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Ray AE, Tribbia DZ, Cowan DA, Ferrari BC. Clearing the air: unraveling past and guiding future research in atmospheric chemosynthesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0004823. [PMID: 37914532 PMCID: PMC10732025 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00048-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Atmospheric chemosynthesis is a recently proposed form of chemoautotrophic microbial primary production. The proposed process relies on the oxidation of trace concentrations of hydrogen (≤530 ppbv), carbon monoxide (≤90 ppbv), and methane (≤1,870 ppbv) gases using high-affinity enzymes. Atmospheric hydrogen and carbon monoxide oxidation have been primarily linked to microbial growth in desert surface soils scarce in liquid water and organic nutrients, and low in photosynthetic communities. It is well established that the oxidation of trace hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases widely supports the persistence of microbial communities in a diminished metabolic state, with the former potentially providing a reliable source of metabolic water. Microbial atmospheric methane oxidation also occurs in oligotrophic desert soils and is widespread throughout copiotrophic environments, with established links to microbial growth. Despite these findings, the direct link between trace gas oxidation and carbon fixation remains disputable. Here, we review the supporting evidence, outlining major gaps in our understanding of this phenomenon, and propose approaches to validate atmospheric chemosynthesis as a primary production process. We also explore the implications of this minimalistic survival strategy in terms of nutrient cycling, climate change, aerobiology, and astrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique E. Ray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dana Z. Tribbia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Don A. Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Belinda C. Ferrari
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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H 2 in Antarctic firn air: Atmospheric reconstructions and implications for anthropogenic emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103335118. [PMID: 34426524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103335118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The atmospheric history of molecular hydrogen (H2) from 1852 to 2003 was reconstructed from measurements of firn air collected at Megadunes, Antarctica. The reconstruction shows that H2 levels in the southern hemisphere were roughly constant near 330 parts per billion (ppb; nmol H2 mol-1 air) during the mid to late 1800s. Over the twentieth century, H2 levels rose by about 70% to 550 ppb. The reconstruction shows good agreement with the H2 atmospheric history based on firn air measurements from the South Pole. The broad trends in atmospheric H2 over the twentieth century can be explained by increased methane oxidation and anthropogenic emissions. The H2 rise shows no evidence of deceleration during the last quarter of the twentieth century despite an expected reduction in automotive emissions following more stringent regulations. During the late twentieth century, atmospheric CO levels decreased due to a reduction in automotive emissions. It is surprising that atmospheric H2 did not respond similarly as automotive exhaust is thought to be the dominant source of anthropogenic H2. The monotonic late twentieth century rise in H2 levels is consistent with late twentieth-century flask air measurements from high southern latitudes. An additional unknown source of H2 is needed to explain twentieth-century trends in atmospheric H2 and to resolve the discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates of the anthropogenic source term. The firn air-based atmospheric history of H2 provides a baseline from which to assess human impact on the H2 cycle over the last 150 y and validate models that will be used to project future trends in atmospheric composition as H2 becomes a more common energy source.
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Leung PM, Bay SK, Meier DV, Chiri E, Cowan DA, Gillor O, Woebken D, Greening C. Energetic Basis of Microbial Growth and Persistence in Desert Ecosystems. mSystems 2020; 5:e00495-19. [PMID: 32291352 PMCID: PMC7159902 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00495-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial life is surprisingly abundant and diverse in global desert ecosystems. In these environments, microorganisms endure a multitude of physicochemical stresses, including low water potential, carbon and nitrogen starvation, and extreme temperatures. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the energetic mechanisms and trophic dynamics that underpin microbial function in desert ecosystems. Accumulating evidence suggests that dormancy is a common strategy that facilitates microbial survival in response to water and carbon limitation. Whereas photoautotrophs are restricted to specific niches in extreme deserts, metabolically versatile heterotrophs persist even in the hyper-arid topsoils of the Atacama Desert and Antarctica. At least three distinct strategies appear to allow such microorganisms to conserve energy in these oligotrophic environments: degradation of organic energy reserves, rhodopsin- and bacteriochlorophyll-dependent light harvesting, and oxidation of the atmospheric trace gases hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In turn, these principles are relevant for understanding the composition, functionality, and resilience of desert ecosystems, as well as predicting responses to the growing problem of desertification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Man Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean K Bay
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dimitri V Meier
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleonora Chiri
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Don A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Osnat Gillor
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker, Israel
| | - Dagmar Woebken
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Greening
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Cordero PRF, Grinter R, Hards K, Cryle MJ, Warr CG, Cook GM, Greening C. Two uptake hydrogenases differentially interact with the aerobic respiratory chain during mycobacterial growth and persistence. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18980-18991. [PMID: 31624148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To persist when nutrient sources are limited, aerobic soil bacteria metabolize atmospheric hydrogen (H2). This process is the primary sink in the global H2 cycle and supports the productivity of microbes in oligotrophic environments. H2-metabolizing bacteria possess [NiFe] hydrogenases that oxidize H2 to subatmospheric concentrations. The soil saprophyte Mycobacterium smegmatis has two such [NiFe] hydrogenases, designated Huc and Hhy, that belong to different phylogenetic subgroups. Both Huc and Hhy are oxygen-tolerant, oxidize H2 to subatmospheric concentrations, and enhance bacterial survival during hypoxia and carbon limitation. Why does M. smegmatis require two hydrogenases with a seemingly similar function? In this work, we resolved this question by showing that Huc and Hhy are differentially expressed, localized, and integrated into the respiratory chain. Huc is active in late exponential and early stationary phases, supporting energy conservation during mixotrophic growth and transition into dormancy. In contrast, Hhy is most active during long-term persistence, providing energy for maintenance processes following carbon exhaustion. We also show that Huc and Hhy are obligately linked to the aerobic respiratory chain via the menaquinone pool and are differentially affected by respiratory uncouplers. Consistently, these two enzymes interacted differentially with the respiratory terminal oxidases. Huc exclusively donated electrons to, and possibly physically associated with, the proton-pumping cytochrome bcc-aa 3 supercomplex. In contrast the more promiscuous Hhy also provided electrons to the cytochrome bd oxidase complex. These results indicate that, despite their similar characteristics, Huc and Hhy perform distinct functions during mycobacterial growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R F Cordero
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rhys Grinter
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, OTA 9016, New Zealand
| | - Max J Cryle
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Coral G Warr
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, OTA 9016, New Zealand
| | - Chris Greening
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Schmidt U. The solubility of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in water and sea-water at partial pressures of about 10-5 atmospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v31i1.10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
We have known for 40 years that soils can consume the trace amounts of molecular hydrogen (H2) found in the Earth’s atmosphere.This process is predicted to be the most significant term in the global hydrogen cycle. However, the organisms and enzymes responsible for this process were only recently identified. Pure culture experiments demonstrated that several species of Actinobacteria, including streptomycetes and mycobacteria, can couple the oxidation of atmospheric H2 to the reduction of ambient O2. A combination of genetic, biochemical, and phenotypic studies suggest that these organisms primarily use this fuel source to sustain electron input into the respiratory chain during energy starvation. This process is mediated by a specialized enzyme, the group 5 [NiFe]-hydrogenase, which is unusual for its high affinity, oxygen insensitivity, and thermostability. Atmospheric hydrogen scavenging is a particularly dependable mode of energy generation, given both the ubiquity of the substrate and the stress tolerance of its catalyst. This minireview summarizes the recent progress in understanding how and why certain organisms scavenge atmospheric H2. In addition, it provides insight into the wider significance of hydrogen scavenging in global H2 cycling and soil microbial ecology.
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Mason AS. Atmospheric HT and HTO: 4. estimation of atmospheric hydrogen residence time from interhemispheric tritium gas transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc082i037p05913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ehhalt DH, Schmidt U, Heidt LE. Vertical profiles of molecular hydrogen in the troposphere and stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc082i037p05907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Crutzen PJ, Andreae MO. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 2010; 250:1669-78. [PMID: 17734705 DOI: 10.1126/science.250.4988.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biomass burning is widespread, especially in the tropics. It serves to clear land for shifting cultivation, to convert forests to agricultural and pastoral lands, and to remove dry vegetation in order to promote agricultural productivity and the growth of higher yield grasses. Furthermore, much agricultural waste and fuel wood is being combusted, particularly in developing countries. Biomass containing 2 to 5 petagrams of carbon is burned annually (1 petagram = 10(15) grams), producing large amounts of trace gases and aerosol particles that play important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate. Emissions of carbon monoxide and methane by biomass burning affect the oxidation efficiency of the atmosphere by reacting with hydroxyl radicals, and emissions of nitric oxide and hydrocarbons lead to high ozone concentrations in the tropics during the dry season. Large quantities of smoke particles are produced as well, and these can serve as cloud condensation nuclei. These particles may thus substantially influence cloud microphysical and optical properties, an effect that could have repercussions for the radiation budget and the hydrological cycle in the tropics. Widespread burning may also disturb biogeochemical cycles, especially that of nitrogen. About 50 percent of the nitrogen in the biomass fuel can be released as molecular nitrogen. This pyrdenitrification process causes a sizable loss of fixed nitrogen in tropical ecosystems, in the range of 10 to 20 teragrams per year (1 teragram = 10(12) grams).
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Constant P, Poissant L, Villemur R. Tropospheric H(2) budget and the response of its soil uptake under the changing environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:1809-1823. [PMID: 19155054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H(2)) is an indirect greenhouse gas present at the trace level in the atmosphere. So far, the sum of its sources and sinks is close to equilibrium, but its large-scale utilization as an alternative energy carrier would alter its atmospheric burden. The magnitude of the emissions associated with a future H(2)-based economy is difficult to predict and remains a matter of debate. Previous attempts to predict the impact that a future H(2)-based economy would exert on tropospheric chemistry were realized by considering a steady rate of microbial-mediated soil uptake, which is currently responsible of ~80% of the tropospheric H(2) losses. Although soil uptake, also known as dry deposition is the most important sink for tropospheric H(2), microorganisms involved in the activity remain elusive. Given that microbial-mediated H(2) soil uptake is influenced by several environmental factors, global change should exert a significant effect on the activity and then, assuming a steady H(2) soil uptake rate for the future may be mistaken. Here, we present an overview of tropospheric H(2) sources and sinks with an emphasis on microbial-mediated soil uptake process. Future researches are proposed to investigate the influence that global change would exert on H(2) dry deposition and to identify microorganisms involved H(2) soil uptake activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Constant
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7.
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Price H, Jaeglé L, Rice A, Quay P, Novelli PC, Gammon R. Global budget of molecular hydrogen and its deuterium content: Constraints from ground station, cruise, and aircraft observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xiao X, Prinn RG, Simmonds PG, Steele LP, Novelli PC, Huang J, Langenfelds RL, O'Doherty S, Krummel PB, Fraser PJ, Porter LW, Weiss RF, Salameh P, Wang RHJ. Optimal estimation of the soil uptake rate of molecular hydrogen from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment and other measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stickler A, Fischer H, Williams J, de Reus M, Sander R, Lawrence MG, Crowley JN, Lelieveld J. Influence of summertime deep convection on formaldehyde in the middle and upper troposphere over Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd007001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tohjima Y. Preparation of gravimetric standards for measurements of atmospheric oxygen and reevaluation of atmospheric oxygen concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tromp TK, Shia RL, Allen M, Eiler JM, Yung YL. Potential environmental impact of a hydrogen economy on the stratosphere. Science 2003; 300:1740-2. [PMID: 12805546 DOI: 10.1126/science.1085169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of hydrogen fuel cells could have hitherto unknown environmental impacts due to unintended emissions of molecular hydrogen, including an increase in the abundance of water vapor in the stratosphere (plausibly by as much as approximately 1 part per million by volume). This would cause stratospheric cooling, enhancement of the heterogeneous chemistry that destroys ozone, an increase in noctilucent clouds, and changes in tropospheric chemistry and atmosphere-biosphere interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey K Tromp
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Barnes DH, Wofsy SC, Fehlau BP, Gottlieb EW, Elkins JW, Dutton GS, Novelli PC. Hydrogen in the atmosphere: Observations above a forest canopy in a polluted environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana H. Barnes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven C. Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Brian P. Fehlau
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Elaine W. Gottlieb
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - James W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Geoffrey S. Dutton
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Paul C. Novelli
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA
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Hauglustaine DA, Ehhalt DH. A three-dimensional model of molecular hydrogen in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Hauglustaine
- Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS; Universitéde Paris 6; Paris France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - D. H. Ehhalt
- Institut für Atmosphärische Chemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
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Simmonds PG, Derwent RG, O'Doherty S, Ryall DB, Steele LP, Langenfelds RL, Salameh P, Wang HJ, Dimmer CH, Hudson LE. Continuous high-frequency observations of hydrogen at the Mace Head baseline atmospheric monitoring station over the 1994-1998 period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Novelli PC, Lang PM, Masarie KA, Hurst DF, Myers R, Elkins JW. Molecular hydrogen in the troposphere: Global distribution and budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The troposphere is that atmospheric region which occupies the lowest 8-13 km or so, between the Earth’s surface and the tropopause, the boundary with the stratosphere. It contains the bulk of the trace gas burden of the atmosphere and has an active chemistry which removes many of the trace gases and pollutants emitted by both terrestrial processes and by human activities. The hydroxyl radical, OH, plays an important role in cleansing the troposphere by oxidizing trace gases to harmless products or to those more readily removed from the atmospheric circulation. The distribution of hydroxyl radicals defines the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere and is itself controlled by the trace gas composition and hence by terrestrial gas emissions. This review identifies the important roles played by the terrestrial source gases: methane, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and isoprene in controlling the fast photochemical balance and oxidizing capacity of the troposphere.
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Conrad R. Soil Microbial Processes Involved in Production and Consumption of Atmospheric Trace Gases. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7724-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Foulger B, Simmonds P. Ambient temperature gas purifier suitable for the trace analysis of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and the preparation of low-level carbon monoxide calibration standards in the field. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80462-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hough AM. Development of a two-dimensional global tropospheric model: Model chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hough AM. An intercomparison of mechanisms for the production of photochemical oxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id04p03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Photochemical oxidant formation and the effects of vehicle exhaust emission controls in the U.K. the results from 20 different chemical mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cofer WR, Harriss RC, Levine JS, Edahl RA. Vertical distributions of molecular hydrogen off the Eastern and Gulf Coasts of the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jd091id13p14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hydrogen cycling in the waters near Bermuda: the role of the nitrogen fixer, Oscillatoria thiebautii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(84)90020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Conrad R, Aragno M, Seiler W. The inability of hydrogen bacteria to utilize atmospheric hydrogen is due to threshold and affinity for hydrogen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chameides WL, Tan A. The two-dimensional diagnostic model for tropospheric OH: An uncertainty analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/jc086ic06p05209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Conrad R, Seiler W. Contribution of hydrogen production by biological nitrogen fixation to the global hydrogen budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1029/jc085ic10p05493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herr FL, Barger WR, Scranton MI. Reply [to “Comments on ‘Molecular hydrogen in the near-surface atmosphere and dissolved in waters of the tropical North Atlantic’ by F. L. Herr and W. R. Barger”]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1029/jc085ic04p01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Scranton MI, Barger WR, Herr FL. Molecular hydrogen in the urban troposphere: Measurement of seasonal variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1029/jc085ic10p05575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crutzen PJ, Heidt LE, Krasnec JP, Pollock WH, Seiler W. Biomass burning as a source of atmospheric gases CO, H2, N2O, NO, CH3Cl and COS. Nature 1979. [DOI: 10.1038/282253a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Schmidt U. The solubility of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in water and sea-water at partial pressures of about 10−5atmospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hameed S, Pinto JP, Stewart RW. Sensitivity of the predicted CO-OH-CH4perturbation to tropospheric NOxconcentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jc084ic02p00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herr FL, Barger WR. Molecular hydrogen in the near-surface atmosphere and dissolved in waters of the tropical North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1029/jc083ic12p06199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmidt U. The latitudinal and vertical distribution of molecular hydrogen in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1029/jc083ic02p00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bullrich K. [Atmospheric trace chemicals]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1976; 63:171-9. [PMID: 967259 DOI: 10.1007/bf00624215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the important trace-materials in the natural and anthropogenetic influenced atmosphere. They exist as gases as well as solid and solid-fluid particles. They are significant for numerous physical processes in the atmosphere and have also a direct influence on our biological environment.
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