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Hasankhani A, Bahrami A, Sheybani N, Fatehi F, Abadeh R, Ghaem Maghami Farahani H, Bahreini Behzadi MR, Javanmard G, Isapour S, Khadem H, Barkema HW. Integrated Network Analysis to Identify Key Modules and Potential Hub Genes Involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Systems Biology Approach. Front Genet 2021; 12:753839. [PMID: 34733317 PMCID: PMC8559434 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.753839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common disease in the beef and dairy cattle industry. BRD is a multifactorial disease resulting from the interaction between environmental stressors and infectious agents. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BRD are not fully understood yet. Therefore, this study aimed to use a systems biology approach to systematically evaluate this disorder to better understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for BRD. Methods: Previously published RNA-seq data from whole blood of 18 healthy and 25 BRD samples were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and then analyzed. Next, two distinct methods of weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), i.e., module-trait relationships (MTRs) and module preservation (MP) analysis were used to identify significant highly correlated modules with clinical traits of BRD and non-preserved modules between healthy and BRD samples, respectively. After identifying respective modules by the two mentioned methods of WGCNA, functional enrichment analysis was performed to extract the modules that are biologically related to BRD. Gene coexpression networks based on the hub genes from the candidate modules were then integrated with protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to identify hub-hub genes and potential transcription factors (TFs). Results: Four significant highly correlated modules with clinical traits of BRD as well as 29 non-preserved modules were identified by MTRs and MP methods, respectively. Among them, two significant highly correlated modules (identified by MTRs) and six nonpreserved modules (identified by MP) were biologically associated with immune response, pulmonary inflammation, and pathogenesis of BRD. After aggregation of gene coexpression networks based on the hub genes with PPI networks, a total of 307 hub-hub genes were identified in the eight candidate modules. Interestingly, most of these hub-hub genes were reported to play an important role in the immune response and BRD pathogenesis. Among the eight candidate modules, the turquoise (identified by MTRs) and purple (identified by MP) modules were highly biologically enriched in BRD. Moreover, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, IRF7, and IRF9 TFs were suggested to play an important role in the immune system during BRD by regulating the coexpressed genes of these modules. Additionally, a gene set containing several hub-hub genes was identified in the eight candidate modules, such as TLR2, TLR4, IL10, SOCS3, GZMB, ANXA1, ANXA5, PTEN, SGK1, IFI6, ISG15, MX1, MX2, OAS2, IFIH1, DDX58, DHX58, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, EIF2AK2, ISG20, IFIT5, IFITM3, OAS1Y, HERC5, and PRF1, which are potentially critical during infection with agents of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Conclusion: This study not only helps us to better understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for BRD but also suggested eight candidate modules along with several promising hub-hub genes as diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets for BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hasankhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Biomedical Center for Systems Biology Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Negin Sheybani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Fatehi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Roxana Abadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ghazaleh Javanmard
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sadegh Isapour
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hosein Khadem
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Pezzanite L, Frank C, Koch D, Moss A, Landolt G. Abdominal aortic thromboembolism and subsequent pelvic limb myositis secondary to colitis and septicaemia in a 5‐day‐old Oldenburg colt. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins ColoradoUSA
| | - C. Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - D. Koch
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins ColoradoUSA
| | - A. Moss
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins ColoradoUSA
| | - G. Landolt
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins ColoradoUSA
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Karagianni AE, Lisowski ZM, Hume DA, Scott Pirie R. The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:231-249. [PMID: 32881079 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is a family of cells of related function that includes bone marrow progenitors, blood monocytes and resident tissue macrophages. Macrophages are effector cells in both innate and acquired immunity. They are a major resident cell population in every organ and their numbers increase in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Their function is highly regulated by a wide range of agonists, including lymphokines, cytokines and products of microorganisms. Macrophage biology has been studied most extensively in mice, yet direct comparisons of rodent and human macrophages have revealed many functional differences. In this review, we provide an overview of the equine MPS, describing the variation in the function and phenotype of macrophages depending on their location and the similarities and differences between the rodent, human and equine immune response. We discuss the use of the horse as a large animal model in which to study macrophage biology and pathological processes shared with humans. Finally, following the recent update to the horse genome, facilitating further comparative analysis of regulated gene expression between the species, we highlight the importance of future transcriptomic macrophage studies in the horse, the findings of which may also be applicable to human as well as veterinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - R Scott Pirie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Mendoza Garcia FJ, Gonzalez-De Cara C, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Buzon-Cuevas A, Perez-Ecija A. Meloxicam ameliorates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with experimentally induced endotoxemia in adult donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1631-1641. [PMID: 32463537 PMCID: PMC7379049 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little information is available about endotoxemia in donkeys. Characterizing the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in donkeys would provide valuable clinical and therapeutic information. The effects of meloxicam on endotoxemia have not been studied in this species. Objectives To study the pathophysiology and gene expression associated with experimentally induced endotoxemia, and evaluate the effects of meloxicam on experimentally induced endotoxemia in donkeys and in equine monocyte cultures. Animals Six healthy adult female donkeys. Methods Endotoxemia was induced by an IV infusion of LPS for 30 minutes. Animals either received 20 mL of saline or 0.6 mg/kg of meloxicam IV after LPS infusion. The experiments lasted 6 hours. Blood samples were collected serially for hematology, serum biochemistry, interleukin measurement, and leukocyte gene expression analysis. Vital signs were recorded throughout the study. Monocyte cultures were used to test the effects of meloxicam on LPS‐activated monocytes. Results Lipopolysaccharide induced fever, leukopenia, and neutropenia of similar magnitude in both groups, but meloxicam attenuated increases in plasma lactate, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα), and interleukin 1β concentrations compared to controls. No differences were detected between groups for cytokine mRNA expression. Furthermore, meloxicam decreased TNFα release in LPS‐activated monocyte cultures. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Meloxicam could be a feasible option for the treatment of endotoxemia and SIRS in donkeys. Additional studies are necessary to investigate possible meloxicam‐related posttranscriptional regulation and to compare this drug with other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in animals with endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Mendoza Garcia
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14104, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-De Cara
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14104, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Buzon-Cuevas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14104, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14104, Cordoba, Spain
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Sheats MK. A Comparative Review of Equine SIRS, Sepsis, and Neutrophils. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 30931316 PMCID: PMC6424004 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent definition of sepsis in human medicine can be summarized as organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. In equine medicine, although no consensus definition is available, sepsis is commonly described as a dysregulated host systemic inflammatory response to infection. Defense against host infection is the primary role of innate immune cells known as neutrophils. Neutrophils also contribute to host injury during sepsis, making them important potential targets for sepsis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This review will present both historical and updated perspectives on the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and sepsis; it will also discuss the impact of sepsis on neutrophils, and the impact of neutrophils during sepsis. Future identification of clinically relevant sepsis diagnosis and therapy depends on a more thorough understanding of disease pathogenesis across species. To gain this understanding, there is a critical need for research that utilizes a clearly defined, and consistently applied, classification system for patients diagnosed with, and at risk of developing, sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Cao D, Pi J, Shan Y, Tang Y, Zhou P. Anti-inflammatory effect of Resolvin D1 on LPS-treated MG-63 cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4283-4288. [PMID: 30402165 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation reaction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ankle fracture. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of RvD1 on the inflammatory response and underlying molecular mechanisms in MG-63 cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and ELISA were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression of cytokines extracted from peripheral blood in children with or without ankle fracture, respectively. MG-63 cells were pre-treated with/without RvD1 and stimulated with 1 µg/ml LPS. The cell viability was detected by MTT assay. The production of cytokines from MG-63 cells was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. The expression of p-p38, NF-κB (p50) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein were detected by western blot and/or RT-qPCR. The levels of NLRP3, associated recruitment domain (ASC), cleaved caspase1, caspase-1 were measured by RT-qPCR and/or western blot. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) mRNA and protein were up-regulated in children with ankle fracture compared with healthy children. RvD1 treatment did not induce cytotoxicity in MG-63 cells, but it can inhibit LPS induced MG-63 cell proliferation inhibition. RvD1 was able to dose-dependently reverse LPS induced up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, the LPS induced up-regulation of p-p38, NF-κB (p50), and NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1/caspase-1, and COX-2 was dose-dependently reversed by RvD1. In conclusion, The present study demonstrated that RvD1 inhibited inflammation though inhibiting MAPKp38/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome expression in MG-63 cells, indicating that it may be an effective drug for the treatment of ankle fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jing Pi
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Shan
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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Parkinson NJ, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Witonsky SG, Pleasant RS, Werre SR, Ahmed SA. Characterization of basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced microRNA expression in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177664. [PMID: 28552958 PMCID: PMC5446123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality of gram-negative sepsis. Horses and humans share an exquisite sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide and thus the horse may provide valuable comparative insights into this aspect of the inflammatory response. MicroRNAs, small non-coding RNA molecules acting as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, have key roles in toll-like receptor signaling regulation but have not been studied in this context in horses. The central hypothesis of this study was that lipopolysaccharide induces differential microRNA expression in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a manner comparable to humans. Illumina Next Generation Sequencing was used to characterize the basal microRNA transcriptome in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy adult horses, and to evaluate LPS-induced changes in microRNA expression in cells cultured for up to four hours. Selected expression changes were validated using quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. Only miR-155 was significantly upregulated by LPS, changing in parallel with supernatant tumor necrosis factor-α concentration. Eight additional microRNAs, including miR-146a and miR-146b, showed significant expression change with time in culture without a clear LPS effect. Target predictions indicated a number of potential immunity-associated targets for miR-155 in the horse, including SOCS1, TAB2 and elements of the PI3K signaling pathway, suggesting that it is likely to influence the acute inflammatory response to LPS. Gene alignment showed extensive conservation of the miR-155 precursor gene and associated promoter regions between horses and humans. The basal and LPS-stimulated microRNA expression pattern characterized here were similar to those described in human leukocytes. As well as providing a resource for further research into the roles of microRNAs in immune responses in horses, this will facilitate inter-species comparative study of the role of microRNAs in the inflammatory cascade during endotoxemia and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Parkinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Virginia A. Buechner-Maxwell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sharon G. Witonsky
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - R. Scott Pleasant
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - S. Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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General Systemic States. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7195945 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Werners AH. Treatment of endotoxaemia and septicaemia in the equine patient. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:1-15. [PMID: 27452161 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins, constituents of the cell wall of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, regularly result in severe illness and death in horses. In endotoxaemia, these constituents are present in the systemic circulation; in septicaemia, whole microbes invade normally sterile parts of the body. Interaction of these endotoxins with pathogen recognition receptors leads to an inflammatory response that cannot always be sufficiently contained and hence needs direct treatment. Over the last decennia, our understanding of the pathophysiology of endotoxaemia and septicaemia has significantly increased. Based on improved understanding of the interaction between receptors and endotoxins as well as the subsequent downstream signalling pathways, new therapeutic targets have been identified in laboratory animal species and humans. Important species differences in the recognition of endotoxins and pathogens by their receptors as well as the inflammatory response to receptor activation hamper extrapolation of this information to the horse (and other species). Historically, horses with endotoxaemia and septicaemia have been treated mainly symptomatically and supportively. Based on the identified therapeutic targets, this review describes the current knowledge of the treatment for endotoxaemia and septicaemia in the horse with reference to the findings in other animal species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Werners
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue Campus, St. George's, Grenada, West-Indies
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Defining the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Equine Neonates. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:463-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Abstract
Sepsis is defined as an exaggerated, systemic inflammatory response to infection and is a common condition in horses. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with bacterial infection is a hallmark of sepsis. Sepsis in neonatal foals is a common sequela of failure of passive transfer and, in addition to development of SIRS, may be characterised by bacteraemia, pneumonia, enterocolitis, omphalophlebitis, meningoencephalitis or arthritis. Sepsis in mature horses is most commonly observed secondary to gastrointestinal lesions that result in disrupted mucosa and bacterial translocation into circulation (endotoxaemia). Pleuropneumonia and metritis may also cause sepsis in mature horses. Diagnosis of sepsis is based on SIRS criteria as well as suspected or confirmed infection. Due to the relatively low sensitivity of microbial culture and the subjectivity of sepsis scoring, many sepsis biomarkers are being studied for their usefulness in diagnosis and prognostication of sepsis in horses. Treatment of sepsis requires an intensive care approach that includes antimicrobial drug administration, fluid resuscitation and pressure support, and treatment for inflammation, endotoxaemia and coagulopathy. Early recognition of sepsis and prompt antimicrobial drug treatment are critical for a successful outcome. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome may occur in severe cases of sepsis, with common manifestations including laminitis and coagulopathies. Although prognosis for septic mature horses depends highly on the primary disease process, the overall survival rate in septic neonatal foals ranges from 26 to 86%, with most studies indicating a survival rate of 45-60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taylor
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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Dunkel B, Corley KTT. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Equine Referral Hospital; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
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Moore JN, Vandenplas ML. Is it the systemic inflammatory response syndrome or endotoxemia in horses with colic? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:337-51, vii-viii. [PMID: 25016495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some veterinarians describe particularly sick horses or neonatal foals as being endotoxemic, whereas others refer to the same animals as having the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This article reviews the basis for the use of each of these terms in equine practice, and highlights the mechanisms underlying the response of the horse's innate immune system to key structural components of the microorganisms that initiate these conditions, including how some of those responses differ from other species. Current approaches used to treat horses with these conditions are summarized, and caution advised on extrapolating findings from other species to the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Moore
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michel L Vandenplas
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, West Indies
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