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Ramos Y, Pineda-Guillermo S, Tamez-Guerra P, Orozco-Flores AA, Figueroa de la Rosa JI, Ramos-Ortiz S, Chavarrieta-Yáñez JM, Martínez-Castillo AM. Natural Prevalence, Molecular Characteristics, and Biological Activity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) Larvae in Mexico. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:416. [PMID: 38921402 PMCID: PMC11204773 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi have been considered potential biological control agents against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), the world's most important pest of maize. In this study, we evaluated the natural infection, molecular characteristics, and biological activity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) isolated from S. frugiperda larvae of this insect, collected from maize crops in five Mexican locations. Natural infection ranged from 23% to 90% across all locations analyzed. Twenty-four isolates were evaluated on S. frugiperda second instars at a concentration of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL, causing 70% to 98.7% mortality and 60.5% to 98.7% sporulation. Isolates T9-21, Z30-21, PP48-21, and L8-22 were selected to determine their phylogenetic relationships by β-tubulin gene analysis and to compare median lethal concentration (CL50), median lethal time (LT50), and larval survival. These isolates were grouped into three clades. The T9-21, PP48-21, and J10-22 isolates were closely related (clade A), but phylogenetically distant from Z30-21 (clade B) and L8-22 (clade C) isolates. These genetic differences were not always reflected in their pathogenicity characteristics since no differences were observed among the LC50 values. Furthermore, isolates T9-21, J10-22, and L8-22 were the fastest to kill S. frugiperda larvae, causing lower survival rates. We conclude that native M. rileyi isolates represent an important alternative for the biocontrol of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordanys Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Tarímbaro 58880, Michoacán, Mexico; (Y.R.); (J.I.F.d.l.R.); (J.M.C.-Y.)
| | - Samuel Pineda-Guillermo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Tarímbaro 58880, Michoacán, Mexico; (Y.R.); (J.I.F.d.l.R.); (J.M.C.-Y.)
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (P.T.-G.); (A.A.O.-F.)
| | - Alonso Alberto Orozco-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (P.T.-G.); (A.A.O.-F.)
| | - José Isaac Figueroa de la Rosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Tarímbaro 58880, Michoacán, Mexico; (Y.R.); (J.I.F.d.l.R.); (J.M.C.-Y.)
| | - Selene Ramos-Ortiz
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT)—Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carretera, Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Tarímbaro 58880, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Chavarrieta-Yáñez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Tarímbaro 58880, Michoacán, Mexico; (Y.R.); (J.I.F.d.l.R.); (J.M.C.-Y.)
| | - Ana Mabel Martínez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Tarímbaro 58880, Michoacán, Mexico; (Y.R.); (J.I.F.d.l.R.); (J.M.C.-Y.)
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Gomes SA, Carolino AT, Teodoro TBP, Silva GA, Bitencourt RDOB, Silva CP, Alkhaibari AM, Butt TM, Samuels RI. The Potential of Metarhizium anisopliae Blastospores to Control Aedes aegypti Larvae in the Field. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:759. [PMID: 37504747 PMCID: PMC10381131 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are promising as an environmentally benign alternative to chemical pesticides for mosquito control. The current study investigated the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores against Aedes aegypti under both laboratory and field conditions. Virulence bioassays of conidia and blastospores were conducted in the laboratory, while field simulation bioassays were conducted under two conditions: totally shaded (TS) or partially shaded (PS). In the first bioassay (zero h), the larvae were added to the cups shortly after the preparation of the blastospores, and in the subsequent assays, larvae were added to the cups 3, 6, 9, and 12 days later. The survival of the larvae exposed to blastospores in the laboratory was zero on day two, as was the case for the larvae exposed to conidia on the sixth day. Under TS conditions, zero survival was seen on the third day of the bioassay. Under PS conditions, low survival rates were recorded on day 7. For the persistence bioassay under PS conditions, low survival rates were also observed. Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores were more virulent to Ae. aegypti larvae than conidia in the laboratory. Blastospores remained virulent under field simulation conditions. However, virulence rapidly declined from the third day of field bioassays. Formulating blastospores in vegetable oil could protect these propagules when applied under adverse conditions. This is the first time that blastospores have been tested against mosquito larvae under simulated field conditions, and the current study could be the basis for the development of a new biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Azevedo Gomes
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Aline Teixeira Carolino
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Thais Berçot Pontes Teodoro
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gerson Adriano Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Carlos Peres Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Abeer M Alkhaibari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PB, UK
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
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Qin Y, Liu X, Peng G, Xia Y, Cao Y. Recent Advancements in Pathogenic Mechanisms, Applications and Strategies for Entomopathogenic Fungi in Mosquito Biocontrol. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:746. [PMID: 37504734 PMCID: PMC10381795 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases are widespread among insects and play a crucial role in naturally regulating insect populations. Mosquitoes, known as vectors for numerous infectious diseases, pose a significant threat to human health. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have emerged as highly promising alternative agents to chemical mosquitocides for controlling mosquitoes at all stages of their life cycle due to their unique infection pathway through direct contact with the insect's cuticle. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the infection pathways and pathogenic mechanisms of EPF against mosquitoes. Various strategies involving the use of EPF alone or combinations with other approaches have been employed to target mosquitoes at various developmental stages. Moreover, the application of genetic technologies in fungi has opened up new avenues for enhancing the mosquitocidal efficacy of EPF. This review presents a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in our understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of EPF, their applications in mosquito management, and the combination of EPF with other approaches and employment of transgenic technologies. The biosafety concerns associated with their use and the corresponding approaches are also discussed. The recent progress suggests that EPF have the potential to serve as a future biorational tool for controlling mosquito vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guoxiong Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yueqing Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
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Ferreira JM, Pinto SMN, Soares FEF. Metarhizium robertsii protease and conidia production, response to heat stress and virulence against Aedes aegypti larvae. AMB Express 2021; 11:166. [PMID: 34902084 PMCID: PMC8669065 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional factors exert significant influence on the growth of entomopathogenic fungi, one of the main agents employed commercially in the biological control of arthropods. Thus, the objective of this work is to optimize the culture medium and solid fermentation time for production of proteases and conidia of Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 2575 and to evaluate the interference of riboflavin and salts on virulence and resistance to abiotic stress factors. In the first step, nine groups were separated: negative control, positive control, and seven supplementation groups: ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, urea. Sodium nitrate showed significant difference in protease production at the time of 20 days of solid fermentation. Then, different concentrations of sodium nitrate and riboflavin as supplement were evaluated. Response surface methodology demonstrated that riboflavin and sodium nitrate influence proteolytic activity and conidia production, but without synergism. Supplementation of the medium with the optimal concentration of sodium nitrate and riboflavin did not interfere with the germination of conidia without exposure to abiotic stress, but did increase the thermotolerance of conidia. The presence of riboflavin and sodium nitrate at optimal concentrations in the culture medium did not alter fungal virulence with and without exposure to heat stress, varying according to the presence or absence of the supernatant during exposure, evidencing that resistance to heat exposure is multifactorial and dependent on intra- and extracellular factors. Moreover, the supplementation increased the larvicidal activity of the supernatant against Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Ferreira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Salorrane M N Pinto
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Filippe E F Soares
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil.
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Corval ARC, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Silva CDSR, Bitencourt RDOB, Fernandes ÉKK, Bittencourt VREP, Roberts DW, Gôlo PS. UV-B tolerances of conidia, blastospores, and microsclerotia of Metarhizium spp. entomopathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 61:15-26. [PMID: 33616987 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze ten native Metarhizium spp. isolates as to their UV-B tolerances. Comparisons included: different fungal propagules (conidia, blastospores, or microsclerotia [MS]); conidia in aqueous suspensions or in 10% mineral oil-in-water emulsions; and conidia mixed with different types of soil. The UV-B effect was expressed as the germination of conidia or culturability of blastospores and MS relative to nongerminated propagules. Metarhizium anisopliae LCM S05 exhibited high tolerance as blastospores and/or MS, but not as conidia; LCM S10 and LCM S08 had positive results with MS or conidia but not blastospores. The formulations with 10% mineral oil did not always protect Metarhizium conidia against UV-B. Conidia of LCM S07, LCM S08, and LCM S10 exhibited the best results when in aqueous suspensions, 24 h after UV-B exposure. In general, conidia mixed with soil and exposed to UV-B yielded similar number of colony forming units as conidia from unexposed soil, regardless the soil type. It was not possible to predict which type of propagule would be the most UV-B tolerant for each fungal isolate; in conclusion, many formulations and propagule types should be investigated early in the development of new fungal biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R C Corval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís A Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cárita de S R Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de O B Bitencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia S Gôlo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Falvo ML, Musso A, Ordoqui E, López Lastra CC, Luz C, García JJ. Adulticidal Activity of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Native Strains From Argentina Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:636-640. [PMID: 31742608 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The adulticidal activity of six fungal strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin s.l. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) was assessed. These strains (CEP 085, CEP 087, CEP 120, CEP 350, CEP 404, and CEP 423) were isolated from soil samples or nondipteran hosts collected from areas in Argentina where Ae. aegypti is distributed. Bioassays were performed with four conidial concentrations plus a control of each fungal strain to determine the lethal concentrations (LC50/LC90), the median survival times (ST50), the mean percentage of the surviving individuals, and the mean percentage of mycotized cadavers. The strains were able to infect and kill adult Ae. aegypti. Significant differences were found among the LC50 values, with CEP 423 as the most virulent strain with the lowest LC50 (2.4 × 106 conidia/ml). At 1 × 107 conidia/ml: no significant differences were found in the Kaplan-Meier survival functions among the strains; the ST50 ranged from 5 (CEP 085) to 8 d (CEP 350); and the mean percentage of the surviving adults was between 13.3 (CEP 085, CEP 350 and CEP 423) and 46.7% (CEP 087). Significant differences were also found among strains in the mean percentage of cadavers with fungal sporulation. Strain CEP 423 produced the highest percentage of mycotized adults (70%). The concentration of the inoculum significantly affected the survival of individuals and the percentage of mycotized cadavers within each strain. Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. CEP 423 was selected as the most promising candidate for further research aiming to develop a mycoinsecticide against Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianel L Falvo
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - asociado CICPBA, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anahi Musso
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - asociado CICPBA, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Ordoqui
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - asociado CICPBA, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia C López Lastra
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - asociado CICPBA, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Juan J García
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - asociado CICPBA, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Luz C, Rocha LFN, Montalva C, Souza DA, Botelho ABRZ, Lopes RB, Faria M, Delalibera I. Metarhizium humberi sp. nov. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), a new member of the PARB clade in the Metarhizium anisopliae complex from Latin America. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107216. [PMID: 31299226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A new species, Metarhizium humberi, from the M. anisopliae complex and sister lineage of the M. anisopliae s.str. in the PARB clade, including M. pingshaense, M. anisopliae, M. robertsii and M. brunneum, is described based on phylogenetic analyses [translation elongation factor 1-alpha (5'TEF and 3'TEF), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1a), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2a) and β-tubulin (BTUB)]. Metarhizium humberi was first collected in 2001 in the Central Brazilian state of Goiás, later found to be a common fungus in soils in Brazil, and since then has also been isolated from coleopteran, hemipteran and lepidopteran insects in Brazil and Mexico. This new species, named in honor of Richard A. Humber, a well-known insect pathologist and taxonomist of entomopathogenic fungi, is characterized by a high insecticidal activity against different developmental stages of arthropod pests with importance in agriculture and vectors of diseases to human and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Luz
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Luiz F N Rocha
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Goiás, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO 74968-755, Brazil.
| | - Cristian Montalva
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Daniela A Souza
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil.
| | - Ana Beatriz R Z Botelho
- ESALQ, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Rogerio B Lopes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Faria
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil.
| | - Italo Delalibera
- ESALQ, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
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Rodrigues J, Borges PR, Fernandes ÉKK, Luz C. Activity of additives and their effect in formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. IP 46 against Aedes aegypti adults and on post mortem conidiogenesis. Acta Trop 2019; 193:192-198. [PMID: 30836061 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oil formulations of entomopathogenic fungi have interest for biological mosquito control. OBJECTIVES The activities of M. anisopliae s.l. IP 46 conidia were tested in Aedes aegypti adults either without any formulation or formulated with vegetable or mineral oil and in combination with diatomaceous earth. FINDINGS IP 46 was highly active against adults, the vector of important arboviruses in the tropics and subtropics. At an exposure of adults to 3.3 × 107 conidia/cm2, values of lethal times TL50 and TL90 reached minimal 3.8 and 4.6 days, respectively, and lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 were 2.7 × 105 and 2.4 × 106 conidia/cm2, respectively, after 10 days of exposure. Activity against adults was improved by diatomaceous earth (KeepDry® KD) combined with mineral oil (Naturol® N) or vegetable oil (Graxol® G). Additives KD or N separately (and G to a lesser extent) or in combination, KD + N and KD + G without conidia had also a clear adulticidal effect. Efficacy of conidia formulated or not with KD + N decreased somewhat at shorter exposure periods. Time of exposure (0.017, 12, 48, 72 or 120 h) of adults to KD and N or IP 46 or conidia and KD and N had no significant effect on mortality. M. anisopliae s.l. recycled on fungus-killed mosquitoes producing high quantities of new conidia regardless of the conidial concentrations or formulations tested. Additives tested had no clear effect on quantitative conidiogenesis on cadavers. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Formulations of IP 46 conidia with mineral oil and diatomaceous earth represent a promising tool for the development of potent strategies of focal control of this important vector with entomopathogenic fungi.
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Falvo ML, Albornoz Medina P, Rodrigues J, López Lastra CC, García JJ, Fernandes ÉKK, Luz C. Effect of UV-B Irradiation on Water-Suspended Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Conidia and Their Larvicidal Activity in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1330-1333. [PMID: 29750411 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a key limiting factor for biological pest control with entomopathogenic fungi. While little is known about the impact of UV on Metarhizium anisopliae Metchnikoff (Sorokin) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) conidia in aquatic mosquito-breeding sites, this study determined the effect of UV-B on the viability and virulence of M. anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) strain IP 46 in the laboratory against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Conidia were treated in cups under defined water depths (0, 1, 2, and 3 cm) to six different UV-B doses (0, 0.657, 1.971, 3.942, 7.884, 11.826, or 15.768 kJ m-2) at 27 ± 2°C. The ability of treated conidia to germinate up to 24 h postexposure on PDAY + benomyl + chloramphenicol medium at 25 ± 1°C was adversely affected by higher doses of UV-B radiation regardless of the water depth. Germination, however, did not fall below 70% regardless of the test conditions. In fact, conidial virulence against second-instar larvae was not affected by either the water depth (F3,84 = 0.3, P = 0.85) or any tested levels of UV-B radiation (F6,21 ≤ 1.2, P ≥ 0.39) including those distinctly higher than might be expected for tropical sites. These findings strengthen previous observations that IP 46 has significant potential for use against A. aegypti larvae, even when exposed to elevated UV-B irradiance levels in the small breeding sites that are common for this important vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianel L Falvo
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Albornoz Medina
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juscelino Rodrigues
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Claudia C López Lastra
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan J García
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
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Popko DA, Henke JA, Mullens BA, Walton WE. Evaluation of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi for Control of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Underground Storm Drains in the Coachella Valley, California, United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:654-665. [PMID: 29294059 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available formulations of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), were assessed for control of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in underground storm drain systems (USDS) in the Coachella Valley of southern California. Each of three treatments, the two fungi or a water control, was applied to 1 m2 of vertical wall at eight USDS sites in spring and autumn of 2015. Fungal infectivity and lethality were assessed at 1 d and 1, 2, and 4 wk post-application. Overnight bioassays using adult lab-reared female mosquitoes were carried out on the treated USDS wall areas and then mosquitoes were held in the laboratory for up to 21 d to allow fungal infections to be expressed. Postmortem fungal sporulation was assessed up to 2 wk at 100% humidity. Mosquito-fungal interactions also were assessed in bioassays of the three treatments on filter paper exposed to USDS conditions during autumn. Metarhizium anisopliae killed mosquitoes faster than B. bassiana; nevertheless, both freshly applied formulations caused greater than 80% mortality. Fungal persistence declined significantly after 1 wk under USDS conditions, but some infectivity persisted for more than 4 wk. Beauveria bassiana was more effective against Cx. qinquefasciatus in the spring, while M. anisopliae was more effective in the cooler conditions during autumn. USDS environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, relative humidity, standing water) influenced fungal-related mortality and infection of Cx. quinquefasciatus. The utility of these fungal formulations for mosquito abatement in the Coachella Valley and implications for fungal control agents in USDS environments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Popko
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Jennifer A Henke
- Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA
| | | | - William E Walton
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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Pereira-Junior RA, Huarte-Bonnet C, Paixão FRS, Roberts DW, Luz C, Pedrini N, Fernandes ÉKK. Riboflavin induces Metarhizium spp. to produce conidia with elevated tolerance to UV-B, and upregulates photolyases, laccases and polyketide synthases genes. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:159-171. [PMID: 29473986 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The effect of nutritional supplementation of two Metarhizium species with riboflavin (Rb) during production of conidia was evaluated on (i) conidial tolerance (based on germination) to UV-B radiation and on (ii) conidial expression following UV-B irradiation, of enzymes known to be active in photoreactivation, viz., photolyase (Phr), laccase (Lac) and polyketide synthase (Pks). METHODS AND RESULTS Metarhizium acridum (ARSEF 324) and Metarhizium robertsii (ARSEF 2575) were grown either on (i) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), (ii) PDA supplemented with 1% yeast extract (PDAY), (iii) PDA supplemented with Rb (PDA+Rb), or (iv) PDAY supplemented with Rb (PDAY+Rb). Resulting conidia were exposed to 866·7 mW m-2 of UV-B Quaite-weighted irradiance to total doses of 3·9 or 6·24 kJ m-2 . Some conidia also were exposed to 16 klux of white light (WL) after being irradiated, or not, with UV-B to investigate the role of possible photoreactivation. Relative germination of conidia produced on PDA+Rb (regardless Rb concentration) or on PDAY and exposed to UV-B was higher compared to conidia cultivated on PDA without Rb supplement, or to conidia suspended in Rb solution immediately prior to UV-B exposure. The expression of MaLac3 and MaPks2 for M. acridum, as well as MrPhr2, MrLac1, MrLac2 and MrLac3 for M. robertsii was higher when the isolates were cultivated on PDA+Rb and exposed to UV-B followed by exposure to WL, or exposed to WL only. CONCLUSIONS Rb in culture medium increases the UV-B tolerance of M. robertsii and M. acridum conidia, and which may be related to increased expression of Phr, Lac and Pks genes in these conidia. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The enhanced UV-B tolerance of Metarhizium spp. conidia produced on Rb-enriched media may improve the effectiveness of these fungi in biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pereira-Junior
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Huarte-Bonnet
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F R S Paixão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D W Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - C Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - N Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - É K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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