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Crosby CE, Redding LE, Ortved KF. Current treatment and prevention of orthopaedic infections in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E. Crosby
- Department of Clinical Studies University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| | - Laurel E. Redding
- Department of Clinical Studies University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kyla F. Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
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2
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Hritz R, Mullen KR, Mason G, Schaffer PA. Catheter‐associated air embolism of the brain in a hospitalised horse. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | - Gary Mason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Paula A. Schaffer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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3
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Erol E, Shaffer CL, Lubbers BV. Synergistic combinations of clarithromycin with doxycycline or minocycline reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Rhodococcus equi. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:799-806. [PMID: 34480367 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alarming increase in rifampin and macrolide resistance among Rhodococcus equi isolates highlights the need to identify alternative therapeutic options that can effectively control rhodococcosis in foals while limiting the further development of drug resistance. OBJECTIVES To evaluate bacterial killing, antibiotic synergism and mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of clarithromycin alone and in combination with doxycycline, minocycline or rifampin against clinical isolates of R equi. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experiments. METHODS Bacterial time-kill, fractional inhibitory concentration (checkerboard) and mutant prevention concentration assays were evaluated in four clarithromycin- and rifampin-susceptible (ClaS /RifS ) and two clarithromycin- and rifampin-resistant (ClaR /RifR ) R equi clinical strains. RESULTS In this study evaluating a limited number of isolates, combinations of clarithromycin with doxycycline or minocycline, but not with rifampin, were generally synergistic in both ClaS /RifS and ClaR /RifR strains as determined by checkerboard testing. In time-kill assays, all antibiotics, both alone and in combination, reduced viable ClaS /RifS R equi by more than 3 log10 at 24 hours compared with control cultures without antibiotics. Combinations of clarithromycin with doxycycline, minocycline or rifampin induced significantly lower MPC values compared with the individual antimicrobials alone for all ClaS /RifS R equi strains, resulting in a narrower mutant selection window (MSW). However, clarithromycin/rifampin combination did not markedly decrease MPCs of the individual antimicrobials in ClaR /RifR R equi isolates, and the observed decrease in MPCs for doxycycline or minocycline did not generally differ when combined with clarithromycin. MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of analysed R equi isolates was limited. In vitro outcomes require clinical confirmation. CONCLUSIONS Dual therapy combinations consisting of clarithromycin with doxycycline or minocycline merit consideration as a treatment protocol against R equi in foals due to in vitro synergy. These combination therapies may also minimise the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in cases of rhodococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Erol
- Department of Veterinary Science and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carrie L Shaffer
- Department of Veterinary Science and the Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brian V Lubbers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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4
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Himebaugh NE, Gilger BC. Role of
Leptospira
spp. testing and ocular examination in horses with equine recurrent uveitis: A retrospective study of 63 horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. E. Himebaugh
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - B. C. Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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Antimicrobial resistance spectrum conferred by pRErm46 of emerging macrolide (multidrug)-resistant Rhodococcus equi. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0114921. [PMID: 34319806 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01149-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal multidrug resistance recently emerged in Rhodococcus equi, complicating the therapeutic management of this difficult-to-treat animal and human pathogenic actinomycete. The currently spreading multidrug-resistant (MDR) "2287" clone arose in equine farms upon acquisition, and co-selection by mass macrolide-rifampin therapy, of the pRErm46 plasmid carrying the erm(46) macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins resistance determinant, and an rpoBS531F mutation. Here, we screened a collection of susceptible and macrolide-rifampin-resistant R. equi from equine clinical cases using a panel of 15 antimicrobials against rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM), nocardiae and other aerobic actinomycetes (NAA). R. equi -including MDR isolates- was generally susceptible to linezolid, minocycline, tigecycline, amikacin and tobramycin according to Staphylococcus aureus interpretive criteria, plus imipenem, cefoxitin and ceftriaxone based on Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines for RGM/NAA. Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin were in the borderline category according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. Molecular analyses linked pRErm46 to significantly increased MICs for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and doxycycline in addition to clarithromycin within the RGM/NAA panel, and to streptomycin, spectinomycin and tetracycline resistance. pRErm46 variants with spontaneous deletions in the class 1 integron (C1I) region, observed in ≈30% of erm(46)-positive isolates, indicated that the newly identified resistances were attributable to C1I's sulfonamide (sul1) and aminoglycoside (aaA9) resistance cassettes and adjacent tetRA(33) determinant. Most MDR isolates carried the rpoBS531F mutation of the 2287 clone, while different rpoB mutations (S531L, S531Y) detected in two cases suggest the emergence of novel MDR R. equi strains.
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Chapuis RJJ, Smith JS, Uehlinger FD, Meachem M, Johnson R, Dowling PM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doxycycline in a Streptococcusequi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:766-775. [PMID: 34057219 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and the efficacy of oral administration of doxycycline (DXC) in horses with Streptococcus zooepidemicus tissue infections. Tissue chambers (TC) were implanted subcutaneously in the cervical region of 7 horses and inoculated with a single S. zooepidemicus isolate with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 µg/ml, determined by agar dilution. Doxycycline hyclate (10 mg/kg, orally, q 12 h, for 5 days) mixed with poloxamer gel was started following inoculation. The TC fluid was sampled prior to and following inoculation for cytology analysis, quantitative culture, and DXC determination. Plasma DXC concentrations were measured over 48 h following the last dose of DXC administered. The mean plasma peak concentration (Cmax ) of DXC was 0.32 µg/ml, and concentrations above the MIC were only reached in 3 TC samples. In plasma, mean T > MIC was 2.4 h, mean Cmax /MIC was 1.30, and mean AUClast /MIC was 11.63 h. These PK/PD indices did not reach the suggested targets for DXC treatments of infections, and the TC abscessed in all horses. This is the first study to evaluate the recommended dose of DXC in horse in an infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan J J Chapuis
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joe S Smith
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fabienne D Uehlinger
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Melissa Meachem
- Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ron Johnson
- Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia M Dowling
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Knych HK, Magdesian KG. Equine antimicrobial therapy: Current and past issues facing practitioners. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:270-279. [PMID: 33650183 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine antimicrobial therapy has advanced over time with the availability of increasing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in horses, allowing for greater evidence-based clinical decision-making. However, many challenges to optimal antimicrobial therapy remain and further research is needed to address these areas. There are a limited number of approved antimicrobials for use in horses, which creates a need for compounded preparations for clinicians. Extra-label drug use is commonplace in equine practice, which warrants continual education of veterinarians about policies and updates. Performance and competitive horses have their own unique concerns when it comes to antimicrobial use and drug testing. In keeping with the use of a broader range of antimicrobials over time, antimicrobial resistance is emerging as an important issue facing veterinary medicine, including equine practice. Another challenge is that of drug interactions and adverse drug events for which there are little scientific data available for horses, especially for critically important diseases such as Rhodococcus equi infection. Finally, much progress has been made in the availability of equine-specific antimicrobial susceptibility break points. These aid clinicians in interpreting culture and susceptibility results and antimicrobial selection. Even with these advances, continuing education and further research are needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Knych
- Kenneth L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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8
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Comparison of plasma and intra-articular gentamicin levels after intravenous administration in healthy horses. ACTA VET BRNO 2020. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202089030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Septic arthritis is considered one of the most severe disorders that affect horses’ joints. Therapy is intended to eliminate the microorganisms that cause this infection. The intravenous administration of antibiotics is an easily performed technique, but there is no guarantee that the antibiotics will reach the joint milieu at high concentrations and remain elevated for a certain period of time. This study aimed to determine and compare the levels of gentamicin in the plasma and synovial fluid of healthy horses after intravenous administration for seven days. Five horses received 6.6 mg/kg intravenous gentamicin every 24 h for seven consecutive days. Blood and synovial fluid samples were collected from the right metacarpal-phalangeal joint before the start of the treatment (T0) and after 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12), and every 24 h during antibiotic therapy for seven days (D1 to D7). The levels of gentamicin in serum and synovial fluid were quantified by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The intravenous administration of 6.6 mg/kg of gentamicin, in horses, after a period of 24 h, promotes synovial fluid concentrations below the MIC of the drug, in spite of reaching high plasma concentrations of gentamicin, daily mean serum concentration which was 29-fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug. The intravenous administration every 24 h during seven consecutive days did not cause systemic side effects, such as hepatic or renal injury.
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Divers TJ, Chang YF, Irby NL, Smith JL, Carter CN. Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:287-292. [PMID: 30629756 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
North American horses are commonly exposed to Leptospira organisms. Leptospira Bratislava is the most common infecting serovar but this serovar has not been confirmed to cause clinical disease in North American horses. Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki is responsible for most of the clinical diseases (leptospirosis) in North American horses. Leptospirosis is most commonly associated with diseases of the placenta and fetus, the kidneys and the eyes in horses. In-utero infections in pregnant mares may result in abortion, neonatal illness or birth of an antibody positive healthy foal. Acute renal failure in younger horses and recurrent uveitis in adult horses are other well documented clinical syndromes of leptospirosis. Abortions, neonatal disease and acute renal failure are caused by a subacute infection, while horses with Leptospira associated recurrent uveitis develop ocular disease months or years after the initial Leptospira infection. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis is made by a combination of antigen or antibody testing methods. Mares that abort following Leptospira infection have no additional clinical signs at the time of abortion but may shed the offending Leptospira spp. in the urine for several weeks. Antibiotic treatments are sometimes used in hopes of decreasing Leptospira shedding in infected horses or prophylactically in exposed pregnant mares but documentation of efficacy is lacking. Horses with Leptospira - associated acute renal failure can be successfully treated with antibiotics and supportive care. Recurrent uveitis is commonly associated with leptospirosis in North American horses and although horses may have chronic intraocular infection triggering an immune disease, systemic antimicrobial therapy has not been effective in eliminating the organism from the eye. An equine approved Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki vaccine is now available in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Y-F Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - N L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J L Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - C N Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Abstract
Given the variable clinical signs attributed to Borrelia burgdorferi, including infectious arthritis, neurologic disease, and behavioral changes, B burgdorferi is an important differential for decreased performance in sport horses. The primary vectors (Ixodes tick species) are expanding their range and thus Borrelia species are located in a wider area, making exposure more likely. Due to regionally high seroprevalence and vague clinical signs, diagnosis of Lyme disease in the horse is believed overestimated. Antibiotics are first-line treatment of confirmed Lyme disease. A single positive serologic test, by itself, is not conformation of Lyme disease but is evidence of current or past infection.
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Drenger B, Blanck TJJ, Piskoun B, Jaffrey E, Recio-Pinto E, Sideris A. Minocycline Before Aortic Occlusion Reduces Hindlimb Motor Impairment, Attenuates Spinal Cord Damage and Spinal Astrocytosis, and Preserve Neuronal Cytoarchitecture in the Rat. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 33:1003-1011. [PMID: 30195965 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spinal cord ischemia secondary to trauma or a vascular occlusive event is a threatening phenomenon. The neuroprotective properties of minocycline have been shown in several models of central nervous system diseases and after spinal cord ischemia; however, the benefit of using the drug requires additional confirmation in different animal models. Astrocytes are essential as regulators of neuronal functions and for providing nutrients. The authors hypothesized that astrocytes in the spinal cord may be an important target for minocycline action after ischemia and thus in the prevention of secondary spreading damage. DESIGN A prospective, randomized animal study. SETTING University research laboratory, single institution. PARTICIPANTS Adult male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing between 400 and 450 g. INTERVENTIONS A model of spinal cord ischemia in the rat was used for this study to determine whether a single, high-dose (10 mg/kg) of minocycline protects against damage to the neuronal cytoskeleton, both in the white and gray matter, and whether it reduces glial fibrillary acidic protein levels, which is an index for prevention of astrocyte activation during ischemia. Thirty minutes before thoracic aorta occlusion, minocycline was administered for 18 minutes using a 2 F Fogarty catheter. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Minocycline given prophylactically significantly mitigated severe hindlimb motor impairment and reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein plus astrocytosis in both the white and gray matter of the spinal cord, caudal to the occlusion. Neuronal histologic cytoarchitecture, which was severely and significantly compromised in control animals, was preserved in the minocycline-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS This study's data imply that minocycline may attenuate reactive astrocytosis in response to injury with better neurologic outcome in a model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. The data suggest that future use of minocycline, clinically, might be advantageous in surgeries with a potential risk for paraplegia due to spinal cord ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drenger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Thomas J J Blanck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Boris Piskoun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - E Jaffrey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Esperanza Recio-Pinto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Alexandra Sideris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
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Divers TJ, Gardner RB, Madigan JE, Witonsky SG, Bertone JJ, Swinebroad EL, Schutzer SE, Johnson AL. Borrelia burgdorferi Infection and Lyme Disease in North American Horses: A Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:617-632. [PMID: 29469222 PMCID: PMC5866975 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi infection is common in horses living in Lyme endemic areas and the geographic range for exposure is increasing. Morbidity after B. burgdorferi infection in horses is unknown. Documented, naturally occurring syndromes attributed to B. burgdorferi infection in horses include neuroborreliosis, uveitis, and cutaneous pseudolymphoma. Although other clinical signs such as lameness and stiffness are reported in horses, these are often not well documented. Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on exposure to B. burgdorferi, cytology or histopathology of infected fluid or tissue and antigen detection. Treatment of Lyme disease in horses is similar to treatment of humans or small animals but treatment success might not be the same because of species differences in antimicrobial bioavailability and duration of infection before initiation of treatment. There are no approved equine label Lyme vaccines but there is strong evidence that proper vaccination could prevent infection in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - J E Madigan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California - Davis, CA
| | - S G Witonsky
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Region CVM, Blacksburg, VA
| | - J J Bertone
- CVMm Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | | | - S E Schutzer
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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Wotman KL, Johnson AL. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:563-582. [PMID: 29103562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many systemic diseases have ocular manifestations. In some cases, ocular abnormalities are the most obvious or first recognized sign of disease that prompts veterinary evaluation. In other cases, the systemic disease leads to secondary ocular changes that might lead to loss of vision or globe if not addressed. Therefore, recognition of ocular abnormalities that might result from systemic diseases is an essential skill for the equine practitioner. This article provides practitioners with information regarding the most common systemic diseases of horses in North America that have ocular manifestations, organized by ocular signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Wotman
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.
| | - Amy L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Echeverria KO, Lascola KM, Giguère S, Foreman JH, Austin SA. Pulmonary disposition and pharmacokinetics of minocycline in adult horses. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1319-1328. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.11.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Caol S, Divers T, Crisman M, Chang YF. In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi isolates to three antibiotics commonly used for treating equine Lyme disease. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:293. [PMID: 28962614 PMCID: PMC5622483 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lyme disease in humans is predominantly treated with tetracycline, macrolides or beta lactam antibiotics that have low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Borrelia burgdorferi. Horses with Lyme disease may require long-term treatment making frequent intravenous or intramuscular treatment difficult and when administered orally those drugs may have either a high incidence of side effects or have poor bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of three B. burgdorferi isolates to three antibiotics of different classes that are commonly used in practice for treating Borrelia infections in horses. Results Broth microdilution assays were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration of three antibiotics (ceftiofur sodium, minocycline and metronidazole), for three Borrelia burgdorferi isolates. Barbour-Stoner-Kelly (BSK K + R) medium with a final inoculum of 106Borrelia cells/mL and incubation periods of 72 h were used in the determination of MICs. Observed MICs indicated that all isolates had similar susceptibility to each drug but susceptibility to the tested antimicrobial agents varied; ceftiofur sodium (MIC = 0.08 μg/ml), minocycline hydrochloride (MIC = 0.8 μg/ml) and metronidazole (MIC = 50 μg/ml). Conclusions The MIC against B. burgorferi varied among the three antibiotics with ceftiofur having the lowest MIC and metronidazole the highest MIC. The MIC values observed for ceftiofur in the study fall within the range of reported serum and tissue concentrations for the drug metabolite following ceftiofur sodium administration as crystalline-free acid. Minocycline and metronidazole treatments, as currently used in equine practice, could fall short of attaining MIC concentrations for B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjie Caol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Currently Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Thomas Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Mark Crisman
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Echeverria KO, Lascola KM, Giguère S, Foreman JH. Effect of feeding on the pharmacokinetics of oral minocycline in healthy adult horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:e53-e56. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. O. Echeverria
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - K. M. Lascola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - S. Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - J. H. Foreman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
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CLINICAL DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM INFECTION IN CAPTIVE PRZEWALSKI'S HORSES (EQUUS FERUS PRZEWALSKII). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:497-505. [PMID: 28749289 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0247r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne pathogen of domestic horses and the causative agent of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis. This case series describes three confirmed cases of clinical anaplasmosis, and a fourth case of presumptive anaplasmosis in Przewalski's horses ( Equus ferus przewalskii) housed at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute from 2008 to 2014. Clinical signs varied among individuals with affected horses exhibiting lethargy, weakness, pyrexia, hypophagia, reluctance to move, or ataxia. Anaplasmosis cases were confirmed with a combination of identification of neutrophilic inclusions (morulae) on peripheral blood smear, positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of whole blood, or convalescent titers. All animals recovered after antimicrobial therapy with oxytetracycline. Diagnosis should be made by a combination of clinical signs plus identification of morulae or positive A. phagocytophilum PCR. Treatment is curative using oxytetracyline intramuscularly or intravenously followed by daily therapy with oxytetracyline or minocycline for 14-30 days. The authors recommend that A. phagocytophilum infection be included on any differential list for Przewalski's horses presenting with fever or ataxia within or near an enzootic area.
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Monk CS, Jeong SY, Gibson DJ, Plummer CE. The presence of minocycline in the tear film of normal horses following oral administration and its anticollagenase activity. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:58-65. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. Monk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Sun Young Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics; Shands School of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Daniel James Gibson
- Department of Obstetrics; Shands School of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Caryn E. Plummer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Gainesville FL USA
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Minocycline against Acinetobacter baumannii in a Neutropenic Murine Pneumonia Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02371-16. [PMID: 28264853 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02371-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is increasingly more prevalent in nosocomial infections. Although in vitro susceptibility of A. baumannii to minocycline is promising, the in vivo efficacy of minocycline has not been well established. In this study, the in vivo activity of minocycline was evaluated in a neutropenic murine pneumonia model. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between minocycline exposure and bactericidal activity using five A. baumannii isolates with a broad range of susceptibility (MIC ranged from 0.25 mg/liter to 16 mg/liter). The pharmacokinetics of minocycline (single dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and a humanized regimen, given intraperitoneally) in serum and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were characterized. Dose linearity was observed for doses up to 50 mg/kg and pulmonary penetration ratios (area under the concentration-time curve in ELF from 0 to 24 h [AUCELF,0-24]/area under the concentration time curve in serum from 0 to 24 h [AUCserum,0-24]) ranged from 2.5 to 2.8. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) index values in ELF for various dose regimens against different A. baumannii isolates were calculated. The maximum efficacy at 24 h was approximately 1.5-log-unit reduction of pulmonary bacterial burdens from baseline. The AUC/MIC ratio was the PK-PD index most closely correlating to the bacterial burden (r2 = 0.81). The required AUCELF,0-24/MIC for maintaining stasis and achieving 1-log-unit reduction were 140 and 410, respectively. These findings could guide the treatment of infections caused by A. baumannii using minocycline in the future. Additional studies to examine resistance development during therapy are warranted.
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Giguère S, Burton AJ, Berghaus LJ, Haspel AD. Comparative pharmacokinetics of minocycline in foals and adult horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:335-341. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - A. J. Burton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - L. J. Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - A. D. Haspel
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, the increased cost and decreased availability of doxycycline has sparked an interest in using minocycline as an alternative. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of minocycline in domestic cats in order to facilitate dosage decisions. METHODS Purpose-bred, young adult cats were administered a single dose of either intravenous (IV; n = 4; 5 mg/kg) or oral (n = 6; 50 mg/cat) minocycline. Blood was collected from each at intervals up to 24 h afterwards. Minocycline was measured using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fit to the oral data and a two-compartment model to the IV data via a computer program. Plasma protein binding was measured by fortifying blank plasma from untreated healthy cats with minocycline at two concentrations and applying an ultracentrifugation method. RESULTS Two cats became transiently lethargic and tachypneic during IV drug infusion. One cat vomited 6.0 h after infusion, and two cats vomited either 1.5 h or ~5.0 h after oral drug administration. The mean oral dose administered was 13.9 ± 0.47 mg/kg. Oral bioavailability was approximately 62%. Plasma protein binding was 60% at 5 µg/ml and 46% at 1 μg/ml. After IV administration, elimination half-life (t(½)), apparent volume of distribution at steady-state, and systemic clearance were 6.7 h (coefficient of variation [CV] 14.4%), 1.5 l/kg (CV 34.5%) and 2.9 ml/kg/min (CV 40.8%), respectively. After oral administration the terminal t(½) and peak concentration (Cmax) were 6.3 h (CV 9%) and 4.77 µg/ml (CV 36%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Because most bacteria will have a minimum inhibitory concentration of ⩽0.5 μg/ml, an oral dose of 8.8 mg/kg q24h would be adequate to meet pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic targets after adjusting for protein binding. Although some gastrointestinal upset may occur, one 50 mg capsule orally q24h would provide appropriate dosing for most cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E Tynan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marie E Kerl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Hnot ML, Cole LK, Lorch G, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Papich MG. Effect of feeding on the pharmacokinetics of oral minocycline in healthy research dogs. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:399-405, e92-3. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L. Hnot
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Lynette K. Cole
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Gwendolen Lorch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Paivi J. Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Mark G. Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
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Gerding JC, Gilger BC. Prognosis and impact of equine recurrent uveitis. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:290-8. [PMID: 25891653 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a leading cause of vision loss in horses. OBJECTIVES To assess the prognosis and impact of ERU on affected horses and their owners by evaluating the signalment, treatment and outcome (including the loss of use, vision assessment and economic loss). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective impact study. METHODS Medical records of horses presenting to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Health Complex (NCSU-VHC) with ERU between 1999 and 2014 were reviewed. Signalment, clinical signs, ophthalmic examination findings, treatments and outcomes were evaluated. Owner questionnaires were completed regarding vision, job/role, monetary value, diagnostic and treatment costs, concurrent illness and outcomes. RESULTS Records of 224 horses (338 eyes) with ERU were reviewed. There was an overrepresentation of Appaloosas (54; 24.1%), Hanoverians (11; 4.9%) and other Warmbloods (13; 5.8%). Ninety-six eyes (28.4%) were diagnosed as blind and 38 eyes (11.2%) with glaucoma on initial evaluation. Leptospirosis titres of serum and/or aqueous humour were obtained in 88 horses and were positive in 40 horses (45.5%), with L. pomona being the most frequently isolated serovar. Globe loss at the NCSU-VHC occurred in 41 ERU eyes (12.1% of total). Owner questionnaires were evaluated in 194 horses (86.6%) and 91 horses (46.9%) were reported blind in the affected eye(s). Fifty-seven horses (29.4%) did not return to their previous role, while 61 (31.4%) performed at a reduced level. Equine recurrent uveitis decreased the monetary value of 164 horses. Twenty-nine horses (14.9%) were euthanised and 37 (19.1%) underwent change in ownership as a direct result of ERU. CONCLUSIONS The impact of ERU is attributed to the high frequency of blindness, globe loss and loss of function. Euthanasia and change of ownership are common sequelae to the progressive nature of ERU. These factors, along with financial costs of the disease, have a significant impact on affected horses and their owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gerding
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - B C Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
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Maaland MG, Guardabassi L, Papich MG. Minocycline pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in dogs: dosage recommendations for treatment of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infections. Vet Dermatol 2015; 25:182-e47. [PMID: 24840325 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although minocycline is not licensed for use in dogs, this tetracycline has therapeutic potential against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish rational dosage recommendations for minocycline use in dogs. Specific objectives were to generate and analyse minocycline pharmacokinetic (PK) data on plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) concentrations, plasma protein binding and pharmacodynamic (PD) data on antimicrobial activity against S. pseudintermedius. ANIMALS Six healthy dogs from a research colony were used in this study. METHODS Dogs were administered 5 mg/kg intravenously and 10 mg/kg orally (p.o.) of minocycline hydrochloride in separate crossover experiments. In vivo drug concentrations in plasma and in ISF collected by ultrafiltration were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on plasma and ISF concentrations. PK/PD analysis was completed using in vitro data on plasma protein binding and minocycline susceptibility in 168 S. pseudintermedius isolates. RESULTS Minocycline distributed to the ISF to a higher degree than predicted by the protein-unbound fraction in plasma. A large volume of distribution after oral administration, with plasma and ISF elimination half-lives of 4.1 and 7.4 h, respectively, demonstrated that the ISF serves as a drug reservoir for sustained tissue concentrations. Monte Carlo simulation, used to assess target attainment at different drug dosages, indicated that p.o. administration of 5 mg/kg twice daily is sufficient to inhibit S. pseudintermedius strains with minimal inhibitory concentrations ≤0.25 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Besides dosage recommendations for therapy of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infections in dogs, the study also provides PK/PD data necessary to consider species-specific clinical breakpoints for minocycline susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit G Maaland
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
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