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Moresco V, Charatzidou A, Oliver DM, Weidmann M, Matallana-Surget S, Quilliam RS. Binding, recovery, and infectiousness of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses associated with plastic pollution in surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119594. [PMID: 35680062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics in wastewater and surface water rapidly become colonised by microbial biofilm. Such 'plastisphere' communities are hypothesised to persist longer and be disseminated further in the environment and may act as a vector for human pathogens, particularly as microplastics entering wastewater treatment plants are exposed to high concentrations of pathogenic bacteria. However, the potential for human viral pathogens to become associated with the plastisphere has never before been quantified. Here, we have used rotavirus (RV) SA11 (a non-enveloped enteric virus) and the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6 as model viruses to quantify binding and recovery from biofilm-colonised microplastic pellets in three different water treatments (filtered and non-filtered surface water, and surface water with added nutrients). Viruses associated with biofilm-colonised pellets were more stable compared to those remaining in the water. While infectious particles and genome copies of RV remained stable over the 48 h sampling period, Phi6 stability was highly impacted, with a reduction ranging from 2.18 to 3.94 log10. Virus particles were protected against inactivation factors when associated with the biofilm on microplastic surfaces, and when there was a high concentration of particulate matter in the liquid phase. Although our results suggest that the presence of an envelope may limit virus interaction with the plastisphere, the ability to recover both enveloped and non-enveloped infectious viruses from colonised microplastic pellets highlights an additional potential public health risk of surface waters becoming contaminated with microplastics, and subsequent human exposure to microplastics in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moresco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Anna Charatzidou
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Senftenberg, D-01968, Germany
| | - Sabine Matallana-Surget
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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2
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Barrantes K, Chacón L, Morales E, Rivera-Montero L, Pino M, Jiménez AG, Mora DC, Jiménez PS, Silva B, Romero-Esquivel LG. Occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in small drinking-water systems in Costa Rica. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:344-355. [PMID: 36366991 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the quality of drinking water sampled over 2 years (2018 and 2019) from 20 ASADAS (Spanish acronym for Administrative Associations for Water and Sewer Systems) in Costa Rica. The analysis included Rotavirus (RV), somatic coliphages, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli. The ASADAS were categorized into three regions as temperate rainy (region 1), tropical rainy (region 2), and tropical rainy and dry (region 3) according to biogeographic classification. The concentrations of fecal coliforms and E. coli were higher in samples from surface water sources from the ASADAS in region 3 compared to regions 1 and 2. RV-positive samples (24/296) were detected in drinking-water samples from regions 2 and 3 during dry and transition seasons, with higher concentrations more frequently in the dry season. In addition, somatic coliphages were detected in samples from the three regions, with higher concentrations in region 2. Furthermore, a statistically significant relationship was found between somatic coliphages and diarrheal cases, classified as outbreaks or alerts in the region. Thus, the results confirmed that somatic coliphages are a good indicator of the presence of diarrhea cases in a specific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Barrantes
- Infection and Nutrition Section, Health Research Institute, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica E-mail:
| | - Luz Chacón
- Infection and Nutrition Section, Health Research Institute, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica E-mail:
| | - Eric Morales
- Infection and Nutrition Section, Health Research Institute, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica E-mail:
| | - Luis Rivera-Montero
- Infection and Nutrition Section, Health Research Institute, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica E-mail:
| | - Macario Pino
- Environmental Protection Research Center (CIPA), School of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR), P.O. Box 159-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandra Gamboa Jiménez
- Environmental Analysis Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, National University, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Diana Campos Mora
- Environmental Analysis Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, National University, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Pablo Salas Jiménez
- Environmental Analysis Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, National University, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Basilio Silva
- Basic Sciences, National Technological University, P.O. Box 1902-4050, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Luis G Romero-Esquivel
- Environmental Protection Research Center (CIPA), School of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR), P.O. Box 159-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
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Rasmussen ASB, Hammou A, Poulsen TF, Laursen MC, Hansen SF. Definition, categorization, and environmental risk assessment of biopharmaceuticals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147884. [PMID: 34052495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are associated with the revolutionary treatment of various diseases, and according to the European Medicines Agency, biopharmaceuticals derived from biological sources are perceived to not cause significant environmental risk. However, there is currently no broadly recognized definition or categorization of biopharmaceuticals despite the fact that improved technology has made it possible to modify them to obtain more efficient medicines, thereby raising questions about their biological origins and risks. The aim of this paper, based on a literature review, is to derive a clear definition of biopharmaceuticals and evaluate the European Union's regulation and environmental risk assessment (ERA) procedures for them. Nine different definitions were identified, and it is evident that the term "biopharmaceuticals" is used ambiguously. We therefore recommend that biopharmaceuticals are defined as complex molecules derived from a biological source, with the purpose to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure diseases or conditions of human beings. Furthermore, we recommend that biopharmaceuticals should be categorized according to their biological structure: 1) amino acids, 2) nucleic acids, and 3) vaccines. Only 11 studies were identified as being relevant to ERA, and we lack useful data for hazard identification. More research is needed to examine the ecotoxicity, fate, and stability of most biopharmaceuticals-and categorical regulatory exclusion seems unfavorable in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aja Hammou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Trine Fyhn Poulsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Christine Laursen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Moresco V, Oliver DM, Weidmann M, Matallana-Surget S, Quilliam RS. Survival of human enteric and respiratory viruses on plastics in soil, freshwater, and marine environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111367. [PMID: 34029551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The public health significance of plastics and microplastics in different environmental matrices has mainly focused on the toxicological effects of human ingestion. But these pollutants can also harbour pathogenic bacteria as the surfaces of plastics in the environment quickly become colonised by microbial biofilm. This novel microbial habitat has been termed the 'plastisphere' and could facilitate the survival and dissemination of important bacterial and fungal pathogens. Importantly, however, the role of plastic pollution as a secondary pathway for the transmission of human pathogenic viruses has never been addressed. Due to the high prevalence of both enteric and respiratory viruses in the population and in the environment, there is significant potential for human viruses to become associated with the plastisphere. In this review we critically evaluate current knowledge on the interaction of human enteric and respiratory viruses with plastic surfaces and identify the main environmental conditions and plastic characteristics that could affect virus survival and persistence in the environment. Our hypothesis is that the plastisphere can enhance the adhesion, survival and dissemination of human pathogenic viruses and potentially lead to more effective transfer and transmission of viral diseases within the environment. We identify key research questions needed to more fully assess the potential human health risks associated with viruses on plastic surfaces. These include understanding, (1) the mechanisms of viral attachment to either naked or biofilm-colonised plastic (2) how the structural characteristics of viruses (e.g., enveloped, or non-enveloped), affect their persistence in the plastisphere, (3) whether the plastisphere offers protection and increases the persistence of infectious viruses in soil, freshwater, and marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moresco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Senftenberg, D-01968, Germany
| | - Sabine Matallana-Surget
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Nour I, Hanif A, Alanazi IO, Al-Ashkar I, Alhetheel A, Eifan S. Novel insights of waterborne human rotavirus A in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) involving G2 predominance and emergence of a thermotolerant sequence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12132. [PMID: 34108565 PMCID: PMC8190275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The routine evaluation of water environments is necessary to manage enteric virus-mediated fecal contamination and the possible emergence of novel variants. Here, we detected human rotavirus A (HRVA) circulating in two wastewater treatment plants, two lakes, irrigation water and a wastewater landfill located in Riyadh. VP7-derived surface protein sequences were assessed by phylogenetic analyses and inspection of thermotolerance-mediated secondary structure and seasonal variation. HRVA was most prevalent at An-Nazim wastewater landfill (AN-WWLF; 63.89%). Phylogenetic analyzes revealed the predominance of HRVA G2 lineage for the first time in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, a single HRVA sequence (2B64I-ANLF3/2018) was recovered at 45 °C from AN-WWLF; secondary structure prediction indicated that this sequence was thermotolerant with a high hydrophobicity, an absence of Ramachandran outliers, and a higher content of proline patches on the protein surface. Varied relationships were significantly observed between sampling areas influenced by temperature ranges (p < 0.05). HRVA prevalence was influenced by seasonal variations, favoring moderate temperatures in late autumn and early winter in all locations. However, a significant temperature impact was detected in Wadi-Hanifah Lake (p = 0.01). Our study extends the knowledge of currently circulating HRVA genotypes, and indicates the probable emergence of thermotolerant strains and seasonally mediated HRVA prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Nour
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Hanif
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim O. Alanazi
- grid.452562.20000 0000 8808 6435National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Ashkar
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ,grid.411303.40000 0001 2155 6022Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulkarim Alhetheel
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Eifan
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Cárcamo-Calvo R, Muñoz C, Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Gozalbo-Rovira R. The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update. Pathogens 2021; 10:520. [PMID: 33925924 PMCID: PMC8145439 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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7
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Miura T, Gima A, Akiba M. Detection of Norovirus and Rotavirus Present in Suspended and Dissolved Forms in Drinking Water Sources. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:9-19. [PMID: 30560490 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the present forms of genogroup II norovirus and group A rotavirus in surface water used for drinking water production. River water samples (N = 15) collected at a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) monthly from June 2017 to August 2018 were fractioned by filtration through 10- and 0.45-μm-pore-size membranes, and viruses present in suspended and dissolved forms were quantitatively detected. Norovirus GII was present in > 10-μm- and 0.45-10-μm-suspended and dissolved forms with detection rates of 33%, 60%, and 87%, respectively. Rotavirus A was detected more frequently than norovirus GII in each form (> 10 μm suspended, 73%; 0.45-10 μm suspended, 93%; dissolved, 100%). We also analyzed surface water samples from 21 DWTPs all over Japan in non-epidemic and epidemic seasons of gastroenteritis. Norovirus GII was detected in 48% and 81% of samples with the concentrations of up to 4.1 and 5.3 log10 copies/L in dissolved form in non-epidemic and epidemic seasons, respectively, and GII.4 Sydney 2012 was predominant genotype followed by GII.2. Rotavirus A was detected in 95% and 86% of samples with the maximum concentrations of 5.5 and 6.3 log10 copies/L in dissolved form in respective seasons. Concentration of norovirus GII was similar in 0.45-10-μm suspended and dissolved forms, while there was a significant difference for rotavirus A (P < 0.01, pared t test), indicating that rotavirus A was less associated with suspended solids in the surface water samples compared to norovirus GII. Our observations provide important implications for understanding of viral behavior in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Arisa Gima
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
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