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McClain AK, McCarrel TM. The effect of four different freezing conditions and time in frozen storage on the concentration of commonly measured growth factors and enzymes in equine platelet-rich plasma over six months. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:292. [PMID: 31412868 PMCID: PMC6694589 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a therapeutic biologic that is used for treatment of musculoskeletal pathologies in equine athletes. Due to the expense of PRP kits, and the volumes obtained, freezing aliquots for future dosing is common. Aliquots of PRP are also commonly frozen for later analysis of growth factor concentrations in in vitro research. A variety of freezing methods are used and storage duration until analysis is often not reported. The optimal frozen storage conditions and duration to maintain concentrations of commonly measured growth factors and enzymes in PRP are unknown. Our objectives were two-fold. First, to determine the effect of a single freeze-thaw cycle on PRP protein concentrations and establish their baseline levels. Second, to evaluate the effect of storage in -20 °C automatic defrost freezer, − 20 °C manual defrost freezer, − 80 °C manual defrost freezer, and liquid nitrogen for 1, 3, and 6 months on PRP protein concentrations, compared to the established baseline concentrations. Results Fold-change between fresh activated and snap frozen PRP were analyzed using paired t-test. A snap frozen-thaw cycle resulted in increased MMP-9 (p = 0.0021), and a small significant decrease in TGF-β1 (p = 0.0162), while IGF-1 and PDGF-BB were unchanged compared to fresh activated PRP. Fold-change over time within storage method were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test. IGF-1 decreased in all conditions (p < 0.0001). At all time-points at -20 °C (p < 0.0001), and at 3 and 6 months at -80 °C (p < 0.0070), PDGF-BB decreased. TGF- β1 was unchanged or increased after 6 months (p < 0.0085). MMP-9 decreased at 3-months at -20 °C, and at all times at -80 °C and in liquid nitrogen compared to snap frozen (p < 0.0001). Conclusions The protein profile of equine frozen-stored PRP differs from fresh PRP. For clinical applications equine PRP can be stored at -80 °C for 1 month or in liquid nitrogen for 6 months to maintain PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 concentration, but IGF-1 concentrations will be reduced. The storage temperature and duration should be reported in studies measuring protein concentrations in PRP. To accurately measure IGF-1 concentrations, PRP samples should be analyzed immediately. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2040-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K McClain
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Taralyn M McCarrel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Bardi E, Vetere A, Aquaro V, Lubian E, Lauzi S, Ravasio G, Zani DD, Manfredi M, Tecilla M, Roccabianca P, Romussi S. Use of Thrombocyte–Leukocyte-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Chronic Oral Cavity Disorders in Reptiles: Two Case Reports. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schnabel CL, Wemette M, Babasyan S, Freer H, Baldwin C, Wagner B. C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) production in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified by newly generated monoclonal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 204:28-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Influence of calcium salts and bovine thrombin on growth factor release from equine platelet-rich gel supernatants. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30:1-7. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-16-02-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SummaryObjective: To compare five activation methods in equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) by determination of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) concentrations in platelet-rich gel (PRG) supernatants.Methods: Platelet-rich plasma from 20 horses was activated by calcium chloride (CC), calcium gluconate (CG), bovine thrombin (BT), and their combinations, BTCC and BTCG. Both growth factor concentrations in PRG supernatants were measured by ELISA and compared with plasma and platelet ly-sates (PL) over time.Results: Growth factor concentrations were significantly lower in plasma and higher for all PRG supernatants. Platelet lysates contained a significantly lower concentration of PDGF-BB than PRG supernatants and a significantly higher concentration of TGF-β1 than PRG supernatants. Clots from PRP activated with sodium salts were more stable over time and had significant growth factor release, whereas CC produced gross salt deposition. Significant correlations were noticed for platelet with leukocyte concentrations in PRP (rs: 0.76), platelet counts in PRP with TGF-β1 concentrations in PRG supernatants (rs: 0.86), platelet counts in PRP with PDGF-BB concentrations in PRG super-natants (rs: 0.78), leukocyte counts in PRP with TGF-β1 concentrations in PRG supernatants (rs: 0.76), and PDGF-BB concentrations with activating substances (rs: 0.72).Clinical significance: Calcium gluconate was the better substance to induce PRP activation. It induced growth factor release free from calcium precipitates in the clots. Use of BT alone or combined with calcium salts was not advantageous for growth factor release.
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Seabaugh KA, Thoresen M, Giguère S. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Increases Growth Factor Release from Equine Platelet-Rich Plasma In Vitro. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:205. [PMID: 29270410 PMCID: PMC5726030 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are common treatments for soft tissue injuries in horses. Shockwave triggers cell specific responses to promote healing. Growth factors released from PRP also promote healing. It has been hypothesized that greater growth factor release would amplify the healing process. The combination of ESWT and PRP could promote healing in injured tendons and ligaments in the horse. The objective of this study was to determine if application of shockwaves to PRP samples increases the concentration of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor ββ (PDGF-ββ) released from the platelets in vitro. Materials and methods PRP was produced from blood drawn from six horses. The PRP from each horse was exposed to the following treatments: (1) positive control (freeze-thaw cycle), (2) untreated negative control, or shockwaves with either (3) a "standard probe" (ESWT-S) with a 2 cm focal width and medium energy density or (4) a "power probe" (ESWT-P) with a 1 cm focal width and high energy density. After each treatment, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was harvested. The supernatant was then used for growth factor quantification via commercially available ELISA kits for TGF-β1 and PDGF-ββ. Results Concentrations of TGF-β1 and PDGF-ββ in PRP that underwent a freeze-thaw cycle were significantly increased compared with all other treatments. Both ESWT-S and ESWT-P resulted in significantly increased TGF-β1 concentrations, 46 and 33%, respectively, when compared with the negative control. Both ESWT-S and ESWT-P resulted in significantly increased PDGF-ββ concentrations, 219 and 190%, respectively, when compared with the negative control. Discussion These data indicate that the application of ESWT to PRP increases the expression of growth factors in vitro. This suggests that the combination therapy of local PRP injection followed by ESWT may stimulate release of growth factors from platelets after they have been injected into the area of injury. Conclusion The combination of PRP and ESWT might result in synergism of two modalities previously utilized individually for tendon and ligament injuries in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Seabaugh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Merrilee Thoresen
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Pathobiology & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Jalowiec JM, D'Este M, Bara JJ, Denom J, Menzel U, Alini M, Verrier S, Herrmann M. An In Vitro Investigation of Platelet-Rich Plasma-Gel as a Cell and Growth Factor Delivery Vehicle for Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 22:49-58. [PMID: 26467221 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used for different applications in human and veterinary medicine. Many studies have shown promising therapeutic effects of PRP; however, there are still many controversies regarding its composition, properties, and clinical efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different platelet concentrations on the rheological properties and growth factor (GF) release profile of PRP-gels. In addition, the viability of incorporated bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was investigated. PRP (containing 1000 × 10(3), 2000 × 10(3), and 10,000 × 10(3) platelets/μL) was prepared from human platelet concentrates. Platelet activation and gelification were achieved by addition of human thrombin. Viscoelastic properties of PRP-gels were evaluated by rheological studies. The release of GFs and inflammatory proteins was measured using a membrane-based protein array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MSC viability and proliferation in PRP-gels were assessed over 7 days by cell viability staining. Cell proliferation was examined using DNA quantification. Regardless of the platelet content, all tested PRP-gels showed effective cross-linking. A positive correlation between protein release and the platelet concentration was observed at all time points. Among the detected proteins, the chemokine CCL5 was the most abundant. The greatest release appeared within the first 4 h after gelification. MSCs could be successfully cultured in PRP-gels over 7 days, with the highest cell viability and DNA content found in PRP-gels with 1000 × 10(3) platelets/μL. The results of this study suggest that PRP-gels represent a suitable carrier for both cell and GF delivery for tissue engineering. Notably, a platelet concentration of 1000 × 10(3) platelets/μL appeared to provide the most favorable environment for MSCs. Thus, the platelet concentration is an important consideration for the clinical application of PRP-gels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Denom
- 2 Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot Paris 7 , Paris, France
| | | | - Mauro Alini
- 1 AO Research Institute Davos , Davos, Switzerland
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Di Ianni F, Merli E, Burtini F, Conti V, Pelizzone I, Di Lecce R, Parmigiani E, Squassino GP, Del Bue M, Lucarelli E, Ramoni R, Grolli S. Preparation and application of an innovative thrombocyte/leukocyte-enriched plasma to promote tissue repair in chelonians. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122595. [PMID: 25901960 PMCID: PMC4406685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet concentrates are widely used in mammalian regenerative medicine to improve tissue healing. Chelonians (Testudines) would benefit from the application of thrombocyte preparations to regenerate damaged tissues, since traumatic injuries are leading causes of morbidity and mortality for both wild-living and domesticated animals. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol that optimized the recovery of the thrombocytes from blood samples and to show the efficacy of thrombocyte-enriched plasma in chelonians. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from Testudo spp. (n = 12) and Trachemys scripta elegans (n = 10). Blood cells were fractionated by sodium diatrizoate-sodium polysucrose density gradient using a two-step centrifugation protocol. Thrombocytes and leukocytes were isolated and resuspended to obtain thrombocyte-leucocyte rich plasma (TLRP). The mean recovery of leukocytes and thrombocytes was 48.9% (±4.0 SEM, n = 22) of the whole blood cell content. No statistically significant difference was observed between blood samples collected from different turtle species. The ability of TLRP to form a gel was evaluated by adding variable concentrations of calcium gluconate at room temperature and at 37°C. A reliable and consistent clotting of the TLRP was obtained in glass tubes and dishes by adding 5-20% v/v of a 100 mg/ml solution of calcium gluconate. Furthermore, in order to test the clinical efficacy of TLRP, a preliminary evaluation was performed on four turtles (Testudo spp.) with traumatic injuries. In all the four animals, a successful clinical outcome was observed. The results demonstrated that a thrombocyte-enriched plasma, comparable to mammalian platelet rich plasma, can be prepared from chelonian blood samples. Furthermore, although the low number of cases presented does not allow definitive conclusions from a clinical point of view, their outcome suggests that TLRP application could be further investigated to improve the healing process of both soft and hard tissue injuries in chelonians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Ianni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Merli
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Burtini
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Virna Conti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Igor Pelizzone
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Parmigiani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Del Bue
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoarticular Regeneration Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Ramoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Grolli
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Mageed M, Ionita C, Kissich C, Brehm W, Winter K, Ionita JC. Influence of cryopreservation and mechanical stimulation on equine Autologous Conditioned Plasma (ACP®). Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2015; 43:97-104. [PMID: 25782443 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of cryopreservation at two different temperatures on platelet concentration, growth factor (GF) levels and platelet activation parameters in equine ACP®; moreover, to determine if adding mechanical ACP® stimulation to freeze-thaw activation amplifies GF release from platelets. MATERIAL AND METHODS Firstly, blood from five horses was used to prepare ACP®. Platelet, platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) concentrations as well as mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean platelet component (MPC) were determined in fresh and corresponding ACP® samples after 2 months cryopreservation at -20 °C and -80 °C, respectively. Secondly, ACP® was prepared from blood of nine horses. Half of ACP® was activated using one freeze-thaw-cycle at -20 °C, whereas the rest was first vortexed. Their PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 concentrations were subsequently determined. RESULTS Platelet concentration significantly decreased after -80 °C cryopreservation. PDGF-BB level augmented significantly after both storage methods, whereas TGF-β1 concentration was not significantly altered. MPV significantly increased after -20 °C cryopreservation. Both storage regimens induced a significant MPC decrease. No significant differences in GF concentrations between the vortexed and non-vortexed samples were detected. DISCUSSION Both cryopreservation methods induced platelet activation, but storage at -80 °C apparently harmed the platelets without generating higher GF release than -20 °C. The mechanical stimulation process could not enhance GF release in subsequently frozen-thawed ACP®. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Storage of ACP® at -20 °C could be useful in equine practice, but, before this procedure can be recommended, further qualitative tests are needed. The mechanical stimulation technique should be adjusted in order to increase platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - J-C Ionita
- Jean-Claude Ionita, Chirurgische Tierklinik der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,
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Monteiro SO, Bettencourt EV, Lepage OM. Biologic Strategies for Intra-articular Treatment and Cartilage Repair. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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O'Shea CM, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA. Comparison of platelet counting technologies in equine platelet concentrates. Vet Surg 2014; 44:304-13. [PMID: 25307726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE (1) To compare the performance of 4 platelet counting technologies in equine platelet concentrates and (2) to evaluate the ability of the Magellan platelet rich plasma (PRP) system to concentrate equine platelets. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study to assess method agreement. ANIMALS Adult mixed breed horses (n = 32). METHODS Acid citrate dextrose-A anti-coagulated whole blood was collected and PRP produced using the Magellan system according to the manufacturer's instructions. Platelets were quantified using 4 counting methods: optical scatter (Advia 2120), impedance (CellDyn 3700), hand counting, and fluorescent antibody flow cytometry. Platelet concentrations were compared using Passing and Bablok regression analyses and mixed model ANOVA. Significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS Platelet concentrations measured in identical PRP samples were consistently higher for the Advia 2120 than the CellDyn 3700. Systematic and proportional biases were observed between these 2 automated methods when analyzed by regression analysis of the larger sample size. No bias (systematic or proportional) was observed among any of the other counting methods. Despite the bias detected between the 2 automated systems, there were no significant differences on average among the 4 counting methods evaluated, based on the ANOVA. The Magellan system consistently generated high platelet concentrations as well as higher than expected WBC concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The Magellan system delivered desirably high platelet concentrations; however, WBC concentrations may be unacceptably high for some orthopedic applications. All 4 platelet counting methods tested were equivalent on average and therefore suitable for quantifying platelets in equine PRP used for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M O'Shea
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Marr CM, Bowen IM. Does firing have a valid place in the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon injury in the 21st century? Equine Vet J 2012; 44:509-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Textor JA, Tablin F. Activation of Equine Platelet-Rich Plasma: Comparison of Methods and Characterization of Equine Autologous Thrombin. Vet Surg 2012; 41:784-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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