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Santos PS, Gonzaga MS, Araújo MA, Deschk M, de Siqueira CE, Floriano BP, Cancelli CH. Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in Holstein steers. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:415-420. [PMID: 37407361 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in Holstein steers using electric stimulation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 15 Holstein steers aged 7.3 ± 1.2 months and weighing 121 ± 25 kg. METHODS Animals were anesthetized with sevoflurane at 8% in oxygen at 5 L minute-1 via facemask and were intubated with an orotracheal tube of a compatible size. After 15 minutes of stabilization of the initial expired concentration of sevoflurane (Fe'Sevo) at 2.6%, electrical stimulation on the thoracic limb was initiated with a sequence of 2 × 10 ms followed by 2 × 3 second electrical currents of 50 V and 50 Hz, 5 seconds apart. Following each stimulus with a negative response, the Fe'Sevo was decreased by 0.2% and a 15 minute interval was awaited before the next stimulus. The procedure was repeated until the first Fe'Sevo value with a positive motor response was obtained. The Fe'Sevo was then increased by 0.1%, followed by a new stimulus, until a negative response was obtained. The value of MAC was calculated as the arithmetic mean between the lowest Fe'Sevo associated with a negative motor response and the highest Fe'Sevo associated with a positive response. RESULTS The mean MAC for the 15 steers was 2.0 ± 0.3%, which corresponds to 2.1 ± 0.3% at sea level. CONCLUSIONS Based on the proposed methodology, the MAC of sevoflurane for healthy Holstein steers is 2.1 ± 0.3% at sea level. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This Fe'Sevo value can be used to guide depth of anesthesia in steers weighing approximately 120 kg in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sp Santos
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo A Araújo
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Deschk
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos E de Siqueira
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz P Floriano
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Abass M, Ibrahim H, Salci H, Hamed MA. Evaluation of the effect of different sedative doses of dexmedetomidine on the intestinal motility in clinically healthy donkeys (Equus asinus). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:274. [PMID: 35836159 PMCID: PMC9281064 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Gastrointestinal effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine in donkeys are still unidentified. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of different doses of dexmedetomidine on the motility of selected parts of the gastrointestinal tracts in donkeys using transabdominal ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental crossover study was conducted on 30 healthy donkeys of both sexes (15 males and 15 females; 160 ± 60 kg). With a two-week washout period, each donkey received an injection of either a normal saline solution or three different doses of dexmedetomidine (3, 5, and 7 μg/kg, respectively). All medications were administered intravenously in equal volumes. The contractility of selected intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, and cecum) was measured 3 min before administration (zero time) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after administration. RESULTS Small and large intestinal motility was within the normal ranges before IV injection of normal isotonic saline or dexmedetomidine at a dose of 3, 5, and 7 μg/kg. Two Way Repeated Measures ANOVA output of the data displayed a statistically significant the between time and treatments for the contractility of each of the duodenum (P = 0.0029), jejunum (P = 0.0033), left colon (P = 0.0073), right colon (P = 0.0035), and cecum (P = 0.0026), implying that the impact of treatment on the gastric motility varied among different time points. The simple main effect analysis revealed that the IV dexmedetomidine at 3, 5, and 7 μg/kg doses significantly inhibited (P ≤ 0.01) the bowel contractility compared to the administration of isotonic saline. CONCLUSION Dose-dependent inhibitory effect of dexmedetomidine on intestinal motility was reported in donkeys following intravenous administration. This inhibitory effect on intestinal motility should be considered in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Abass
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Hussam Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Hakan Salci
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag Universitesi, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mohamed A Hamed
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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Zhang L, Li H, Deng L, Fang K, Cao Y, Huang C, Gu E, Li J. Electroencephalogram Mechanism of Dexmedetomidine Deepening Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:913042. [PMID: 35645714 PMCID: PMC9133498 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.913042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, as an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, plays anti-sympathetic, sedative and analgesic roles in perioperative period. Also, dexmedetomidine can reduce the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane and the risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) induced by sevoflurane anesthesia. But so far, the electroencephalogram (EEG) mechanism of dexmedetomidine deepening sevoflurane anesthesia is not clear. In this study, by analyzing the changes of the power spectrum and bicoherence spectrum of EEG before and after dexmedetomidine infusion, the EEG mechanism of dexmedetomidine deepening sevoflurane anesthesia was studied. We analyzed dexmedetomidine-induced changes in power spectrum and bicoherence spectrum in 23 patients under sevoflurane anesthesia. After anesthesia induction, the sevoflurane concentration was maintained at 0.8 MAC for 15 min, and then dexmedetomidine was administered at a loading dose of 0.8 μg/kg in 10 min, followed by a maintenance rate of 0.5 μg⋅kg–1⋅h–1. Frontal EEG data from 5 min before and 10 min after dexmedetomidine infusion were compared. After dexmedetomidine infusion, the mean α power peak decreased from 6.09 to 5.43 dB and shifted to a lower frequency, the mean θ bicoherence peak increased from 29.57 to 41.25% and shifted to a lower frequency, and the median α bicoherence peak increased from 41.49 to 46.36% and shifted to a lower frequency. These results demonstrate that dexmedetomidine deepens sevoflurane anesthesia, and enhances α and θ bicoherences while shifting peak values of these bands to lower frequencies through regulating thalamo-cortical reverberation networks probably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liyun Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kun Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Erwei Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Erwei Gu,
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Jun Li,
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Hector RC, Rezende ML, Nelson BB, Monnet E. Cardiopulmonary function and intestinal blood flow in anaesthetised, experimentally endotoxaemic horses given a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:820-828. [PMID: 34528277 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxaemia causes untoward inflammatory-mediated effects that might be attenuated by dexmedetomidine. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a dexmedetomidine intravenous (IV) infusion on systemic and intestinal haemodynamics and arterial blood gas values in sevoflurane-anaesthetised horses administered Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharides (LPS). STUDY DESIGN Randomised controlled in vivo experiment. METHODS A total of 13 horses weighing 456 ± 86 kg (mean ± standard deviation) and aged 13.9 ± 9.0 years donated for euthanasia underwent ventral midline celiotomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia. Baseline physiological variables were recorded after a 90-minute equilibration period. All horses were given 0.1 mcg/kg bwt LPS IV. Horses were randomly assigned to no further treatment (group LPS; seven horses) or IV administration of dexmedetomidine (loading dose 1.75 mcg/kg bwt followed by 1.75 mcg/kg bwt/h; group LPS-Dex; six horses) with concurrent target sevoflurane dose reduction of 50%. Cardiac index (CI; thermodilution), intestinal blood flow, arterial blood parameters and plasma dexmedetomidine concentration measurements were recorded every 30 minutes until euthanasia at 390 minutes. Data were compared between and within groups to baseline using a mixed model analysis (significance P < .05). RESULTS In LPS-Dex horses, intestinal blood flow and CI were transiently decreased after the dexmedetomidine loading dose, but no significant differences were found compared with baseline during the infusion. Sevoflurane dose was reliably reduced by approximately 40%. Significant differences were identified in creatinine (115 umol/L LPS-Dex; 195 umol/L LPS), bicarbonate (29.7 mmol/L LPS-Dex; 23 mmol/L LPS) and base excess (2.0 mmol/L LPS-Dex; -5.3 mmol/L LPS). Dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations were highest after the loading dose and stable during infusion dosing. MAIN LIMITATIONS Experimental conditions are not reflective of clinical colic management. CONCLUSIONS A dexmedetomidine infusion with sevoflurane dose reduction attenuated some deleterious changes in anaesthetised horses administered LPS without sustained negative cardiovascular effects and may be beneficial during colic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Hector
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marlis L Rezende
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brad B Nelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric Monnet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061777. [PMID: 34198637 PMCID: PMC8232193 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recovery is the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. Numerous publications have reported about this phase, but structured reviews that try to reduce the risk of bias of narrative reviews/expert opinions, focussing on the topic are missing. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to publish the first structured review as a summary of the literature focussing on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in horses. The objective was to summarise the available literature, taking into account the scientific evidence of the individual studies. A structured approach was followed with two experts in the field independently deciding on article inclusion and its level of scientific evidence. A total number of 444 articles, sorted by topics and classified based on their levels of evidence, were finally included into the present summary. The most important findings were summarised and discussed. The present structured review can be used as a compilation of the publications that, to date, focus on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in adult horses. This type of review tries to minimise the risk of bias inherent to narrative reviews/expert opinions. Abstract Recovery remains the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. The objective of this publication was to perform a structured literature review including levels of evidence (LoE) of each study with the keywords “recovery anaesthesia horse”, entered at once, in the search browsers PubMed and Web of Science. The two authors independently evaluated each candidate article. A final list with 444 articles was obtained on 5 April 2021, classified as: 41 “narrative reviews/expert opinions”, 16 “retrospective outcome studies”, 5 “surveys”, 59 “premedication/sedation and induction drugs”, 27 “maintenance with inhalant agents”, 55 “maintenance with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)”, 3 “TIVA versus inhalants”, 56 “maintenance with partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA)”, 27 “other drugs used during maintenance”, 18 “drugs before/during recovery”, 18 “recovery systems”, 21 “respiratory system in recovery”, 41 “other factors”, 51 “case series/reports” and 6 “systems to score recoveries”. Of them, 167 were LoE 1, 36 LoE 2, 33 LoE 3, 110 LoE 4, 90 LoE 5 and 8 could not be classified based on the available abstract. This review can be used as an up-to-date compilation of the literature about recovery after general anaesthesia in adult horses that tried to minimise the bias inherent to narrative reviews.
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Guedes A, Knych H, Tucker L, Almeida DC, Baldo CF, Wendt-Hornickle E, Allweiler S. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:369-376. [PMID: 32166760 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the pharmacokinetics and compared the clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia. Six healthy horses aged 8.5 ± 3 years and weighing 462 ± 50 kg were anesthetized with isoflurane for 2 hr under standard conditions on two occasions one-week apart. In recovery, horses received 200 μg/kg xylazine or 0.875 μg/kg dexmedetomidine intravenously and were allowed to recover without assistance. These doses were selected because they have been used for postanesthetic sedation in clinical and research studies. Serial venous blood samples were collected for quantification of xylazine and dexmedetomidine, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Two individuals blinded to treatment identity evaluated recovery quality with a visual analog scale. Times to stand were recorded. Results (mean ± SD) were compared using paired t tests or Wilcoxon signed-ranked test with p < .05 considered significant. Elimination half-lives (62.7 ± 21.8 and 30.1 ± 8 min for xylazine and dexmedetomidine, respectively) and steady-state volumes of distribution (215 ± 123 and 744 ± 403 ml/kg) were significantly different between xylazine and dexmedetomidine, whereas clearances (21.1 ± 17.3 and 48.6 ± 28.1 ml/minute/kg), times to stand (47 ± 24 and 53 ± 12 min) and recovery quality (51 ± 24 and 61 ± 22 mm VAS) were not significantly different. When used for postanesthetic sedation following isoflurane anesthesia in healthy horses, dexmedetomidine displays faster plasma kinetics but is not associated with faster recoveries compared to xylazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Guedes
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heather Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura Tucker
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel C Almeida
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Caroline F Baldo
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erin Wendt-Hornickle
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sandra Allweiler
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Bettembourg V, Dulgheriu D, Haga HA. Plasma concentrations at two dexmedetomidine constant rate infusions in isoflurane anaesthetized horses: a clinical study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:627-635. [PMID: 31395482 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations at two infusion rates in isoflurane anaesthetized horses and compare cardiovascular effects and anaesthetic recovery between treatments. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, masked clinical study. ANIMALS Healthy, adult, client-owned, non-food producing horses presented for castration. METHODS Premedication consisted of acepromazine, romifidine and morphine, and anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam. The horses were randomized to receive dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg kg-1 hour-1 (treatment DL, n = 7) or 1.75 μg kg-1 hour-1 (treatment DH, n = 7) for 90 minutes of isoflurane anaesthesia at an end-tidal concentration of 1.2%. Venous plasma concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography-electrospray-ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Jugular venous and arterial blood was sampled for blood gas analysis at the start and end of the infusion. Changes in cardiovascular variables from the start to the end of the infusion, and recovery parameters were statistically compared between treatments. RESULTS Fourteen male horses, 2-6 years old, 325-536 kg were included. Mean ± standard deviation dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations at 30, 60 and 90 minutes with treatment DL were 0.22 ± 0.05, 0.29 ± 0.07 and 0.33 ± 0.08 ng mL-1, and with treatment DH were 0.65 ± 0.11, 0.89 ± 0.10 and 1.01 ± 0.10 ng mL-1. The 95% confidence interval for change minute-1 in dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations between 75 and 90 minutes was 0-1% for both treatments. With treatment DH, the heart rate decreased significantly more from the beginning to the end of the infusion compared to DL (p = 0.043). No other significant differences were found between treatments in cardiovascular or recovery parameters. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infusion of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane anaesthetized horses resulted in plasma concentrations with low variation at both infusion rates, approaching stable levels after 75 minutes of infusion. No differences of clinical importance were found when comparing cardiovascular variables and quality of recovery between treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bettembourg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Daniela Dulgheriu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Broux B, van Bergen T, Schauvliege S, Vali Y, Lefère L, Gielen I. Successful surgical debridement of a cerebral
Streptococcus equi equi
abscess by parietal bone flap craniotomy in a 2‐month‐old Warmblood foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
- Clinique Equine d'Acy‐Romance Acy‐Romance France
| | - T. van Bergen
- Clinique Equine d'Acy‐Romance Acy‐Romance France
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Y. Vali
- Department of Radiology and Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - L. Lefère
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - I. Gielen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
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Neudeck S, Kästner SBR, Wittenberg-Voges L, Rohn K, Hopster K. Comparison of desflurane and propofol at equipotent doses in combination with a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine on global and peripheral perfusion and oxygenation in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:487-495. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.5.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Gasthuys F, Luna SPL, Schauvliege S. Is there a place for dexmedetomidine in equine anaesthesia and analgesia? A systematic review (2005-2017). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:205-217. [PMID: 29226340 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to perform a literature compilation of all the equine publications that used dexmedetomidine as the first article on this topic was published, in 2005. We also aimed to answer the question whether the use of dexmedetomidine can currently be justified. For that, we compiled information from databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science and the proceedings of the last veterinary anaesthesiology meetings. Dexmedetomidine is an attractive drug to be used in horses, mainly due to its pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamics that favour its use as intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI). Nowadays, its clinical use is popular for sedation in prolonged standing procedures and during partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) and total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). However, legal requirements for its use should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gozalo-Marcilla
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - F Gasthuys
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S P L Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - S Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Wittenberg-Voges L, Kästner SB, Raekallio M, Vainio OM, Rohn K, Hopster K. Effect of dexmedetomidine and xylazine followed by MK-467 on gastrointestinal microperfusion in anaesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 45:165-174. [PMID: 29439859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of MK-467 during isoflurane anaesthesia combined with xylazine or dexmedetomidine on global and gastrointestinal perfusion parameters. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized experimental trial. ANIMALS A total of 15 warmblood horses. METHODS Horses were divided into two groups for administration of either dexmedetomidine (D) or xylazine (X) for premedication (D: 3.5 μg kg-1; X: 0.5 mg kg-1) and as constant rate infusion during isoflurane anaesthesia (D: 7 μg kg-1 hour-1; X: 1 mg kg-1 hour-1). During anaesthesia, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and cardiac index (CI) were measured. Microperfusion of the colon, jejunum and stomach was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. After 2 hours of stabilization, MK-467 (250 μg kg-1) was administered, and measurements were continued for another 90 minutes. For statistical analysis, the permutation test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used (p < 0.05). RESULTS There were no differences in baseline measurements between groups. The MK-467 bolus resulted in a significant decrease in MAP (D: -58%; X: -48%) and SVRI (D: -68%; X: -65%) lasting longer in group D (90 minutes) compared to group X (60 minutes). While CI increased (D: +31%; X: +35%), microperfusion was reduced in the colon (D: -44%; X: -34%), jejunum (D: -26%; X: -33%) and stomach (D: -37%; X: -35%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Alpha-2-agonist induced vasoconstriction was reversed by the MK-467 dose used, resulting in hypotension and rise in CI. Gastrointestinal microperfusion decreased, probably as a result of insufficient perfusion pressure. An infusion rate for MK-467 as well as an ideal agonist/antagonist ratio should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Br Kästner
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Marja Raekallio
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi M Vainio
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Klaus Hopster
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Araújo MA, Deschk M, Wagatsuma JT, Floriano BP, Siqueira CE, Oliva VNLS, Santos PSP. Cardiopulmonary effects of reverse Trendelenburg position at 5° and 10° in sevoflurane-anesthetized steers. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:854-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Comparison of sedation and mechanical antinociception induced by intravenous administration of acepromazine and four dose rates of dexmedetomidine in donkeys. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:509-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Guedes AGP, Tearney CC, Cenani A, Aristizabal F, Nieto J. Comparison between the effects of postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine on characteristics of recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:273-280. [PMID: 28258815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine on recovery characteristics from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, crossover study. ANIMALS Six geldings, mean±standard deviation (SD) (range), 17±4 (11-24) years and 527±80 (420-660) kg. METHODS Horses were anesthetized with sevoflurane for 60 minutes under standardized conditions for a regional limb perfusion study. In recovery, horses were administered either xylazine (200 μg kg-1) or dexmedetomidine (0.875 μg kg-1) intravenously. Recoveries were unassisted and were video-recorded for later evaluation of recovery events and quality by two individuals unaware of treatment allocation. Recovery quality was assessed using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0=poor recovery, 100=excellent recovery), the Edinburgh Scoring System (ESS) (0-100; 100=excellent recovery) and the mean attempt interval (MAI) (longer=better). Data are mean±SD. RESULTS All recovery quality assessments (xylazine and dexmedetomidine, respectively: VAS: 71±21 mm, 84±13 mm; ESS: 65±22, 67±30; MAI: 52±24 minutes, 60±32 minutes) and events (first limb movement: 37±8 minutes, 42±10 minutes; first attempt to lift head: 44±12 minutes, 48±9 minutes; first attempt to sternal posture: 57±28 minutes, 50±7 minutes; number of head bangs: 2.0±3.0, 0.5±0.5; time to first attempt to stand: 72±6 minutes, 78±13 minutes; time to standing: 79±14 minutes, 84±13 minutes) did not differ significantly between treatments (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Recovery characteristics did not differ significantly between postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine following 1 hour of sevoflurane anesthesia in horses in this study. Further evaluations in more horses and in younger horses are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso G P Guedes
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.
| | - Caitlin C Tearney
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alessia Cenani
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Fabio Aristizabal
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Nieto
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Risberg ÅI, Ranheim B, Krontveit RI, Lervik A, Haga HA. The cardiovascular status of isoflurane-anaesthetized horses with and without dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion evaluated at equivalent depths of anaesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:412-23. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:1-16. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Tokushige H, Ohta M, Okano A, Kuroda T, Kakizaki M, Ode H, Aoki M, Wakuno A, Kawasaki K. Effects of Medetomidine Constant Rate Infusion on Sevoflurane Requirement, Cardiopulmonary Function, and Recovery Quality in Thoroughbred Racehorses Undergoing Arthroscopic Surgery. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Terada Y, Ishiyama T, Asano N, Kotoda M, Ikemoto K, Shintani N, Sessler DI, Matsukawa T. Optimal doses of sevoflurane and propofol in rabbits. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:820. [PMID: 25409660 PMCID: PMC4289294 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sevoflurane and propofol are commonly used anesthetics in rabbits, optimal doses of remain unclear. We thus assessed the optimal hypnotic doses of sevoflurane and propofol, and evaluated the influence of dexmedetomidine on sevoflurane and propofol requirements. METHODS Twenty-eight Japanese white rabbits were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=7 each). Rabbits were given either sevoflurane, propofol, sevoflurane+dexmedetomidine, or propofol+dexmedetomidine (injected 30 μg∙kg(-1)∙hr(-1) for 10 min followed by an infusion of 3.5 μg∙kg(-1)∙hr(-1)). Hypnotic level was evaluated with Bispectral Index (BIS), a well-validated electroenchalographic measure, with values between 40 and 60 representing optimal hypnosis. BIS measurements were made 10 minutes after the adjustment of target end-tidal sevoflurane concentration in the sevoflurane group and sevoflurane+dexmedetomidine group, and at 10 min after the change of infusion rate in the propofol group and propofol+dexmedetomidine group. RESULTS BIS values were linearly related to sevoflurane concentration and propofol infusion rate, with or without dexmedetomidine. Sevoflurane concentration at BIS=50 was 3.9±0.2% in the sevoflurane group and 2.6±0.3% in the sevoflurane+dexmedetomidine group. The propofol infusion rate to make BIS=50 was 102±5 mg∙kg(-1)∙hr(-1) in the propofol group, and 90±10 mg∙kg(-1)∙hr(-1) in the propofol+dexmedetomidine group. CONCLUSIONS The optimal end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane alone was thus 3.9%, and optimal infusion rate for propofol alone was 102 mg∙kg(-1)∙hr(-1). Dexmedetomidine reduced sevoflurane requirement by 33% and propofol requirement by 11%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadahiko Ishiyama
- Surgical Center, University of Yamanashi Hospital, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Ranheim B, Risberg ÅI, Spadavecchia C, Landsem R, Haga HA. The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered as a constant rate infusion in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:93-6. [PMID: 25229603 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, the most selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist in clinical use, is increasingly being used in both conscious and anaesthetized horses; however, the pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of this drug administered alone as an infusion are not previously described in horses. Seven horses received an infusion of 8 μg dexmedetomidine/kg/h for 150 min, venous blood samples were collected, and dexmedetomidine concentrations were assayed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and analyzed using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Sedation was scored as the distance from the lower lip of the horse to the ground measured in centimetre. The harmonic mean (SD) plasma elimination half-life (Lambda z half-life) for dexmedetomidine was 20.9 (5.1) min, clearance (Cl) was 0.3 (0.20) L/min/kg, and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss ) was 13.7 (7.9) L/kg. There was a considerable individual variation in the concentration of dexmedetomidine vs. time profile. The level of sedation covaried with the plasma concentration of dexmedetomidine. This implies that for clinical use of dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion in conscious horses, infusion rates can be easily adjusted to effect, and this is preferable to an infusion at a predetermined value.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ranheim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Risberg A, Spadavecchia C, Ranheim B, Krontveit R, Haga HA. Antinociceptive effects of three escalating dexmedetomidine and lignocaine constant rate infusions in conscious horses. Vet J 2014; 202:489-97. [PMID: 25266648 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine and lignocaine IV are used clinically to provide analgesia in horses. The aims of this study were to investigate the antinociceptive effects, plasma concentrations and sedative effects of 2, 4 and 6 µg/kg/h dexmedetomidine IV, with a bolus of 0.96 µg/kg preceding each continuous rate infusion (CRI), and 20, 40 and 60 µg/kg/min lignocaine IV, with a bolus of 550 µg/kg preceding each CRI, in 10 Swiss Warmblood horses. Electrically elicited nociceptive withdrawal reflexes were evaluated by deltoid muscle electromyography. Nociceptive threshold and tolerance were determined by electromyography and behaviour following single and repeated stimulation. Plasma concentrations of drugs were determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sedation was scored on a visual analogue scale. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive threshold to single and repeated stimulation for all CRIs, except at 2 µg/kg/h, where no increase in single stimulation nociceptive threshold was observed. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at all CRIs. There was large individual variability in dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations and levels of sedation; the median plasma concentration providing antinociceptive effects to all recorded parameters was 0.15 ng/mL, with a range from <0.02 ng/mL (below the lower limit of quantification) to 0.25 ng/mL. Lignocaine increased nociceptive threshold and tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at CRIs of 40 and 60 µg/kg/min, corresponding to plasma lignocaine concentrations >600 ng/mL. Only nociceptive tolerance to repeated stimulation increased at 20 µg/kg/min lignocaine. Lignocaine at 40 µg/kg/min and dexmedetomidine at 4 µg/kg/h were the lowest CRIs resulting in consistent antinociception. Lignocaine did not induce significant sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - B Ranheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Krontveit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - H A Haga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Rezende ML, Grimsrud KN, Stanley SD, Steffey EP, Mama KR. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:15-23. [PMID: 25066475 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in horses. Eight adult horses received 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine IV. Blood samples were collected before and for 10 h after drug administration to determine dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Data from one outlier were excluded from the statistical summary. Behavioral and physiological responses were recorded before and for 6 h after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine concentrations decreased rapidly (elimination half-life of 8.03 ± 0.84 min). Time of last detection varied from 30 to 60 min. Bradycardia was noted at 4 and 10 min after drug administration (26 ± 8 and 29 ± 8 beats/min respectively). Head height decreased by 70% at 4 and 10 min and gradually returned to baseline. Ability to ambulate was decreased for 60 min following drug administration, and mechanical nociceptive threshold was increased during 30 min. Blood glucose peaked at 30 min (134 ± 24 mg/dL) and borborygmi were decreased for the first hour after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine was quickly eliminated as indicated by the rapid decrease in plasma concentrations. Physiological, behavioral, and analgesic effects observed after dexmedetomidine administration were of short duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rezende
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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22
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Benmansour P, Husulak ML, Bracamonte JL, Beazley SG, Withnall E, Duke-Novakovski T. Cardiopulmonary effects of an infusion of remifentanil or morphine in horses anesthetized with isoflurane and dexmedetomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:346-56. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yao Y, Qian B, Chen Y, Zhou L, Liu J. Intranasal dexmedetomidine premedication reduces the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for tracheal intubation in children: a randomized trial. J Clin Anesth 2014; 26:309-14. [PMID: 24875890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of dexmedetomidine premedication on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for tracheal intubation (MACTI) in children. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, clinical comparison study. SETTING Operating room of an academic hospital. PATIENTS 90 pediatric, ASA physical status 1 patients, aged 3 to 7 years, scheduled for minor elective surgery. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to three groups to receive placebo, dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg, or dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg approximately 60 minutes before anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane. Each concentration of sevoflurane for which a tracheal intubation was attempted was predetermined according to modification of the Dixon's up-and-down method, with 0.25% as a step size and held constant for at least 15 minutes before tracheal intubation. All responses ("movement" or "no movement") to tracheal intubation were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The MACTI of sevoflurane was 2.82% ± 0.17% in the control group, 2.26% ± 0.18% in the 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine group, and 1.83% ± 0.16% in the 2 μg/kg dexmedetomidine group. Dexmedetomidine premedication (1 and 2 μg/kg) decreased the MACTI of sevoflurane by 20% and 35%, respectively. There were no clinically significant episodes of hypotension or bradycardia in any patients. CONCLUSION Intranasal dexmedetomidine premedication produces a dose-dependent decrease in the concentration of sevoflurane needed for tracheal intubation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Bin Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yanqing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Hopster K, Gasthuys F, Krajewski AE, Schwarz A, Schauvliege S. Minimum end-tidal sevoflurane concentration necessary to prevent movement during a constant rate infusion of morphine, or morphine plus dexmedetomidine in ponies. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:212-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Steblaj B, Schauvliege S, Duchateau L, Gasthuys F. Comparison of the influence of two different constant-rate infusions (dexmedetomidine versus morphine) on anaesthetic requirements, cardiopulmonary function and recovery quality in isoflurane anaesthetized horses. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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