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Xu S, Chen Y, Zhao M, Guo Y, Wang Z, Zhao L. Population pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in epileptic children: Effects of clinical and genetic factors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:170-178. [PMID: 29981400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a first-line anti-epileptic drug that is used in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Gene variants had been proved to influence the pharmacokinetics (PK) of VPA and contribute to its inter-individual variability (IIV). The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the effects of candidate gene variants (CYPs, UGTs, ABC transporters, and nuclear receptors) on VPA PK in Chinese children with epilepsy. A total of 1065 VPA serum trough concentrations at steady state were collected from 264 epileptic pediatric patients aged 3 months to 16 years. The population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model was developed using a nonlinear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM) approach. For the final PPK model, the oral clearance (CL/F) of VPA was estimated to be 0.259 L/h with IIV of 13.3%. The estimates generated by NONMEM indicated that the VPA CL/F was significantly influenced by patient body weight (increased by an exponent of 0.662), co-administration with carbamazepine (increased CL/F by 22%), and daily dose of VPA (increased by an exponent of 0.22). CL/F in patients with the LEPR rs1137101 variant (668 AG and GG genotypes) was much lower than in patients with the AA genotype (17.8% and 22.6% lower, respectively). However, none of the CYPs or UGTs gene variants was found to influence the PK of VPA in this study. Evaluation by bootstrap and normalized prediction distribution error (NPDE) showed that the final model was stable. The predictive performance was evaluated by goodness-of-fit (GOF) plots and visual predictive checks (VPC), and the results indicated satisfactory precision. Our model suggests a correlation between VPA CL/F and LEPR rs1137101 variants, which might be beneficial in the context of individual dose optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shansen Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Gibbs HG, Zimmerman DE, Shermock KM, Clarke W, Mirski MA, Lewin JJ. Comparison of free fraction serum valproic acid concentrations between inpatients and outpatients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2015; 72:121-6. [PMID: 25550135 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp140191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The differences in free fraction serum valproic acid concentrations between inpatients and outpatients were compared, and factors associated with therapeutic discordance were evaluated. METHODS This retrospective, single-center, cross-sectional study included patients with both a free and a total valproic acid concentration drawn within 30 minutes of each other between January 7, 2003, and June 1, 2011. Serum valproic acid concentrations were stratified by admission status (inpatient versus outpatient). In the primary analysis, for patients who had multiple paired concentrations drawn, one free valproic acid level and one total valproic acid level (i.e., one pair) were chosen at random for each inpatient. Information regarding patient demographics, laboratory data, and concomitant medication therapy was collected. Single and multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the odds of therapeutic discordance. RESULTS During the study period, inpatient concentrations were measured in 220 patients, and outpatient concentrations were measured in 41 patients. The median total valproic acid concentration in the inpatient group was significantly lower than that in the outpatient group (54 μg/mL versus 83 μg/mL, p < 0.001). The median free fraction of inpatient levels was nearly twice as high as that of outpatient levels (28.8% versus 15.5%, p < 0.001). Levels drawn in inpatients were therapeutically discordant 63% of the time compared to only 19% in outpatients (p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression identified low albumin as an independent risk factor for therapeutic discordance. CONCLUSION The median free fraction of valproic acid was significantly higher in inpatients than in outpatients. Low albumin concentration was a predictor of discordance between free and total valproic acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley G Gibbs
- Haley G. Gibbs, Pharm. D., is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), Baltimore, MD. David E. Zimmerman, Pharm.D., is Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA. Kenneth M. Shermock, Pharm.D., Ph. D., is Director of the Center for Medication Quality and Outcomes, Department of Pharmacy; William Clarke, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Director of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology; Marek A. Mirski, M.D., Ph.D., is Vice-Chair and Director, Neuroscience Critical Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; and John J. Lewin III, Pharm.D., M.B.A., is Division Director, Critical Care and Surgery Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, JHH.
| | - David E Zimmerman
- Haley G. Gibbs, Pharm. D., is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), Baltimore, MD. David E. Zimmerman, Pharm.D., is Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA. Kenneth M. Shermock, Pharm.D., Ph. D., is Director of the Center for Medication Quality and Outcomes, Department of Pharmacy; William Clarke, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Director of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology; Marek A. Mirski, M.D., Ph.D., is Vice-Chair and Director, Neuroscience Critical Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; and John J. Lewin III, Pharm.D., M.B.A., is Division Director, Critical Care and Surgery Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, JHH
| | - Kenneth M Shermock
- Haley G. Gibbs, Pharm. D., is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), Baltimore, MD. David E. Zimmerman, Pharm.D., is Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA. Kenneth M. Shermock, Pharm.D., Ph. D., is Director of the Center for Medication Quality and Outcomes, Department of Pharmacy; William Clarke, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Director of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology; Marek A. Mirski, M.D., Ph.D., is Vice-Chair and Director, Neuroscience Critical Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; and John J. Lewin III, Pharm.D., M.B.A., is Division Director, Critical Care and Surgery Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, JHH
| | - William Clarke
- Haley G. Gibbs, Pharm. D., is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), Baltimore, MD. David E. Zimmerman, Pharm.D., is Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA. Kenneth M. Shermock, Pharm.D., Ph. D., is Director of the Center for Medication Quality and Outcomes, Department of Pharmacy; William Clarke, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Director of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology; Marek A. Mirski, M.D., Ph.D., is Vice-Chair and Director, Neuroscience Critical Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; and John J. Lewin III, Pharm.D., M.B.A., is Division Director, Critical Care and Surgery Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, JHH
| | - Marek A Mirski
- Haley G. Gibbs, Pharm. D., is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), Baltimore, MD. David E. Zimmerman, Pharm.D., is Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA. Kenneth M. Shermock, Pharm.D., Ph. D., is Director of the Center for Medication Quality and Outcomes, Department of Pharmacy; William Clarke, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Director of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology; Marek A. Mirski, M.D., Ph.D., is Vice-Chair and Director, Neuroscience Critical Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; and John J. Lewin III, Pharm.D., M.B.A., is Division Director, Critical Care and Surgery Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, JHH
| | - John J Lewin
- Haley G. Gibbs, Pharm. D., is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), Baltimore, MD. David E. Zimmerman, Pharm.D., is Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA. Kenneth M. Shermock, Pharm.D., Ph. D., is Director of the Center for Medication Quality and Outcomes, Department of Pharmacy; William Clarke, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Director of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology; Marek A. Mirski, M.D., Ph.D., is Vice-Chair and Director, Neuroscience Critical Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; and John J. Lewin III, Pharm.D., M.B.A., is Division Director, Critical Care and Surgery Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, JHH
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