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Liu Y, Li G, Lu F, Guo Z, Cai S, Huo T. Excess iron intake induced liver injury: The role of gut-liver axis and therapeutic potential. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115728. [PMID: 37864900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive iron intake is detrimental to human health, especially to the liver, which is the main organ for iron storage. Excessive iron intake can lead to liver injury. The gut-liver axis (GLA) refers to the bidirectional relationship between the gut and its microbiota and the liver, which is a combination of signals generated by dietary, genetic and environmental factors. Excessive iron intake disrupts the GLA at multiple interconnected levels, including the gut microbiota, gut barrier function, and the liver's innate immune system. Excessive iron intake induces gut microbiota dysbiosis, destroys gut barriers, promotes liver exposure to gut microbiota and its derived metabolites, and increases the pro-inflammatory environment of the liver. There is increasing evidence that excess iron intake alters the levels of gut microbiota-derived metabolites such as secondary bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids, indoles, and trimethylamine N-oxide, which play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the GLA. In addition to iron chelators, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents currently used in iron overload therapy, gut barrier intervention may be a potential target for iron overload therapy. In this paper, we review the relationship between excess iron intake and chronic liver diseases, the regulation of iron homeostasis by the GLA, and focus on the effects of excess iron intake on the GLA. It has been suggested that probiotics, fecal microbiota transfer, farnesoid X receptor agonists, and microRNA may be potential therapeutic targets for iron overload-induced liver injury by protecting gut barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Guangyan Li
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Fayu Lu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Ziwei Guo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Taoguang Huo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
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Gupta SP, Tiwari P, Sharma B. Protective Effect of Methanolic Extract of Euglena tuba Against Dalton Lymphoma Induced Oxidative Stress in BALB/c Mice. Indian J Clin Biochem 2022; 37:410-422. [PMID: 36262781 PMCID: PMC9573845 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-021-01011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification and pharmacological validation of plant-based lead compounds for the cure of different diseases including cancer have always been globally strived. In addition to possessing numerous medicinal properties, many of the phytochemicals display antioxidant potential activities. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) causeoxidative stress leading to several severe diseases such as cancer. The antioxidants are substances that fight against ROS to protect the cells from their damaging effects. In the present study, the effects of methanol extract of Euglena tuba(ETME) have been evaluated for its antioxidant and antitumor potential against Dalton's lymphoma (DL) introduced in BALB/cmice. After 24 h of intraperitoneal inoculation of DL cells in mice, ETME (300 mg kg-1 body weight) was administered intraperitoneally upto18 alternative days. On the 18th day, the mice were sacrificed; the blood and tissues (liver and brain) were collected to determine the tumor growth parameters including morphological, behavioural, haematological profile, and antioxidant indices. The results indicated that ETME exhibited significant antioxidative and antitumor properties when compared with the data from DL bearing mice. The results from the present study indicated that ETME contained remarkable antitumor efficacy, which was mediated through amelioration of oxidative stress. The data suggested that ETME could be used as a potential natural anticancer agent.
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Effect of Bismuth, Gadolinium, and Cadmium Nanoparticles on Biomass, Carotenoid, and Lipid Content of Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco. Curr Microbiol 2021; 79:30. [PMID: 34910253 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dunaliella salina is an extremophytic microalga and known as an excellent source of β-carotene and eicosapentanoeic acid. Moreover, D. salina has also been used in aquaculture feeds to increase the growth rate of fish and shrimp. Hence, many studies have been involved in searching for new approaches to increase the biomass of D. salina in the aquatic farming industry. This is the first report investigating the effect of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), and cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanoparticles (NPs) on the growth of D. salina in controlled laboratory conditions. Extensive growth curve analysis was performed along with biochemical assays to determine chlorophyll-a, carotenoid, and total lipid content of D. salina under the influence of NPs. It is revealed that the lower concentration (100 µg/ml) of Bi2O3 is favorable for D. salina growth, while higher concentrations (200 and 300 µg/ml) inhibited the cell proliferation significantly. Similarly, Bi2O3 treatment led to the increase in chlorophyll-a, carotenoid, and lipid content of microalga compared to untreated culture. Gd2O3 exerted a growth inhibitory effect on microalga for initial 15 days which is later overcome by microalga showing a drastic increase in biomass after 60 days of cultivation. However, CdTe NPs displayed minor elevation in growth rate. Interestingly, the presence of Gd2O3 NPs in culture media demonstrated the highest carotenoid and total lipid content of algal cells among all three-tested NPs. Hence, Gd2O3 NPs can be considered as a vital additive during the industrial culturing of D. salina.
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Euglena tuba extract provides protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in mice. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020; 76:793-798. [PMID: 33106705 PMCID: PMC7577204 DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin, is known to induce inflammatory response and oxidative stress in rodents. We evaluated the protective role of Euglena tuba extract (ETME) against LPS induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in male Balb/c mice. Male Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 (control) were intraperitoneally administered 0.5 mL PBS. Group 2, 3 and 4 were treated with a single dose of LPS (i.p. 40 mg/kg body weight). Prior 1 h, Group 3 and 4 received orally 100 mg/kg body weight and 200 mg/kg body weight ETME respectively. Biomarkers of oxidative stress including TBARS, SOD, Catalase, Liver marker enzyme (SGPT and SGOT), Nitric Oxide, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α, were estimated in serum. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were significantly increased in the LPS treated group, whereas ETME treated group at different concentrations protected mice from pro inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that 70% methanolic extract of Euglena tuba can efficiently counteract free radical generation and increased level of inflammatory cytokine in an LPS induced mice model.
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Gabr SA, Gabr NS, Elsaed WM. Protective Activity of Taurine and Molecular Fibrogenesis in Iron Overloaded Hepatic Tissues. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.418.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kottuparambil S, Thankamony RL, Agusti S. Euglena as a potential natural source of value-added metabolites. A review. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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An ellagic acid isolated from Clerodendrum viscosum leaves ameliorates iron-overload induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice through inhibition of oxidative stress and the apoptotic pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:454-465. [PMID: 29990833 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a vital element required for normal cellular physiology in animal systems, but excess iron accumulation in the biological system accelerates oxidative stress, cellular toxicity, tissue injury and organ fibrosis, which ultimately leads to the generation of chronic liver diseases including cancer. A natural antioxidant, ellagic acid (EA) has been previously reported for its pharmacological properties; however, there is no significant evidence available that could illustrate its protective potential against iron-overload induced hepatotoxicity. In the present work, EA was evaluated for its in vitro free radical scavenging and iron chelation potentials. Further, EA was tested in vivo for its protective activity against iron overload-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice by evaluating liver iron content, reactive oxygen species (ROS), liver antioxidant enzymes, serum marker levels, liver damage and fibrosis, histopathological study and finally western blotting analysis. EA treatment significantly decreased liver iron and serum ferritin levels. Elevated ROS levels, decreased antioxidant parameters and elevated serum markers were normalized upon treatment with EA. Cellular morphology, iron -overload and liver fibrosis were found to be effectively ameliorated. Finally, the protective effect of EA against iron overload-induced apoptosis was confirmed by western blotting when its treatment upregulated the expressions of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins. EA revealed hepatoprotective activity against iron overload-induced toxicity through scavenging free radicals, inhibiting excess ROS production, normalizing liver damage parameters and upregulating caspase-3, PARP expression. Collectively, our findings support the possible use of the natural antioxidant EA as a promising candidate against iron-overloaded diseases.
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Basu T, Panja S, Shendge AK, Das A, Mandal N. A natural antioxidant, tannic acid mitigates iron-overload induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice through ROS regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:603-618. [PMID: 29446234 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tannic acid (TA), a water soluble natural polyphenol with 8 gallic acids groups, is abundantly present in various medicinal plants. Previously TA has been investigated for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Being a large polyphenol, TA chelates more than 1 metal. Hence TA has been explored for potent antioxidant activities against reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and as iron chelator in vitro thereby mitigating iron-overload induced hepatotoxicity in vivo. Iron dextran was injected intraperitoneally in Swiss albino mice to induce iron-overload triggered hepatotoxicity, followed by oral administration of TA for remediation. After treatment, liver, spleen, and blood samples were processed from sacrificed animals. The liver iron, serum ferritin, serum markers, ROS, liver antioxidant status, and liver damage parameters were assessed, followed by histopathology and protein expression studies. Our results show that TA is a prominent ROS and RNS scavenger as well as iron chelator in vitro. It also reversed the ROS levels in vivo and restricted the liver damage parameters as compared to the standard drug, desirox. Moreover, this natural polyphenol exclusively ameliorates the histopathological and fibrotic changes in liver sections reducing the iron-overload, along with chelation of liver iron and normalization of serum ferritin. The protective role of TA against iron-overload induced apoptosis in liver was further supported by changed levels of caspase 3, PARP as well as Bax/BCl-2 ratio. Thus, TA can be envisaged as a better orally administrable iron chelator to reduce iron-overload induced hepatotoxicity through ROS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapasree Basu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Sourav Panja
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Anil Khushalrao Shendge
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Abhishek Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Nripendranath Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
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Basu T, Mallik A, Mandal N. Evolving importance of anticancer research using herbal medicine: a scientometric analysis. Scientometrics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-016-2223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Long-Term Sodium Ferulate Supplementation Scavenges Oxygen Radicals and Reverses Liver Damage Induced by Iron Overloading. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091219. [PMID: 27649133 PMCID: PMC6273935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid is a polyphenolic compound contained in various types of fruits and wheat bran. As a salt of the active ingredient, sodium ferulate (SF) has potent free radical scavenging activity and can effectively scavenge ROS. In this study, we examined the effect of SF on iron-overloaded mice in comparison to a standard antioxidant, taurine (TAU). We determined the protective role of SF against liver injury by examining liver-to-body ratio (%), transaminase and hepatocyte apoptosis in rats supplied with 10% dextrose intraperitoneal injection. In addition, antioxidative enzymes activities, ROS formation, mitochondrial swelling, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were all evaluated to clarify the mechanism of protective effect of SF associated with oxidative stress. After 15 weeks of SF treatment, we found a significant reduction in liver-to-body weight radio and elevation in both transaminase and hepatocyte apoptosis associated with iron-injected to levels comparable to those achieved with TAU. Both SF and TAU significantly attenuated the impaired liver function associated with iron-overloaded in mice, whereas neither showed any significant effect on the iron uptake. Furthermore, treatment with either SF or TAU in iron-overloaded mice attenuated oxidative stress, associated with elevated oxidant enzymes activities, decreased ROS production, prevented mitochondrial swelling and dissipation of MMP and then inhibited hepatic apoptosis. Taken together, the current study shows that, SF alleviated oxidative stress and liver damage associated with iron-overload conditions compared to the standard ROS scavenger (TAU), and potentially could encourage higher consumption and utilization as healthy and sustainable ingredients by the food and drink.
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Panja S, Ghate NB, Mandal N. A microalga, Euglena tuba induces apoptosis and suppresses metastasis in human lung and breast carcinoma cells through ROS-mediated regulation of MAPKs. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:51. [PMID: 27366113 PMCID: PMC4928336 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Euglena tuba, a microalga, is known for its excellent antioxidant and iron-chelation activities; however its anticancer efficacies have not been reported yet. This study investigates the antitumor and antimetastatic activities of 70 % methanolic extract of Euglena tuba (ETME) against human lung (A549) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro. Moreover, we had examined ETME’s role in inducing intracellular ROS with the regulation of antioxidants and MAPK pathway. Methods Anticancer activity of ETME was thoroughly studied using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and western blotting; along with various biochemical assays for analysing ROS-induced regulation of antioxidant enzymes. Inhibition of invasion and migration of malignant cells by ETME were investigated by wound healing and zymographic studies. DNA–Protein interaction with ETME was also studied. Results ETME inhibited the growth of both A549 (IC50 92.14 µg/ml) and MCF-7 cells (IC50 50.27 µg/ml) by inducing apoptosis, while remained non-toxic against nomral WI-38 cells (IC50 911.43 µg/ml). ETME treatment resulted in increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, BID truncation and activation of caspase cascade. This ultimately leads to PARP degradation and apoptosis through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway in both A549 and MCF-7 cells. Wound healing and gelatin zymography studies revealed that ETME significantly inhibited the invasion and migration of both A549 and MCF-7 cells dose-dependently through the downregulation of MMP-9. Further investigations showed that ETME selectively induces intracellular ROS, regulated the levels of intracellular antioxidants and suppresses the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in both type of malignant cells. Further DNA and protein binding studies revealed that ETME strongly interact with DNA as well as protein attributing the possibilities of presence of components which are targeting the macromolecules in cancer cells. Moreover, when the identified compounds from ETME were examined for their cytotoxicities individually, it was found that they lost their specificities towards cancer cells and also attacked normal cells. Conclusions Our study suggests that ETME retards the growth of both lung and breast cancer cells, in vitro, through multivariate mechanisms, proving its candidature for the development of better and safer drugs against these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Panja
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, C. I. T. Scheme, VII M, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Nikhil Baban Ghate
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, C. I. T. Scheme, VII M, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Nripendranath Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, C. I. T. Scheme, VII M, Kolkata, 700054 India
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