Assessment of glucose disposal with the hyperglycaemic clamp technique during low intensity exercise in Warmblood horses

A Comparative Study of the Effect of Gastric Bypass, Sleeve Gastrectomy, and Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass on Type-2 Diabetes in non-Obese Rats

BACKGROUND

We compared the therapeutic effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) on type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in non-obese rats using clamp testing.

METHODS

Goto-Kakizaki rats (non-obese rats with T2DM) underwent surgery: RYGB, SG, or DJB. Rats were observed for 8 weeks after surgery to evaluate weight changes. Levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 were determined 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after surgery. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and clamp test was used to evaluate glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.

RESULTS

Rats in RYGB, SG, and DJB groups weighed significantly less than sham-group rats 6 and 8 weeks after surgery. Fasting blood glucose levels of RYGB, SG, and DJB rats were significantly lower than preoperative levels. One month after surgery, the area under the curve of the OGTT (in mmol•h/L) for RYGB, SG, DJB, and sham surgery groups was 38.9 ± 5.9, 50.9 ± 2.9, 46.8 ± 3.3, and 67.4 ± 6.0, respectively; there was no significant difference in glucose levels of SG and DJB groups. Glucose infusion rates (in mg/(kg•min)) were 18.3 ± 2.7, 17.2 ± 2.1, and 16.8 ± 1.9 in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-clamped RYGB, DJB, and SG rats, respectively, 8 weeks after surgery. The rate in the sham surgery group was 6.3 ± 0.9. Area under plasma insulin curves 8 weeks after surgery in hyperglycemic-clamped RYGB, DJB, SG, and sham surgery rats (in mU•h/L) were 98.8 ± 7.0, 84.4 ± 6.1, 89.0 ± 7.1, and 22.6 ± 2.6, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The three surgical methods described alleviated T2DM and reduced insulin resistance in non-obese rats with T2DM.

Feeding practice and influence on selected blood parameters in show jumping horses competing in Switzerland

The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional management of show jumping horses in practice with recommendations from the literature. Additionally, the effects of these feeding practices on several blood metabolic parameters before and after exercise were studied. Blood samples were collected in the field from 27 different horses at 71 trials on the level M1 to S2 show jumping competitions in Switzerland and questionnaires on feeding practice of the studied horses were evaluated. The questionnaires revealed that during training and on tournament days horses received on average 3.1 kg of concentrate per day (min. 2.0 kg, max. 6.6 kg) divided into two to three meals. The horses were fed on average 6.9 kg of roughage per day (min. 4.0 kg, max. 13.0 kg). Additionally, it was observed that the horses received the last meal on average 6 h 10 min (min. 1 h 50 min, max. 12 h 30 min) before the start of the first show jumping turn, respectively, 7 h 30 min (min 1 h 50 min, max. 13 h 0 min) before the second turn. Seven horses (35%) had access to hay waiting in the trailer between two turns. The statistical analysis revealed no significant influence of the concentrate feeding time point on lactate, triglyceride and insulin levels, but a significant influence on free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose concentrations. Roughage feeding of the show jumping horses 2-4 h prior to exercise revealed the most remarkable changes in blood parameters during the show jumping course. These results received under field conditions should be approved in future under standardized conditions.