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Giers J, Bartel A, Kirsch K, Müller SF, Horstmann S, Gehlen H. Blood-Based Markers for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function in Eventing Horses before and after Cross-Country Rides and How They Are Influenced by Plasma Volume Shift. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3110. [PMID: 37835716 PMCID: PMC10572052 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses competing in cross-country tests are subjected to high physical demands. Within the scope of this prospective longitudinal study, blood values of 20 elite eventing horses were examined before and after two- to four-star cross-country rides. The aim was to find out whether blood-based markers for skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle function change after cross-country exercise. Parameters that provide information about fluid balance, muscle enzymes, metabolites and cardiac muscle-specific markers were investigated. We developed an approach to eliminate the concentration changes caused by reduced plasma volume. Parameters were measured pre, 10 and 30 min post exercise and the next morning and were evaluated using a mixed model. Thirty minutes after exercise, most parameter concentrations changed in an exercise-dependent manner. The next morning, most exercise-related markers recovered rapidly, while creatine kinase (CK) (26% increase; p = 0.008) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (15% increase; p < 0.001) showed a declining but sustained increase. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increased above the reference range in 40 of the 55 rides (73%) and in 18 of 20 horses in the morning after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Giers
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Katharina Kirsch
- Department Sensors and Modeling, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Simon Franz Müller
- Laboklin Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany;
| | - Stephanie Horstmann
- German Olympic Committee for Equestrian Sports (DOKR), Freiherr-von-Langen-Straße 15, 48231 Warendorf, Germany;
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany
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Dzięgielewska A, Dunislawska A. Mitochondrial Dysfunctions and Potential Molecular Markers in Sport Horses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158655. [PMID: 35955789 PMCID: PMC9369138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are an essential part of most eukaryotic cells. The crucial role of these organelles is the production of metabolic energy, which is converted into ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. They are also involved in and constitute apoptosis, the site of many metabolic processes. Some of the factors that negatively affect mitochondria are stress, excessive exercise, disease, and the aging process. Exercise can cause the release of large amounts of free radicals, inflammation, injury, and stress. All of these factors can contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, which can consistently lead to inflammatory responses, tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and a host of diseases. The functions of the mitochondria and the consequences of their disturbance can be of great importance in the breeding and use of horses. The paper reviews mitochondrial disorders in horses and, based on the literature, indicates genetic markers strongly related to this issue.
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Nieman DC, Groen AJ, Pugachev A, Simonson AJ, Polley K, James K, El-Khodor BF, Varadharaj S, Hernández-Armenta C. Proteomics-Based Detection of Immune Dysfunction in an Elite Adventure Athlete Trekking Across the Antarctica. Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8010004. [PMID: 32138228 PMCID: PMC7151708 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics monitoring of an elite adventure athlete (age 33 years) was conducted over a 28-week period that culminated in the successful, solo, unassisted, and unsupported two month trek across the Antarctica (1500 km). Training distress was monitored weekly using a 19-item, validated training distress scale (TDS). Weekly dried blood spot (DBS) specimens were collected via fingerprick blood drops onto standard blood spot cards. DBS proteins were measured with nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode, and 712 proteins were identified and quantified. The 28-week period was divided into time segments based on TDS scores, and a contrast analysis between weeks five and eight (low TDS) and between weeks 20 and 23 (high TDS, last month of Antarctica trek) showed that 31 proteins (n = 20 immune related) were upregulated and 35 (n = 17 immune related) were downregulated. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks supported a dichotomous immune response. Gene ontology (GO) biological process terms for the upregulated immune proteins showed an increase in regulation of the immune system process, especially inflammation, complement activation, and leukocyte mediated immunity. At the same time, GO terms for the downregulated immune-related proteins indicated a decrease in several aspects of the overall immune system process including neutrophil degranulation and the antimicrobial humoral response. These proteomics data support a dysfunctional immune response in an elite adventure athlete during a sustained period of mental and physical distress while trekking solo across the Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- North Carolina Research Campus, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-828-773-0056
| | - Arnoud J. Groen
- ProteiQ Biosciences GmbH, 10967 Berlin, Germany; (A.J.G.); (A.P.); (C.H.-A.)
| | - Artyom Pugachev
- ProteiQ Biosciences GmbH, 10967 Berlin, Germany; (A.J.G.); (A.P.); (C.H.-A.)
| | - Andrew J. Simonson
- North Carolina Research Campus, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
| | - Kristine Polley
- Standard Process Nutrition Innovation, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (K.P.); (K.J.); (B.F.E.-K.); (S.V.)
| | - Karma James
- Standard Process Nutrition Innovation, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (K.P.); (K.J.); (B.F.E.-K.); (S.V.)
| | - Bassem F. El-Khodor
- Standard Process Nutrition Innovation, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (K.P.); (K.J.); (B.F.E.-K.); (S.V.)
| | - Saradhadevi Varadharaj
- Standard Process Nutrition Innovation, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (K.P.); (K.J.); (B.F.E.-K.); (S.V.)
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Detection of Functional Overreaching in Endurance Athletes Using Proteomics. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6030033. [PMID: 30200480 PMCID: PMC6161275 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
No reliable biomarkers exist to identify athletes in various training states including functional overreaching (FOR), non-functional overreaching (NFOR), and overtraining syndrome (OTS). Participants (N = 10, age 38.3 ± 3.4 years) served as their own controls and in random, counterbalanced order either ran/cycled 2.5 h (70.0 ± 3.7% VO2max) three days in a row (FOR) or sat in the lab (rest) (separated by three weeks; 7:00–9:30 am, overnight fasted state). Participants provided fingerprick samples for dried blood spot samples (DBS) pre- and post-exercise/rest, and then during two recovery days. DBS proteins were measured with nanoLC-MS in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode, and 593 proteins were identified and quantified. Proteins were considered for the FOR cluster if they were elevated during one of the two recovery days but not more than one of the exercise days (compared to rest). The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to identify proteins linked to FOR. A total of 13 proteins was linked to FOR and most were associated with the acute phase response and innate immune system activation. This study used a system-wide proteomics approach to define a targeted panel of blood proteins related to FOR that could form the basis of future NFOR- and OTS-based studies.
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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Standardbreds: Effect of Age and Acute Exercise Before and After Training. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fonseca R, Kenny D, McGivney B, Murphy B, Hill E, Katz L. Effect of training on plasma myeloperoxidase concentrations measured before and following intense exercise in Thoroughbred racehorses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise in horses induces neutrophil degranulation and subsequent increases in plasma myeloperoxidase concentrations (MPO). It is not known whether this response is affected by training or the sampling time in relation to exercise. Our objective was to evaluate plasma MPO concentration at different time points in response to exercise in Thoroughbreds before and following high-intensity training and to evaluate relationships between plasma MPO concentration, physiological measurements and performance. Throughbred racehorses in active training and racing (n=26) performed an exercise test on a high-speed treadmill at least once at the beginning (first three months), middle (second three months) or end (last three months) of a nine month training period with training intensity (number of fast work sessions) collated for each period. Heart rate, speed and distance were recorded and venous blood collected before (T0), during and up to maximal speed (TVmax), 5 min (T5min) and 4 h (T4h) following exercise for measurement of plasma lactate, serum creatine kinase concentration, plasma MPO concentration, white blood count (WBC), neutrophil count (Neut), lymphocyte count and neutrophil percentage (%Neut). WBC increased above T0 values at all sampling points with no training effect. Neut and %Neut increased above T0 values at T4h, while values at TVmax, T5min and T4h increased as training duration increased. Plasma MPO concentration increased above T0 values at all sampling points in response to exercise with all values increasing as training duration increased. Training intensity did not affect any of the measurements, correlations were not identified between any of the biological markers including MPO and physiological and training measurements and no differences were identified between elite versus non-elite horses. It was concluded that plasma MPO concentration is affected by exercise and training duration, and that further investigation of plasma MPO as an assessor of fitness and readiness for competition is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.G. Fonseca
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Tecnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D.A. Kenny
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - B.A. McGivney
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - B.A. Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - E.W. Hill
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L.M. Katz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, Franck TJ, Deby-Dupont GP, Derochette S, Serteyn DA. Effect of different kinds of anoxia/reoxygenation on the mitochondrial function and the free radicals production of cultured primary equine skeletal myoblasts. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:870-8. [PMID: 24099743 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Horses are outstanding athletes, performing in many different disciplines involving different kinds of efforts and metabolic responses. Depending on exercise intensity, their skeletal muscle oxygenation decreases, and the reperfusion at cessation of the exercise can cause excessive production of free radicals. This study on cultured primary equine myoblasts investigated the effect of different kinds of anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) on routine respiration, mitochondrial complex I specific activity and free radicals production. Our data revealed that short cycles of A/R caused a decrease of all the parameters, opposite to what a single long period of anoxia did. A preconditioning-like effect could explain our first pattern of results whereas mild uncoupling could be more appropriate for the second one. Anyway, it seems that mitochondrial complex I could play a major role in the regulation of the balance between metabolic and antioxidant protection of the muscular function of athletic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D Ceusters
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, Institute of Chemistry B6a, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, Franck TJ, Derochette S, Vanderplasschen A, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA. Effect of myeloperoxidase and anoxia/reoxygenation on mitochondrial respiratory function of cultured primary equine skeletal myoblasts. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Plasma protein changes in horse after prolonged physical exercise: A proteomic study. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4494-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Franck TJ, Votion DM, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA. Assessment of reactive oxygen species production in cultured equine skeletal myoblasts in response to conditions of anoxia followed by reoxygenation with or without exposure to peroxidases. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:426-34. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.3.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Serteyn D, Caudron I, Lejeune JP, Votion D, Ceusters J, Franck T, Sandersen C. Relationship between exercise-induced systemic inflammatory like reaction and racing performance in endurance horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/cep12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endurance race induces a rise of serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and a systemic inflammatory like response characterised by an increase of neutrophil counts, plasma and muscle myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase (ELT) concentrations in horses. Horses performing the same standardised exercise test do not respond with the same magnitude of inflammatory reaction. The aim of the present study was to measure the total neutrophil count, the ratio neutrophil:lymphocyte, the MPO and ELT plasma concentrations and concomitant increases of serum CK activities in competing endurance horse and to relate these results to their race performance. Twenty one horses participating in a 120 km 4 star endurance race recruited on a voluntary basis finished the race with a mean speed ranging from 13.1 to 19.8 km/h. Blood was taken the day before the race and two hours after the race. Mean values of neutrophil counts, ratio neutrophil:lymphocyte, plasma MPO and ELT concentrations and serum CK activities after the race were significantly higher than the pre-race values. There was no correlation between neutrophil counts, MPO, ELT or CK and the mean speed of the horses during the race except for the ratio neutrophil:lymphocyte where a significant negative correlation was observed. These results showed that systemic responses induced by strenuous exercise such as an endurance race is not clearly related to performance but also to horse-related factors, such as intrinsic capacity or training.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Serteyn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Blvd de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Mont-le-Soie Equine Research Centre, Mont-le-Soie 1, 6690 Vielsalm, Belgium
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, B6, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - I. Caudron
- Mont-le-Soie Equine Research Centre, Mont-le-Soie 1, 6690 Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - J.-P. Lejeune
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Blvd de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Mont-le-Soie Equine Research Centre, Mont-le-Soie 1, 6690 Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - D. Votion
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Blvd de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Mont-le-Soie Equine Research Centre, Mont-le-Soie 1, 6690 Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - J. Ceusters
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, B6, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - T. Franck
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, B6, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - C. Sandersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Blvd de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Franklin S. Science in brief: clinical news from the 8th ICEEP conference 2010. Cardiovascular, respiratory and applied physiology sections. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:633-6. [PMID: 21933265 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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SERTEYN D, SANDERSEN C, LEJEUNE JP, De La REBIÈRE de POUYADE G, CEUSTERS J, MOUITHYS-MICKALAD A, NIESTEN A, FRAIPONT A, Van ERCK E, GOACHET AG, ROBERT C, LECLERC JL, VOTION DM, FRANCK T. Effect of a 120 km endurance race on plasma and muscular neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase concentrations in horses. Equine Vet J 2010:275-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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FRANCK T, VOTION DM, CEUSTERS J, De La REBIÈRE de POUYADE G, MOUITHYS-MICKALAD A, NIESTEN A, FRAIPONT A, VAN ERCK E, GOACHET AG, ROBERT C, SERTEYN D. Specific immuno-extraction followed by enzymatic detection (SIEFED) of myeloperoxidase and mitochondrial complex I in muscular microbiopsies: preliminary results in endurance horses. Equine Vet J 2010:296-302. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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