associated with a wide variety of anatomical and/or inflammatory conditions. In some instances, the diagnosis is challenging because conditions can be subclinical in horses at rest and become clinically relevant only during exercise. In such cases, an exercise test may be warranted in the evaluation of the patient. The design of the exercise test is critical to inducing the clinical signs of the problem and establishing an accurate diagnosis. Additional diagnostic techniques, such as airway sampling, can be valuable in the diagnosis of subclinical lower airway problems that have the capacity to impair performance. As all these techniques become more widely used in practice, they should inevitably enhance veterinarians' diagnostic capabilities and improve their assessment of treatment effectiveness and the long-term management of equine athletes.
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Chalmers HJ, Yeager AE, Cheetham J, Ducharme N. DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF SUBJECTIVE AND QUANTITATIVE LARYNGEAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NEUROPATHY IN HORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:660-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2012.01974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Chalmers
- Departments of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph; ON; N1G 2W1
| | - Amy E. Yeager
- Canada Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca; NY; 14853
| | - Jonathan Cheetham
- Canada Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca; NY; 14853
| | - Norm Ducharme
- Canada Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca; NY; 14853
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Hill EW, Fonseca RG, McGivney BA, Gu J, MacHugh DE, Katz LM. MSTN genotype (g.66493737C/T) association with speed indices in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:86-90. [PMID: 22016373 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00793.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence variation at the equine myostatin gene (MSTN) locus has previously been shown to have a singular genomic influence on optimum race distance in Thoroughbred racehorses. Myostatin, encoded by the MSTN gene, is a member of the TGF-β superfamily that regulates skeletal muscle development in a range of mammalian species including the horse. In the Thoroughbred, the C-allele at the g.66493737C/T SNP has been found at significantly higher frequency in subgroups of the population that are suited to fast, short distance, sprint races and also influences body composition phenotypes. We investigated the influence of the g.66493737C/T SNP on speed indexes measured in a cohort of n = 85 Thoroughbred horses-in-training. We found significant associations between genotypes at the g.66493737C/T SNP and all measured speed variables: Dist(6) [distance travelled during 6 s before and after maximal velocity (V(max)); P = 0.0040], V(maxt) (duration at V(max); P = 0.0249), V(max) (P = 0.0265), Dist(6b) (distance travelled during 6 s before V(max); P = 0.0032), and Dist(6a)(distance travelled during 6 s after V(max); P = 0.0317). For each measure, horses with the C/C and C/T genotypes outperformed T/T horses, indicating the requirement for at least one C-allele to improve speed. For the most significantly associated variables (Dist(6) and Dist(6b)) the C/C cohort performed better than the T/T cohort with the heterozygotes intermediate, indicating a dose-dependent manifestation. These findings clearly indicate that variation at the MSTN gene influences speed in Thoroughbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline W Hill
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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