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Shi P, Zhang R, Liu CX, Wu SX, Pei XD, Jiang Y, Liu XL, Wang CH. Computer-assisted in vitro reconstitution of purine degradation pathway to lower the purine content in food. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:7079-7086. [PMID: 35690902 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing prevalence of gout and its etiological hyperuricemia, dietary control of gout based on low-purine food according to patients' eating habits is becoming a better choice compared to the existing drug treatment such as allopurinol with notorious side effects. Reconstructing the purine metabolic pathway in vitro to degrade purine substances in food into natural functional allantoin appears to be an innovative method for preparing nutritious and healthy food of low purine content. The present study reports a computer-assisted in vitro reconstruction of four purinolytic enzymes metabolizing adenosine into allantoin to reduce purine content in food for personalized dietary control of hyperuricemia and gout. RESULTS Under the optimum reaction conditions of 40 °C and pH 7, 0.1 U of enzymes and 0.5 mmol L-1 adenosine determined by an orthogonal test design, 16 different enzyme complexes were experimentally tested. The tested enzyme composition and allantoin production values were used as input and output to build a three-layer back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) model, which was further optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA). The optimum enzyme complex predicted by the GA-BP-ANN model produced 248.08±7.832 μmol L-1 allantoin, which was 19.9% higher than equimolar mixture of enzymes, and also more efficiently lowered purine contents in beer, as well as beef and yeast extracts. CONCLUSION This is the first in vitro reconstitution of complete purine metabolic pathway by combining ANN and GA technologies, with successful application with respect to lowering the purine content in food, indicating a promising application of computer-assisted in vitro reconstitution of purinolytic pathway in low-purine food to prevent hyperuricemia and gout. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Xing Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Xin Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Pei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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Chen J, Nie Y, Xu J, Huang S, Sheng J, Wang X, Zhong J. Sensory and metabolite migration from tilapia skin to soup during the boiling process: fast and then slow. NPJ Sci Food 2022; 6:52. [DOI: 10.1038/s41538-022-00168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study mainly studied sensory and metabolite migration from the skin to the soup in the boiling process of tilapia skin using content analysis, electronic nose technique, electronic tongue technique, and metabolomics technique based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. The content changes, flavor changes, taste changes, metabolite numbers and differential metabolite numbers for both tilapia skin and soup mainly occurred in the initial 30 min. Moreover, the initial 10 min was the key period for the metabolite changes in the boiling process. Further, the differential metabolites in these three periods (0–10, 10–30, and 30–60 min) were identified to show the metabolites migration process. Six (adenine, gingerol, terephthalic acid, vanillin, pentanenitrile, and 2-pyrrolidinonede) and seven (butyramide, lysope(0:0/20:4(5z,8z,11z,14z)), lysope(22:6(4z,7z,10z,13z,16z,19z)/0:0), linoleic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, L-threose, and benzoin) chemicals were screened out in the differential metabolites of tilapia skin and soup, respectively, with Variable Importance in the Projection of >1 and p value of <0.05. This work would be beneficial to understand the sensory and metabolite migration in the preparation process of fish soup and provided a metabolomic analysis route to analyze metabolites migration in food.
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Sanya DRA, Onésime D, Passoth V, Maiti MK, Chattopadhyay A, Khot MB. Yeasts of the Blastobotrys genus are promising platform for lipid-based fuels and oleochemicals production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4879-4897. [PMID: 34110474 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strains of the yeast genus Blastobotrys (subphylum Saccharomycotina) represent a valuable biotechnological resource for basic biochemistry research, single-cell protein, and heterologous protein production processes. Species of this genus are dimorphic, non-pathogenic, thermotolerant, and can assimilate a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates. These can constitute a single-cell oil platform in an emerging bio-based economy as oleaginous traits have been discovered recently. However, the regulatory network of lipogenesis in these yeasts is poorly understood. To keep pace with the growing market demands for lipid-derived products, it is critical to understand the lipid biosynthesis in these unconventional yeasts to pinpoint what governs the preferential channelling of carbon flux into lipids instead of the competing pathways. This review summarizes information relevant to the regulation of lipid metabolic pathways and prospects of metabolic engineering in Blastobotrys yeasts for their application in food, feed, and beyond, particularly for fatty acid-based fuels and oleochemicals. KEY POINTS: • The production of biolipids by heterotrophic yeasts is reviewed. • Summary of information concerning lipid metabolism regulation is highlighted. • Special focus on the importance of diacylglycerol acyltransferases encoding genes in improving lipid production is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ruben Akiola Sanya
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Micalis, Diversité génomique et fonctionnelle des levures, domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Djamila Onésime
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Micalis, Diversité génomique et fonctionnelle des levures, domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Volkmar Passoth
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Atrayee Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Mahesh B Khot
- Laboratorio de Recursos Renovables, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Concepcion, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepcion, Chile
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Biernacki M, Marzec M, Roick T, Pätz R, Baronian K, Bode R, Kunze G. Enhancement of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) accumulation in Arxula adeninivorans by stabilization of production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:144. [PMID: 28818103 PMCID: PMC5561651 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years the production of biobased biodegradable plastics has been of interest of researchers partly due to the accumulation of non-biodegradable plastics in the environment and to the opportunity for new applications. Commonly investigated are the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) poly(hydroxybutyrate) and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB-V). The latter has the advantage of being tougher and less brittle. The production of these polymers in bacteria is well established but production in yeast may have some advantages, e.g. the ability to use a broad spectrum of industrial by-products as a carbon sources. Results In this study we increased the synthesis of PHB-V in the non-conventional yeast Arxula adeninivorans by stabilization of polymer accumulation via genetic modification and optimization of culture conditions. An A. adeninivorans strain with overexpressed PHA pathway genes for β-ketothiolase, acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, PHAs synthase and the phasin gene was able to accumulate an unexpectedly high level of polymer. It was found that an optimized strain cultivated in a shaking incubator is able to produce up to 52.1% of the DCW of PHB-V (10.8 g L−1) with 12.3%mol of PHV fraction. Although further optimization of cultivation conditions in a fed-batch bioreactor led to lower polymer content (15.3% of the DCW of PHB-V), the PHV fraction and total polymer level increased to 23.1%mol and 11.6 g L−1 respectively. Additionally, analysis of the product revealed that the polymer has a very low average molecular mass and unexpected melting and glass transition temperatures. Conclusions This study indicates a potential of use for the non-conventional yeast, A. adeninivorans, as an efficient producer of polyhydroxyalkanoates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Biernacki
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Marek Marzec
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska, 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Thomas Roick
- Jäckering Mühlen-und Nährmittelwerke GmbH, Vorsterhauser Weg 46, 59007, Hamm, Germany
| | - Reinhard Pätz
- Division Bioprocess Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366, Köthen, Germany
| | - Kim Baronian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rüdiger Bode
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Jahnstr. 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
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Chamas A, Giersberg M, Friedrich K, Sonntag F, Kunze D, Uhlig S, Simon K, Baronian K, Kunze G. Purification and immunodetection of the complete recombinant HER-2[neu] receptor produced in yeast. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 105:61-70. [PMID: 25450238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the full length recombinant HER-2[neu] receptor has been produced in a yeast (Arxula adeninivorans). It is one of the most studied membrane receptors in oncology and is involved in aggressive tumor formation. A yeast integration rDNA cassette containing the human gene coding for the HER-2[neu] protein was constructed and a screening procedure was performed to select the most productive transformant. Different detergents were tested for efficient solubilization of the membrane bound protein, with CHAPS giving the best results. To increase the yield of the recombinant protein from HER-2[neu] producing A. adeninivorans, optimal culture parameters were established for cultivation in bioreactor. The recombinant protein was subsequently assayed using ELISA and SPR immunoassays systems with antibodies raised against two different epitopes of the human receptor. In both cases, elution fractions containing the recombinant HER-2[neu] receptor successfully reacted with the immunoassays with limits of quantification below 100ngml(-1). These results demonstrate that the full length recombinant HER-2[neu] reported here has the potential to be a new standard for the detection of HER-2 type cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chamas
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Martin Giersberg
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Katrin Friedrich
- Universitätsklinikum "Carl Gustav Carus" Dresden, Institut für Pathologie, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer Institut for Material and Beam Technology (IWS), Winterbergstr. 28, D-01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Kunze
- Universitätsklinikum "Carl Gustav Carus" Dresden, Institut für Pathologie, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Uhlig
- quo data GmbH, Kaitzer Str. 135, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kirsten Simon
- new diagnostics GmbH, Moosstr. 92c, D-85356 Freising, Germany
| | - Keith Baronian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Kunze G, Gaillardin C, Czernicka M, Durrens P, Martin T, Böer E, Gabaldón T, Cruz JA, Talla E, Marck C, Goffeau A, Barbe V, Baret P, Baronian K, Beier S, Bleykasten C, Bode R, Casaregola S, Despons L, Fairhead C, Giersberg M, Gierski PP, Hähnel U, Hartmann A, Jankowska D, Jubin C, Jung P, Lafontaine I, Leh-Louis V, Lemaire M, Marcet-Houben M, Mascher M, Morel G, Richard GF, Riechen J, Sacerdot C, Sarkar A, Savel G, Schacherer J, Sherman DJ, Stein N, Straub ML, Thierry A, Trautwein-Schult A, Vacherie B, Westhof E, Worch S, Dujon B, Souciet JL, Wincker P, Scholz U, Neuvéglise C. The complete genome of Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans LS3 - a yeast of biotechnological interest. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:66. [PMID: 24834124 PMCID: PMC4022394 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The industrially important yeast Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans is an asexual hemiascomycete phylogenetically very distant from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its unusual metabolic flexibility allows it to use a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources, while being thermotolerant, xerotolerant and osmotolerant. RESULTS The sequencing of strain LS3 revealed that the nuclear genome of A. adeninivorans is 11.8 Mb long and consists of four chromosomes with regional centromeres. Its closest sequenced relative is Yarrowia lipolytica, although mean conservation of orthologs is low. With 914 introns within 6116 genes, A. adeninivorans is one of the most intron-rich hemiascomycetes sequenced to date. Several large species-specific families appear to result from multiple rounds of segmental duplications of tandem gene arrays, a novel mechanism not yet described in yeasts. An analysis of the genome and its transcriptome revealed enzymes with biotechnological potential, such as two extracellular tannases (Atan1p and Atan2p) of the tannic-acid catabolic route, and a new pathway for the assimilation of n-butanol via butyric aldehyde and butyric acid. CONCLUSIONS The high-quality genome of this species that diverged early in Saccharomycotina will allow further fundamental studies on comparative genomics, evolution and phylogenetics. Protein components of different pathways for carbon and nitrogen source utilization were identified, which so far has remained unexplored in yeast, offering clues for further biotechnological developments. In the course of identifying alternative microorganisms for biotechnological interest, A. adeninivorans has already proved its strengthened competitiveness as a promising cell factory for many more applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
- Yeast Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Claude Gaillardin
- AgroParisTech, Micalis UMR 1319, CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon, F-78850, France
- INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Micalis UMR 1319, CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon F-78850, France
| | - Małgorzata Czernicka
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, Krakow 31-425, Poland
| | - Pascal Durrens
- LaBRI (UMR 5800 CNRS) and project-team Magnome INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Talence F-33405, France
| | - Tiphaine Martin
- LaBRI (UMR 5800 CNRS) and project-team Magnome INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Talence F-33405, France
| | - Erik Böer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jose A Cruz
- Université de Strasbourg, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuel Talla
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7283, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, F-13402 Marseille, Cedex 20, France
| | - Christian Marck
- CEA, Saclay Biology and Technologies Institute (iBiTec-S), Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - André Goffeau
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 5/15, Louvain-la-Neuve 1349, Belgium
| | - Valérie Barbe
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
| | - Philippe Baret
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Keith Baronian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Beier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Bode
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorffstraße 4, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
| | - Serge Casaregola
- AgroParisTech, Micalis UMR 1319, CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon, F-78850, France
- INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Micalis UMR 1319, CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon F-78850, France
| | - Laurence Despons
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7156, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Cécile Fairhead
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8621, F- Orsay CEDEX 91405, France
| | - Martin Giersberg
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Przemysław Piotr Gierski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Urs Hähnel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Dagmara Jankowska
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Claire Jubin
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
- CNRS UMR 8030, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
- Université d’Evry, Bd François Mitterand, Evry F-91025, France
| | - Paul Jung
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7156, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Ingrid Lafontaine
- Institut Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UFR927, CNRS UMR 3525, F-75724 Paris-CEDEX 15, France
| | | | - Marc Lemaire
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5240, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Guillaume Morel
- AgroParisTech, Micalis UMR 1319, CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon, F-78850, France
- INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Micalis UMR 1319, CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon F-78850, France
| | - Guy-Franck Richard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UFR927, CNRS UMR 3525, F-75724 Paris-CEDEX 15, France
| | - Jan Riechen
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Christine Sacerdot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UFR927, CNRS UMR 3525, F-75724 Paris-CEDEX 15, France
- Present address: École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), 46 rue d’Ulm, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Anasua Sarkar
- LaBRI (UMR 5800 CNRS) and project-team Magnome INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Talence F-33405, France
| | - Guilhem Savel
- LaBRI (UMR 5800 CNRS) and project-team Magnome INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Talence F-33405, France
| | | | - David J Sherman
- LaBRI (UMR 5800 CNRS) and project-team Magnome INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Talence F-33405, France
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | | | - Agnès Thierry
- Institut Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UFR927, CNRS UMR 3525, F-75724 Paris-CEDEX 15, France
| | - Anke Trautwein-Schult
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Benoit Vacherie
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
| | - Eric Westhof
- Université de Strasbourg, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sebastian Worch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Bernard Dujon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UFR927, CNRS UMR 3525, F-75724 Paris-CEDEX 15, France
| | - Jean-Luc Souciet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7156, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
- CNRS UMR 8030, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
- Université d’Evry, Bd François Mitterand, Evry F-91025, France
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Cécile Neuvéglise
- AgroParisTech, Micalis UMR 1319, CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon, F-78850, France
- INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Micalis UMR 1319, CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon F-78850, France
- INRA Institut Micalis UMR 1319, AgroParisTech, BIMLip, Avenue de Bretignières, Bât. CBAI, Thiverval-Grignon 78850, France
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