1
|
Nie X, Ding J, He Y, Ren C, Lin H, Fan C, Wang L, Chen D, Jiang A, Peng X, Yu J, Yang X, Liu X, Zhao H, Li J, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Qiao Q, Zuo Y, Yang Z, Liu L, Wang Z, Liu E, Yang S, Xu L, Wen L, Bai J. Effectiveness of Vitamin C Solution in Reducing Adverse Reactions Caused by Painless Lugol Chromoendoscopy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:688-696. [PMID: 34406172 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
GOAL The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin C solution (VCS) in reducing adverse reactions caused by painless Lugol chromoendoscopy. BACKGROUND Lugol chromoendoscopy is an effective method for screening superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, although Lugol iodine solution (LIS) causes mucosal irritation. STUDY In 4 hospitals in China, patients were randomized and divided into a distilled water (DW) group, an sodium thiosulfate solution (STS) group and a VCS group. Patients' esophageal mucosal surfaces were stained with either 1.2% or 0.5% LIS and then sprayed with DW, STS, or VCS at various concentrations. For the current randomized study, 1610 patients were enrolled in the 1.2% LIS group and 1355 patients were enrolled in the 0.5% LIS group. In addition, 150 patients were enrolled to assess the discoloration effect. The primary outcome for evaluation was the incidence of acute or late adverse reactions after Lugol iodine staining. The secondary outcome for evaluation was the discoloration effect on esophageal iodine-stained mucosa. RESULTS VCS significantly reduced the occurrence of acute adverse reactions due to staining from 1.2% LIS. The effect of VCS was similar to that of STS but better than that of DW ( P <0.05). Regarding 0.5% LIS staining, VCS reduced the incidence of acute adverse reactions and heartburn within 1 week ( P <0.05). Both VCS and STS had similar effects. In addition, compared with spraying NS, VCS caused rapid decolorization of iodine-stained esophageal mucosa. After 120 seconds of deiodination, the color of the esophageal mucosa faded by 90%, which is similar to the results seen in the STS group. This contrasts with the results seen in the DW group, which showed fading by only 50.97% ( P <0.05). CONCLUSION VCS can effectively reduce adverse reactions caused by different concentrations of LIS, indicating its important clinical application in the screening of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xubiao Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Jianwei Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated The People's Hospital of Tongliang District, Chongqing City
| | - Yiyang He
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou
| | - Chunmei Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Chaoqiang Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Dingrong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Airui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Xue Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Qiujian Qiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Ying Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Zhongrong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated The People's Hospital of Tongliang District, Chongqing City
| | - En Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| | - Liangbi Xu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou
| | - Liming Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao C, Liu X, Zhou Z, Xiang Y, Yuan S, Xie W, Zhou M, Hu Z, Li Y, Ji A, Cai T. Melatonin attenuates expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in activated microglia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:437-446. [PMID: 31081481 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1615019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a known neurotoxin and utilized most extensively as a microglial activator for induction of inflammatory neurodegeneration. Melatonin (MEL) is the main secretory product of pineal gland reported to be responsible for a variety of physiological functions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of MEL on microglia activation remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MEL on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels in LPS-induced microglia. The results of RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that MEL significantly inhibited LPS-mediated upregulation of COX-2 in microglia. Data from ELISA demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the downstream effector of COX-2, concentrations were also reduced. In addition, MEL was found to decrease activation of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB, the upstream signal pathways of COX-2. Taken together, evidence indicates that MEL may attenuate upregulation of COX-2 by blocking the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yao
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Ying Xiang
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Weijia Xie
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Meiyu Zhou
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Zeyao Hu
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Yafei Li
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Ailing Ji
- b Department of Preventive Medicine & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College , Chongqing , China
| | - Tongjian Cai
- a Department of Epidemiology , College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Preclinical research remains an important tool for discovery and validation of novel therapeutics for gastrointestinal disorders. While in vitro assays can be used to verify receptor-ligand interactions and test for structural activity of new compounds, only whole-animal studies can demonstrate drug efficacy within the gastrointestinal system. Most major gastrointestinal disorders have been modeled in animals; however the translational relevance of each model is not equal. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a critical evaluation of common animal models that are being used to develop pharmaceuticals for gastrointestinal disorders. For brevity, the models are presented for upper gastrointestinal disorders involving the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine and lower gastrointestinal disorders that focus on the colon. Particular emphasis is used to explain the face and construct validity of each model, and the limitations of each model, including data interpretation, are highlighted. This chapter does not evaluate models that rely on surgical or other non-pharmacological interventions for treatment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian J, Zhu J, Yi Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Pan C, Xiang S, Li X, Li G, Newman JW, Feng X, Liu J, Han J, Wang L, Gao Y, La Frano MR, Liang A. Dose-related liver injury of Geniposide associated with the alteration in bile acid synthesis and transportation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8938. [PMID: 28827769 PMCID: PMC5566417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructus Gardenia (FG), containing the major active constituent Geniposide, is widely used in China for medicinal purposes. Currently, clinical reports of FG toxicity have not been published, however, animal studies have shown FG or Geniposide can cause hepatotoxicity in rats. We investigated Geniposide-induced hepatic injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats after 3-day intragastric administration of 100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg Geniposide. Changes in hepatic histomorphology, serum liver enzyme, serum and hepatic bile acid profiles, and hepatic bile acid synthesis and transportation gene expression were measured. The 300 mg/kg Geniposide caused liver injury evidenced by pathological changes and increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamytransferase (γ-GT). While liver, but not sera, total bile acids (TBAs) were increased 75% by this dose, dominated by increases in taurine-conjugated bile acids (t-CBAs). The 300 mg/kg Geniposide also down-regulated expression of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), small heterodimer partner (SHP) and bile salt export pump (BSEP). In conclusion, 300 mg/kg Geniposide can induce liver injury with associated changes in bile acid regulating genes, leading to an accumulation of taurine conjugates in the rat liver. Taurocholic acid (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) as well as tauro-α-muricholic acid (T-α-MCA) are potential markers for Geniposide-induced hepatic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhuo Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Pan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixie Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqin Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John W Newman
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA95616, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA95616, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Feng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianmei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R La Frano
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Aihua Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Şehirli AÖ, Koyun D, Tetik Ş, Özsavcı D, Yiğiner Ö, Çetinel Ş, Tok OE, Kaya Z, Akkiprik M, Kılıç E, Şener G. Melatonin protects against ischemic heart failure in rats. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:138-48. [PMID: 23551402 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic injury, which occurs as a result of sympathetic hyperactivity, plays an important role in heart failure. Melatonin is thought to have antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and vasodilatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether melatonin protects against ischemic heart failure (HF). In Wistar albino rats, HF was induced by left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation and rats were treated with either vehicle or melatonin (10 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, echocardiographic measurements were recorded and the rats were decapitated to obtain plasma and cardiac tissue samples. Lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lysosomal enzymes (β-D-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, β-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and cathepsin-D) were studied in plasma samples, while malondialdehyde and glutathione levels and Na+, K+-ATPase, caspase-3 and myeloperoxidase activities were determined in the cardiac samples. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) and caveolin-3 levels in cardiac tissues were evaluated using Western blot analyses. Furthermore, caveolin-3 levels were also determined by histological analyses. In the vehicle-treated HF group, cardiotoxicity resulted in decreased cardiac Na+, K+-ATPase and SERCA activities, GSH contents and caveolin-3 levels, while plasma LDH, CK, and lysosomal enzyme activities and cardiac MDA and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities were found to be increased. On the other hand, melatonin treatment reversed all the functional and biochemical changes. The present results demonstrate that Mel ameliorates ischemic heart failure in rats. These observations highlight that melatonin is a promising supplement for improving defense mechanisms in the heart against oxidative stress caused by heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özer Şehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Konturek PC, Brzozowska I, Targosz A, Pawlik M, Kania J, Hess T, Kwiecien S, Konturek SJ, Reiter RJ, Brzozowski T. Esophagoprotection mediated by exogenous and endogenous melatonin in an experimental model of reflux esophagitis. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:46-57. [PMID: 23480366 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reflux esophagitis is a common clinical entity in western countries with approximately 30% of the population experiencing the symptoms at least once every month. The imbalance between the protective and aggressive factors leads to inflammation and damage of the esophageal mucosa. We compared the effect of exogenous melatonin and melatonin derived endogenously from L-tryptophan with that of pantoprazole or ranitidine in acid reflux esophagitis due to ligation of the rat pylorus and the limiting ridge between the forestomach and the corpus. Four hours after the induction of gastric reflux, an increase in mucosal lesions associated with edema of the submucosa and with the infiltration of numerous neutrophils and the fall in esophageal blood flow (EBF) were observed. Both melatonin and L-tryptophan or pantoprazole significantly reduced the lesion index (LI) and raised the EBF. Pinealectomy that significantly decreased plasma melatonin levels aggravated LI and these effects were reduced by melatonin and L-tryptophan. Luzindole, the MT2 receptor antagonist, abolished the melatonin-induced reduction in LI and the rise in EBF. L-NNA and capsaicin that augmented LI and decreased EBF, also significantly reduced melatonin-induced protection and hyperemia; both were restored with L-arginine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) added to melatonin. Upregulation of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs and plasma IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly attenuated by melatonin and L-tryptophan. We conclude that melatonin protects against acid reflux-induced damage via activation of MT2 receptors mediated by NO and CGRP released from sensory nerves and the suppression of expression and release of TNF-α and IL-1β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Konturek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thuringia-Clinic Saalfeld, Teaching Hospital of the University Jena, Saalfeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Choo BK, Roh SS. Berberine protects against esophageal mucosal damage in reflux esophagitis by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:663-670. [PMID: 24137243 PMCID: PMC3786780 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of berberine (BB) in a rat model of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation. We evaluated cytotoxicity and proinflammatory biomarkers (nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-1β and prostaglandin E2) in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. A total of 54 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: intact control rats; reflux esophagitis (RE) control rats; RE rats treated with 20 mg/kg omeprazole and RE rats treated with BB at doses of 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg, respectively. All rats were fasted. RE was induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation one hour subsequent to the oral treatment. Six hours subsequent to the surgery, the rats were sacrificed, blood was collected from the abdominal vein and the esophagus and stomach were dissected. The gastric volume and the pH of the gastric juice were evaluated, prior to the esophagus being cut longitudinally and an inner mucosal area being imaged, to analyze mucosal damage indices. Proinflammatory biomarkers in the serum, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, while the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 was analyzed using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Esophagic tissue damage in the BB groups was dose-dependently decreased compared with that in the RE control group. This result was consistent with significant reductions in the levels of proinflammatory biomarkers in the serum and in the expression of proinflammatory mRNA, specifically, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and PAI-1. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of BB may attenuate the severity of RE and prevent esophageal mucosal damage, in addition to validating the use of BB as a pharmacological treatment for esophageal reflux disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kil Choo
- Department of Crop Agriculture and Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cesarec V, Becejac T, Misic M, Djakovic Z, Olujic D, Drmic D, Brcic L, Rokotov DS, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the esophagocutaneous fistula healing therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 701:203-12. [PMID: 23220707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophagocutaneous fistulas are a failure of the NO-system, due to NO-synthase blockage by the NOS-blocker L-NAME consequently counteracted by l-arginine and gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (l-arginine <BPC 157), precipitating a therapeutic benefit. Previously, there was an established BPC 157-NO-system interaction. BPC 157 GEPPPGKPADDAGLV, MW 1419 (LD1 not achieved), is a safe and stable anti-ulcer peptide, successful in inflammatory bowel disease trials, counteracting esophagitis, sphincter failure, gastrointestinal and skin ulcers, gastrocutaneous or colocutaneous fistulas. We treated rats with established cervical esophagocutaneous fistulas throughout four days (both open skin and esophageal defects, with significant leakage) with BPC 157 (parenterally and perorally) and L-NAME (blocking NO genesis) and l-arginine (NO-substrate) alone or in combination. RT-PCR investigated eNOS, iNOS, COX-2 mRNA levels in the fistulas. We evidenced a closely inter-related process of unhealed skin, esophageal defects, unhealed fistulas (up regulated eNOS, iNOS and COX2 mRNA levels), usually lethal, particularly NO-system related and therapy dependent. Generally, the course of fistula healing was accelerated either to a greater extent (with BPC 157 (in particular, less eNOS gene expression) completely counteracting L-NAME effects, in L-NAME+BPC 157 and L-NAME+l-arginine+BPC 157 groups), or to a lesser extent (with l-arginine). Conversely, the process was aggravated, rapidly and prominently (with L-NAME). In particular, BPC 157 was effective either given per-orally/intraperitoneally, in μg- and ng-regimens. Shortly, defects started to heal, with less fistula leakage and no mortality at day 4. Failure of pyloric and lower esophageal sphincter pressure was restored, with practically no esophagitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Cesarec
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|